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2024年初中英语语法一轮复习之定语从句关系代词
关系代词as与which区别详解
一、引导限制性定语从句
引导限制性定语从句时，在such, as, the same后只能用as，其他情况用 which。如：
I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。
It’s the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。
Such wind as there was came up the fiver. 当时起的这种风沿江刮了上来。
He was in such a fury as I have never seen. 我从未见过他发这么大的火。
As many as ten people were found living in a single room. 曾发现多达十个人住在一间房里。
It is an organization which helps the elderly. 这是一个帮助老年人的机构。
He possesses qualities which ensure success at school. 他有许多品质保证他学习很成功。
二、引导非限制性定语从句
1. 互换的场合
引导非限制性定语从句时，有时两者可互换。如：
I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远，这你是知道的。
He arrived early to dust the shop, as [which] was his custom. 他到车间很早，先掸尘土，这是他的习惯。
I had coffee after dinner, as [which] is my usual practice. 我饭后喝咖啡，这是我的习惯。
Sophia was not unconscious, as [which] could be judged from her eyes. 索菲娅并未失去知觉，这从她的眼睛里可以看出。

2. 不能互换的场合
在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时，两者不可换用：
(1) 当从句位于主句之前时，只用 as。如：
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周，这是每个人都清楚的。
(2) 当从句插在主句中间且关系代词指的是整个句子时，只用 as。如：
Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference. 弗雷迪在参加会议，这是可以预料到的。
(3) as 引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致，which无此限制：
He went abroad, as [which] was expected. 他出国了，这是大家预料到的。
He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)
(5) as 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词，而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念，而which 则无此限制：
Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。(不用as)
The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)
但是，若先行词不是某个具体的事物，而是一个抽象的概念，也可以用as。如：
The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand. 两兄弟对此决定都满意，这项决定在事前已都得到他们的同意。
(6) 当as 引导非限制性定语从句作主语时，其谓语通常应是连系动词，而不宜是其他动词，而 which则无此限制：
She has married again, as [which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了，这似乎很自常。
She has married again, which delighted us. 她又结婚了，这使我们很高兴。(不用as)
that与who的用法区别
用作关系代词的 who 和 that 都可以引导定语从句，用于指人，两者常可互换，但以下几点需注意：
用法一：在 all, nobody, no one, somebody, someone, anybody 等词之后两者都可用，但以用 that 较普通。如：
Hands up, anyone who knows the answer. 知道答案的请举手。
All who / that heard the story were amazed. 听到这个故事的人都感到吃惊。
He was a man who was beloved by all who knew him. 每一个认识他的人都敬重他。
用法二：在序数词、形容词最高级以及 the only, the same, the very 等之后两者都可用，但以用 that 较普通。如：
She is the most beautiful girl I ever saw. 她是我生平所见过的最美丽的女孩。
I have a suspicion that he will be the best employee we ever hired. 我隐约感到他会成为我们所雇用的最优秀的职员。
用法三：引导非限制性定语从句时，通常只用 who。如：
He confessed to his wife, who said she had thought as much. 他向妻子坦白了，他妻子说她事先已料到会如此。
Mrs Smith, who has a lot of teaching experience, will be joining us next term. 史密斯夫人很有教学经验，她下个学期将来与我们一道工作。
用法四：当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常只用 that。如：
He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car. 他望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。
The passengers and the suitcases that were still waiting had to be transferred to another plane. 仍在等待的乘客和行李只得改乘另一架飞机。
They log everyone and everything that comes in and out of here. 进出这里的所有人和物他们都会记录。
用法五：当先行词是 who 时，为避免重复，通常要用 that。如：
Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess 你曾见过谁能在棋艺上打败他
Who that has sympathy can laugh on that occasion 有同情心的人谁会在那个时候发笑呢
用法六：当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，通常用 that，但也可以省略。如：
He is no longer the person that he was. 他已经不是以前的那个样子了。
1. 两者均可指人，有时可互换（包括当先行词为 all, anyone, someone等，同时也包括先行词受the only等的修饰时）：
All that [who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。
He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian.他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。
Anyone who [that] is over sixteen is allowed in. 任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。
It is impolite to turn your back on someone who [that] is speaking to you. 人家跟你说话，你把背朝人是不礼貌的。
2. 但是在下列情况，通常要用 that：
①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时：
I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。
②当先行词是who时(为避免重复)：
Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯？
③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略)：
Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。
3. 但是在下列情况，通常要用 who：
当先行词为 those 且指人时，英语习惯上要用 who 来引导定语从句。如：
Those who do not wish to go need not go. 不愿去的人不需要去。
Those who couldn’t walk were carried on stretchers. 那些不能走的人都用担架抬着。
The plan was supported by those who wished to listen to more good English. 这计划受到想多听好英语的人的支持。
Let us spend a few moments in silence so that / in order that we remember those who died to preserve our freedom. 让我们默哀片刻，以缅怀那些为维护我们的自由而牺牲了的人们。
注：偶尔也可见到在 who 之后用 that 引导定语从句的用例，但相当少见。如：
The danger is that people who pay their bills on time will be lumped in with those that don’t. 危险的是那些及时付账的人将会同那些不及时付账的人混在一起。
that与which的用法区别
两者都可指物，常可互换。其区别主要在于：
1. 引导非限制性定语从句时，通常要用which：
The current, which is very rapid, makes the river dangerous. 水流湍急，使这条河很危险。
He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like. 他得在星期天工作，他是不喜欢这样的。
The London team, which played so well last season, has done badly this season. 伦敦队上一个季度打得很好，这个季度却打得很差。
2. 直接放在介词后作宾语时，通常要用which：
She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能晚到，那样我们就要等等她。
The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已找到了。
This morning some port wine came, for which I have to thank you. 今天早上送来一些波尔图葡萄酒，为此我得向你道谢。
注：有时“介词+which”引导的定语从句可以转换成“介词+which+不定式”结构：
He had only the long nights in which he could study. =He had only the long nights in which to study. 他只有漫漫长夜可用来学习。
He had a couple of revolvers with which he could defend himself.= He had a couple of revolvers with which to defend himself. 他只有一两把手枪用来自卫。
3. 当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等时，通常用that：
All that she lacked was training. 她缺的只是训练。
Have you everything that you need 你需要的东西都有了吗
The sleeping man’s subconscious mind retained everything that was said around him. 这位酣睡的人头脑的下意识能记住他周围的人说的话。
She would never do anything that was not approved of by her parents. 她父母不赞同的事她绝不会做。
4. 当先行词有the very, the only, the same 等修饰时，通常用that：
This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。
Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。
5. 当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时，通常用that：
This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。
The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。
6. 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用that：
China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。
7. 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常用that：
They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。
8. 当要避免重复时：
Which is the course that we are to take 我们选哪门课程？

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