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2024届中考英语专项复习之定语从句的五大考点

定语从句（Attributive clause）是指一类由关系代词（that, who, which, whom, as, whose等）引导的从句，它通常位于它所修饰的词之后。定语从句主要用来修饰名词或代词，起到限定、修饰或限制作用。在英语中，定语从句主要通过关系代名词法构成。
例如:
The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.(我昨天买的那本书是鲁迅写的。)
The girl whom I saw at the park is my sister.(我在公园看到的那个女孩是我姐姐。)
This is the car which I bought last week.(这是我上周买这辆车。)
在上面的句子中，关系代词that, who, which, whom和as分别引导了四个定语从句，用于修饰先行词book, girl, car和先行词the park。
一、考查指物的关系代词的用法（重点）
指物的关系代词有which, that和whom。其中， which在定语从句中用作主语或宾语， that在定语从句中用作限定词，whom在定语从句中用作宾语。
例如:
The book which I borrowed from the library is very interesting.(我从图书馆借的那本书很有趣。)
That car which is red and shiny is mine.(那辆红色闪亮的车是我的。)
Whose book is this It's mine.(这是谁的书 是我的。)
That is the teacher whom you are waiting for.(你就是在等待那位老师。)
在上面的句子中，关系代词which, that和whom分别用作定语从句中的主语或宾语， 所有格和限定词， 用于修饰先行词book, car和teacher。
二、考查指人的关系代词的用法（重点）
指人的关系代词有who, whom, whose和that。其中，who和whom在定语从句中分别用作主语和宾语，whose用于定语从句中表示所有格，that用作定语从句中的限定词。
例如:
The woman who is waiting for you at the bus stop is my sister.(在公交车站等你的女人是我的姐姐。)
The man whom I saw yesterday was my old friend.(我昨天看到的那个人是我老朋友。)
Whose book is this It's mine.(这是谁的书？是我的。)
That is the teacher who taught me last year.(那位是去年教我的老师。)
在上面的句子中，关系代词who, whom, whose和that分别用作定语从句中的主语， 宾语， 所有格和限定词，用于修饰先行词woman, man, book和teacher。
三、考查that与which的用法区别（一般重要）
虽然关系代词that和which都可用于引导定语从句，但是它们有一定的区别：
1. 当关系代词直接放在介词后作宾语时，通常使用which而不是that。例如:
The book, which is about my vacation, is very interesting.(那本关于我度假的书很有趣。)
The house, which is next to ours, is beautiful.(和我们住的房子相邻的那所房子很美。)
在上面的句子中，关系代词which作为book和house的定语从句的引导词，放在介词后作宾语，表示“关于我的度假”或“和我们住的房子相邻的那所房子”。在这种情况下，使用which可以更清晰地表达先行词的概念。
2. 当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时，通常使用that而不是which。这些不定代词包括much, little, none, all, few, everything, anything, nothing等。例如:
That car, which is very expensive, is not for me.(那辆车太贵了，不适合我。)
That book, which I bought yesterday, is really interesting.(我昨天买的那本书非常有趣。)
在上面的句子中，关系代词which作为定语从句的引导词，被用于修饰先行词car和book。但是，由于这些先行词被much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing)等不定代词修饰，所以使用that而不是which可以更清晰地表达先行词的概念。
3.当先行词被the very, the only, the same等修饰时，通常使用that而不是which。例如:
This is the very book that I was looking for.(这正是我一直在找的书。)
He is the only person who can help you out.(他是能帮你的人中唯一一个。)
This is the same chair that I sat in last week.(这是上周我坐过的同一把椅子。)
在上面的句子中，关系代词which作为定语从句的引导词，被用于修饰先行词book, person和chair。但是，由于这些先行词被the very, the only, the same等修饰，所以使用that而不是which可以更清晰地表达先行词的概念。
4. 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时，通常使用that而不是which。例如:
The most beautiful girl that I have ever seen is standing right in front of me.(我见过的最美丽的女孩正站在我前面。)
That is the last train that will arrive at this station today.(这将是今天这个车站最后到达的一列火车。)
This is the second time that I have visited this city.(这是我第一次来这个城市的第二次。)
在上面的句子中，关系代词which作为定语从句的引导词，被用于修饰先行词girl, train和time。但是，由于这些先行词被形容词最高级或序数词等修饰，所以使用that而不是which可以更清晰地表达先行词的概念。
5.当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常使用that而不是which。例如:
The book that I am reading is very interesting.(我正在读的这本书非常有趣。)
That car that I bought last week is red.(我上周买的那辆车是红色的。)
在上面的句子中，关系代词which作为定语从句的引导词，被用于修饰先行词book和car。但是，由于这些先行词被关系代词在定语从句中用作表语，所以使用that而不是which可以更清晰地表达先行词的概念。
6. 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常使用that而不是which。例如:
I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad.(我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。)
在上面的句子中，关系代词which作为定语从句的引导词，被用于修饰先行词men和things。但是，由于这些先行词被既指人又指物的并列词组修饰，所以使用that而不是which可以更清晰地表达先行词的概念。
四、考查whose的用法（偶尔涉及）
Whose是一个疑问代词，用于询问某物或某人属于谁。它的基本用法如下:
Whose is this book (这本书是谁的 ) 例如:
Whose is this book (这本书是谁的 )
Whose car is this (这是谁的车 )
Whose house is this (这是谁家的房子 ) 例如:
Whose house is this (这是谁家的房子 )
Whose house do you live in (你住谁家的房子 )
Whose dog is that (那只狗是谁的？) 例如:
Whose dog is that (那只狗是谁的 )
Whose dog is it (是它谁的狗？)
Whose car is this, again (又是谁的车？) 例如:
Whose car is this, again (又是谁的车？) -Whose car is it again (又是它谁的车？)
Whose fault was it (是谁的责任 ) 例如:
Whose fault was it (是谁的责任 ) -Whose responsibility is it (是谁的责任 )
在英语中，whose还可以与其他单词或短语连用，以表示不同的意思。例如:
whose child is this （这个孩子是谁的孩子？）
whose house are we going to （我们要去谁家？）
whose car do you want to borrow （你想借谁的车？）
需要注意的是，当whose用作疑问代词时，其后通常要接名词，如果意思清楚，也可以省略名词。
五、考查关系副词的用法（偶尔考查）
关系副词是英语语法中的一个重要概念，它们通常用于引导定语从句，修饰名词或代词。以下是关系副词的一些基本用法:
when: 当...时; 在...时; 随着...时; 当...时候; 到什么时候; 什么时候; ...的时候 例如:
When I was a child, I loved playing with dolls.(当我还是个孩子的时候，我喜欢玩洋娃娃。)
When it rains, the streets become flooded.(下雨时，街道会被水淹没。)
where: 在哪里; 在何处; 在那里; 场所 例如:
Where did you go yesterday (你昨天去哪里了？)
Where is my keys (我的钥匙在哪里？)
why: 为什么; 什么原因; 为什 例如:
Why did you come to the party (你为什么来参加聚会？)
Why do we study English (我们为什么要学习英语？)
how: 怎么样; 如何; 多么 例如:
How do you like your new phone (你觉得你的新手机怎么样？)
How much did you pay for the book (你买这本书花了多少钱？)
关系副词可以和其他关系副词、介词或动词连用，以表示不同的意思。在实际应用中，关系副词的使用要根据具体的句子结构和语境进行判断和选择。
【边学边练】
1. I can never forget the stories______ my grandma told me.
A. what B. who C. them D. that
2. Please pass me the cartoon book ______ has a Mickey Mouse on the cover.
A. whom B. whose C. who D. which
3.—What kind of movies do you like
—I like the move ______ are about Chinese history.
A. who B. whom C. whose D which
4. — What are you looking for
— I’m looking for the pen ______ my father gave me last week.
A. who B. which C. whose D. whom
5. Steve Jobs is one of the persons ______ founded Apple Computer Company. His death marked the end of an era (时代).
A. who B. whom C. which D. /
6. Mr. Smith ______ is smoking is looking for______ she lost yesterday.
A. whom; which B. who; what C. that; who D. which; where
7. It’s interesting that there are many people ______ speak French in Canada.
A. which B. where C. who
8. I hate people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble.
A. they B. who C. which D. what
9. The most important thing ________ we should pay attention to is the first thing ________ I have said.
A. which; that B. that; which C. which; which D. that; that
10. The question ________ is written on the blackboard is difficult.
A. who B. which C. what D. whose
参考答案：1—5 DDDBA 6—7 BCBDB

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