2024届中考英语专项复习之集合名词 讲义

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2024届中考英语专项复习之集合名词 讲义

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2024届中考英语专项复习之集合名词
集合名词:
是语言学上的一个专有名词,意指一种可用来指称一群对象的词,而这些对象,可以是人、动物、或是一群概念等事物。 集合名词指的是由若干个体组成的集合体,如family, army, committee等。集合名词有些是可数的,如a family指“一个家庭”,two families指“两个家庭”(而不是指两个人);而有些集合名词则是不可数的,如jewelry和furniture分别表示“珠宝”和“家具”的总称,表示集合意义,而它们总是不可数的。如:  
They haven’t much furniture. 他们没有多少家具。  
I can’t tell real from imitation jewellery. 我辨别不出珠宝的真伪。  
I demanded that the committee (should) reconsider its decision. 我要求委员会重新考虑它的决定。  
集合名词分类及用法特点:
第一类
形式为单数,但意义可以用为单数或复数这类集合名词
包括family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)等。
其用法特点为:
若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体成员,表示复数意义。
比较并体会:
His family is large. 他的家是个大家庭。
His family are all waiting for him. 他的一家人都在等他。
This class consists of 45 pupils. 这个班由45个学生组成。
This class are reading English now. 这个班的学生在读英语。
第二类
形式为单数,但意义永远为复数这类集合名词
包括cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等。
其用法特点为:
只有单数形式, 但却表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语用复数;不与 a(n) 连用,但可与the连用(连用)。
如:People will laugh at you. 人们会笑你的。
The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。
Many cattle were killed for this. 就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。
注:表示牲畜的头数,用单位词 head(单复数同形)。
如:five head of cattle 5头牛,fifty (head of ) cattle 50头牛
第三类
形式为复数,意义也为复数这类集合名词包括goods(货物), clothes(衣服)等。
其用法特点是:
只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语也用复数),但通常不与数词连用。
如:Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season. 衣服在雨季不易干。
Such clothes are very expensive. 那样的衣服很贵。
If goods are not well made you should complain to the manufacturer. 如果货物质量不好,则理应向制造商提出控诉。
第四类
形式为单数,意义也为单数这类集合名词
包括baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机器), poetry(诗), scenery(风景),jewelry(珠宝), equipment(设备)等。
其用法特点为:
是不可数名词,只用单数形式,不用不定冠词(当然更不能用数词),没有复数形式。
如:Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。
The thief stole all her jewelry. 小偷把她所有的首饰都偷走了。
The hospital has no decent equipment. 这家医院没有像样的设备。
The Tang Dynasty is thought of as the high summer of Chinese poetry. 人们认为唐朝是中国诗歌的全盛时期。
注:machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery等相应的个体可数名词是 machine, poem, jewel, scene等。
如:a poem / a piece of poetry 一首诗
many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 许多机器。

初中常见集合名词及用法特点:
1. family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)等
其用法特点为:
若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体成员,表示复数意义。比较:
This class consists of 45 pupils. 这个班由45个学生组成。
This class are studying English now. 这个班的学生在学习英语。
2. cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等
其用法特点为:
只有单数形式, 但却表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语用复数;不与 a(n) 连用,但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。如:
People will laugh at you. 人们会笑你的。
The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。
For these many cattle were killed. 就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。
注:表示牲畜的头数,用单位词 head(单复数同形)。
如:three head of cattle 3头牛,twenty (head of )cattle 20头牛。
3. goods(货物), clothes(衣服)等
其用法特点是:
只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语也用复数),但通常不与数词连用。如:
Such clothes are very expensive. 那样的衣服很贵。
To whom do these goods belong 这些书是谁的?
4. baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机器), poetry(诗), scenery(风景), jewelry(珠宝),equipment(设备)等
其用法特点为:
是不可数名词,只用单数形式,不用不定冠词 (当然更不能用数词),没有复数形式。如:
Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。
Have you checked all your baggage 你所有行李都托运了吗
特别提醒:
machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery 相应的个体可数名词是 machine, poem, jewel, scene。
如:a poem / a piece of poetry 一首诗,
many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 许多机器。
5. hair(头发,毛发)
指全部头发或毛发时,为集合名词(不可数);指几根头发或毛发时,为个体名词(可数)。如:
My hair has grown very long. 我的头发已长得很长了。(D21)
The police found two hairs there. 警察在那儿找到了两根头发。(D23)
6. mankind(人类)
是一个不可数的集合名词,不用复数形式,也不连用冠词。如:
This is an invention that benefits mankind. 这是一项造福人类的发明。
Mankind has its own problems. 人类有自己的问题。
特别提醒:
mankind 表示“人(类)”时,虽不可数,但有时却可以表示复数意义,尤其是当其表语是复数时。
如:Mankind are intelligent animals. 人是理智的动物。
7. fruit(水果)
作为集合名词,它通常是不可数的。如:
He doesn’t not eat much fruit. 他不大吃水果。
He is growing fruit in the country. 他在农村种水果。
但是,当要表示种类时,它可视为可数名词,即a fruit 指一种水果,fruits 指多种水果。体会:
Some fruits have thick skins. 有些水果皮很厚。
The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一种蔬菜,而不是一种水果。
集合名词的主谓一致:
一、某些有生命的集合名词(表示人或者动物),本身有单/复数之分。
其为单数时,若作主语,则谓语可用单数/复数。
主要依据说话者强调的重点而定,若强调许多个体,谓语用复数;若强调一个整体,则用单数。
其为复数时,不言而喻,谓语必须用复数。
注意:此类名词单复数的意义并不完全相同,汉译时一定要当心。
如:army(一国之军队),armies(多国部队);couple(一对夫妇),couples(多对夫妇);等。
常见的此类集合名词有:
army,association,audience,band,board,cast,clan,class,clique,club,college,committee,company,
community,congregation(教民,会众),council(市议会,理事会),couple,crew,crowd,enemy,
family,firm,fleet,flock,folk,gang,government,group,jury,kingdom ,mob(暴民,暴徒),navy,
opposition,orchestra,pack,pair,party,personnel,profession,population,staff,school,team,tribe(部落,部民), union,university等。
1.The staff is/are hardworking.
2.The audience were moved to tears.
3.The lecturer draws large audiences.
4.The whole school was punished.
5.The class consists of 40 students.
6.This class are diligent.
7.The whole profession fight tooth andnail against it.
8.One tenth of the population of Egypt is/are Christian.
二、某些有生命的集合名词,本身无复数形式,作主语时,谓语通常用复数。
常见的此类集合名词有:
cattle,clergy,faculty(教职工), herd,mankind,military,militia(民团、民兵),
people,police,poultry(家禽),swine(猪),vermin,womankind等。
1.There are verm in here.
2.Some people are never satisfied.
3.The police/military have surrounded the building.
4.There are three people waving at us.
5.The police haven't arrived yet.
【注】people作民族讲时有复数形式。如: There are 56 peoples in China.
三、某些有生命的集合名词,本身无复数形式,其后可跟单/复数谓语动词。
常见的此类集合名词有:
aristocracy,bourgeoisie(资产阶级),church,elite(精英),gentry,intelligentsia(知识分子),
laity(外行),livestock,majority,minority,proletariat(无产阶级),offspring,public,swarm,youth等。
1.The youth today is /are better off than we used to be.
2.Her offspring is /are like her in every respect.
3.The intelligentsia are hailing Ranson as their spokesman.
【注】youth除了作集合名词以外,还可以作可数和不可数名词。如:
Youth is the tim e for action;age is the tim e for repose.
Som e youths don't like jazz.
四、某些表示国家、公司、机构、运动队等名称的专有名词也可当作集合名词使用,其后通常跟单/复数谓语动词。
常见的此类集合名词有:
Arsenal,BBC,Congress,Krem lin, Liverpool,Macm illan,Netherlands,Parliament,Pentagon,Vatican(梵蒂冈),White House等。
1.Arsenal is /are playing well in this season.
2.Macmillan have /has made a good profit this year.
3.The Seventy-First Congress was predominantly Republican.
4.The Netherlands has /have a monarchy.
5.The BBC is showing the program on Saturday.
6.Liverpool is leading 1—0.
7.Liverpool are attacking again.
五、某些无生命的集合名词(表示物)作主语时,通常被看成不可数名词,谓语用单数。
常见的此类集合名词有:
aircraft,baggage, clothing,crockery,cutlery(刀剪,餐具),equipment,foliage(树叶),
footwear,furniture,glassware,hardware,hosiery,jewellery,luggage,machinery,merchandize,
poetry,pottery,silverware,stationery,underclothing,underwear,vegetation,weaponry等。
1.All the furniture in my room is new.
2.The merchandize has arrived undamaged.
3.There is not much vegetation in deserts.
4.The equipment for the factory hasbeen shipped.
5.Warm clothing is necessary in cold climates.
6.The machinery is driven by electrici-ty.
集合名词 audience 的用法说明
1. audience 是集合名词,用作主语时,其谓语可用单数(视为整体)或复数(视为个体)。如:
The audience is [are] listening attentively. 听众都在聚精会神地听着。
The audience was [were] enjoying every minute of the performance. 观众对演出非常欣赏。
The audience is [are] always very excited by a wonderful goal. 一个精彩的进球总会使观众们非常激动。

2. 由于audience 是集合名词,所以 an audience 不是指“一个观众”,而是指某一群观众、某一个场次观众、某一方面的观众等。如:
She has never spoken to such a big audience before. 她以前从未向这么多人讲过话。
He loves holding forth on any subject once he has an audience. 不管是什么问题,只要有人听,他就爱大发议论。
同样地,audiences 也不是指“多个观众”,而是指多群观众,多个场次观众,多个方面的观众等。
Entertaining audiences is the purpose of movies. 娱乐观众是电影的目的。
The show had to be taken off because of poor audiences. 因观众太少而取消演出。
She has addressed audiences all over the country. 她曾向全国各地的听众演讲。
另外,audience作为集合名词,原则上不能用它表示个体,但every audience是例外,当要强调每一名观众时,可以这样用。如:
The pianist made a conquest of every audience for which she played. 这位钢琴家以她的演奏征服了每一位听众。

3. 形容听(观)众人数之多或少,通常用 big, large, huge, mass, vast, wide 以及small, thin 等形容词修饰,但是不用 many, few 修饰。如:
There was a large audience of young people at the pop concert. 流行音乐演奏会上有大量青年听众。
Her lecture had a crowded audience. 她的演讲挤满了听众。
The speaker had a small (thin) but attentive audience. 这位演讲者的听众不多(很少),但很专心。(www.)
She felt nervous at having to sing before so large an audience [such a large audience]. 要在那么多观众面前唱歌她感到很紧张。

4.要具体表示观众的数量,可参考以下表达:
an audience of 10 000 1 万名观众
There were at least three hundred people in the audience. 观众至少有300人。
We scraped together an audience of fifty for the play. 我们张罗来五十个观众看这出戏。
The series has attracted an audience of more than 10 million. 这个系列片吸引了1,000多万观众收看。
An audience of millions watched the royal wedding on TV. 数以百万计的人们在电视上观看皇家婚礼。
不过,有时它也可直接受数字(尤其是较大的数字)的修饰。如:
The prince was cheered by a 10000-strong audience. 1万多名观众为王子欢呼。
Three thousand audience crowded the concert hall. 3,000 名听众挤满了音乐大厅。
若表示一名或几名观众,通常可以借助 member 来表示。如:
a member of an audience 一名听众或观众
One member of the audience described the opera as “boring”. 有一名观众说这出歌剧“乏味”。
The offending comment was in fact a heckle from an audience member. 这番冒犯性的话实际上是一名观众的诘难。
After the concert, several members of the audience came up and congratulated her. 音乐会后,几位听众走上来向她祝贺。

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