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Unit 1 Food for thought
Using language教学设计
科目：英语 课题：Using language 课时：1课时
教学目标与核心素养：
知识目标：Students can understand and use various tenses in context.
能力目标：Students can have a further understanding of the passage.
情感目标：Students can think individually and learn cooperatively.
教学重难点：
教学重点：How to understand and use various tenses in context.
教学难点：How to make students have a better understanding of the passage.
课前准备：多媒体，黑板，粉笔
教学过程：
一、Pre-class
1. Greeting
2. Leading-in
教师活动：教师提问。
What do you know about modals verbs
二、While-class
Using Language
1. 学生活动：
Discuss in groups and complete Activity 1 in page 5.
Look at the sentences from the reading passage. Think and work out the meanings of the words in bold.
(Suggested answers: a-2 b-5 c-4 d-3 e-1)
2. 学生活动：
Fill in the blanks.
1. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly, but everyone ________ get out.
2. Since it is raining, we ________ stay indoors.
3. You ________ finish your work before you go home.
4. You ________ worry about situations like these if you have good social skills.
5. I ________ know what I can talk about with the Chinese people that I meet.
(Suggested answers:
1. was able to 2. have to 3. had better 4. needn't 5. need to)
3. 教师活动：语法讲解
一、情态动词概述
用来表明说话者情绪态度和语气等的动词，叫做情态动词。它表示人的能力、推测、请求、义务意愿需要等，本身具有一定的词义但不能单独作谓语，需要和其他实义动词一起构成谓语。情态动词无人称和数的变化(have to除外)，但有些情态动词有过去式。否定式在其后加not,疑问句则将其置于主语之前。英语中常用的情态动词有:can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, dare, used to, have to, had better等。情态动词的否定式及否定缩略式,如下表所示:
情态动词 否定式 否定缩略式
can cannot can't
could could not couldn't
may may not mayn't
might might not mightn't
must must not mustn't
shall shall not shan't
should should not shouldn't
will will not won't
would would not wouldn't
ought to ought not to oughtn't to
have to have not to don't have to
need need not needn't
dare dare not daren't
had better had better not 'd better not
used to used not to usedn't to
did not use to didn't use to
（一）can 和 could 的用法
1. can的用法
can 主要用来表示能力、可能性、请求或许可等意义。
(1) 表示能力
can 意为“能够,能,会”,指本能、体能、智能、技能等般能力,能够做某事。
The little girl can speak four languages.
这个小女孩会说四种语言。
Who can open the bottle cover
谁能打开这个瓶盖
My mother can't use the computer yet.
我妈妈还不会使用电脑
(2) can与 be able to用法辨析
①can与be able to都表示能力，但can只有一般现在时和一般过去时(could)两种形式,而be able to则有各种时态形式。
一般现在时和一般过去时: am/is/are/was/were able to
一般将来时和过去将来时: will/would be able to
现在完成时和过去完成时: have/has/had been able to
②could表示“过去有能力做某事”，was able to除了这一层意思外，还有第二层意思，就是“设法做到了某事(managed to do sth.)”“成功地做了某事(succeeded in doing sth.)”。如果只表达“有能力做某事”而不表示结果，两者可以互换，意思不变。
She was very strong and she could (= was able to) lift the big stone.
她很强壮，她能够举起那块大石头。(只说明她有这个能力)
但是，如果表达第二层意思,那么，只能用was able to，不能用could。
The fire was very big, but most people were able to escape.
(不用could)火很大，但多数人从火中逃了出来。
At last he was able to solve the problem. (不用could)
最后他终于解决了这个问题。
③在否定句中，could与was/were able to可以通用。
They were not able to/couldn't finish the task in such a short time.
在这么短的时间里他们不能完成任务。
④与认知动词连用时，could与was/were able to可以通用。
The little boy could/was able to recognize his mother
那个小男孩能辨别出他妈妈了。
(3) 表示可能性
can 表示可能性，即“推测”用法，常用于疑问句或否定句中。用于肯定句表示理论上的可能性,意为“有时可能会”。
①can 常用来表示说话者主观推测的“可能性”,一般用于否定句和疑问句中。用can be或can be doing表示对现在情况的推测;用can have done表示对过去情况的推测。
The baby can't be hungry. I fed him with milk just now.
这孩子不可能饿了，我刚喂了他奶。
Amy can't be reading now; she is sleeping.
Amy现在不可能在读书,她正在睡觉呢。
I saw Mary just now. She can't have gone to Beijing.
我刚才还看见玛丽了，她不可能去北京了。
Can the teacher have made a mistake
老师有没有可能弄错了呢
②can 用于肯定句，表示理论上的可能性，具有客观性，并非说话者主观认为的可能性，即不是说话者的主观猜测。
Anyone can make mistakes.
任何人都有可能犯错误。
Harbin can be very hot in summer.
夏天哈尔滨有时会很热。
(4) 表示请求或许可
我们常说的“请求或许可”,是孪生的一对意义,因为有请求就有许可或不许可。这是can的一个重要用法。用于疑问句是“请求”,用于肯定句是“许可”,用于否定句是“不许可”。表示许可时,can可以细分为“请求许可”“给予许可”和“陈述许可”。
①请求许可
表示不拘礼节的请求常用can;表示委婉礼貌的请求常用could,这时could 不表示过去。请求对方许可,分为两种情况:
请求对方做某事:
Can you please speak a little clearly
你能否说清楚一点儿
-- Could you tell me the way to the station
你能否告诉我怎么去车站
-- -Yes, I can.
可以。
请求对方允许自己做某事:
Can I go now
我现在可以走了吗
②给予许可
You can use my computer this morning.
你今天上午可以使用我的电脑。
You can't have snacks in the classroom.
在教室里你不可以吃零食。
③陈述许可
陈述主语已经得到他人或某种客观条件许可时用can,这种许可很少用may表示。
Young people can wear whatever they like these days.
如今年轻人可以随心所欲地穿自己喜欢的衣服。
You can go now but you'd better come earlier tomorrow.
你现在可以走了，但是最好明天早点来。
(5) 表示惊讶
can 可以表示“惊讶”的语气,常用于疑问句或否定句意为“怎么会,怎么能”。
How can you believe in such a person
你怎么会信任这样一个人
How can you be so careless!
你怎么这么粗心！
What can he be doing at this time of night
都到晚上这个时候了,他究竟在做什么？
2. could 的用法
(1) 表示过去的能力
My son could read and write when he was four.
我的儿子在 4 岁时就能读能写了。
He couldn't get the job though he wanted it very much.
他虽然非常渴望这份工作,但却无法获得。
(2) 表示可能性
could既可以表示过去的可能性,也可以表示现在的可能性，其推测程度要比can弱。
It could be better to stay there yesterday.
昨天说不定待在那里会更好。 (表示过去的可能性 )
Now, this could be the answer to all our problems.
现在,这可能就是我们全部问题的解决办法。(表示现在的可能性,语气不是十分肯定)
could have done表示对过去情况的推测,语气较can 弱般用于否定句和疑问句。否定句表示“过去不可能发生过某事”,疑问句表示“过去可能发生过某事吗”
You couldn't have left it on the bus, could you
你不可能把它落在公共汽车上了吧
Why does he know this Could someone have told him about it
他怎么知道 会是哪个人告诉他了吗
(3)表示请求和许可
could表示现在的请求，比can更加礼貌和婉转。回答时用can,不用could(因为could是婉转请求而不是婉转许可)。
--Could you tell me how to do the experiment
你告诉我怎么做这个实验好吗
---Yes, I can.可以。
（二）may 和might 的用法
may, might主要用来表示“请求或许可”以及“可能性”。
1. may的用法
(1)表示请求或许可
May I use your cellphone
我可以用你的手机吗
May I come in
我可以进来吗
疑问句的肯定回答用may/can,否定回答用mustn't/can't。
--May I go now
我可以走了吗
--Yes, you may/can./No, you can't/mustn't
是的,你可以。/不,你不能。
(2)表示可能性
may 表示的可能性要比 can 小。may 可以对现在、将来或过去进行推测，可以用于肯定句和否定句,但一般不用于疑问句。
①对现在或将来的情况进行推测
Pamela is absent. She may be ill.
Pamela缺席，她可能病了。
Leo may know my telephone number!
Leo可能知道我的电话号码。
She may come very soon.
她或许很快就会来。
②对现在正在发生的情况进行推测
对正在发生的事情作出推测时,用may be doing结构。
Hurry up! They may be waiting for us now.
快点!他们现在或许正等着我们呢。
Brandon may be sleeping this time of day.
这个时间Brandon可能正在睡觉。
③对过去的情况进行猜测
对可能已经发生的事作出推断时，用may have done结构。
I can't find my keys. I may have left them in the classroom.
我找不到钥匙了，可能忘在教室里了。
He phoned me asking about the matter. He may have known about it.
他打电话询问此事,他可能已经知道这事了。
注意：以上表示推测的句子,都可以用 might 替换 may,但前者表示的可能性要小,或表示说话人更加婉转的语气。
(3)表示祝愿
may 表示祝愿时，常放于句首,结构为:May+主语+动词原形...!
May you have a good time!
祝你玩得愉快！
May you be happy!
祝你幸福！
(4)其他用法
除了以上用法之外,may还有一些其他特殊用法。
①may/might as well
这种结构表示有礼貌的劝告或建议,常意为“还是……好”,意思跟had better接近。
Since we're just sitting here, we may as well have a drink.
既然我们只是坐在这儿,倒不如去喝一杯。
It is burning hot. We might not go out as well
天气非常炎热，我们还是不出去的好。
②用于让步状语从句
Whatever may happen, you must keep calm.
不论发生什么事,你必须保持冷静
I won't let you in whoever you may be
无论你是谁我都不让你进入。
No matter what you may say, he will not believe you.
不管你说什么，他都不会相信你。
③用于目的状语
Open the windows so that the fresh air may come through.
打开窗户让新鲜空气进来。
2. might的用法
(1)表示请求和许可
①表示过去的请求和许可。
Ivy asked if he might go home.
艾维问他是否能回家
The little boy was wondering if he might use the computer.
那个小男孩想知道他能否用一下这台电脑
②表示现在的请求和许可。
Might I ask what you're doing here
我可不可以问一下,您在这里做什么
Might I make a suggestion
我能否提个建议
(2)表示可能性
might 可以指过去的可能性。也可以指现在或将来的可能性，但比 may 的可能性要小。
Reed told me he might be late.
瑞德告诉我他可能会迟到。
Don't wait for me, please. That might be more convenient for both of us.
请不要等我了。那样对我们俩可能都方便些。
Nancy might come tomorrow, but I am not quite sure.
南茜明天可能来,但我拿不准。
（三）must 的用法
1.表示义务
肯定形式表示“必须，一定”,否定形式mustn't 表示“不准,禁止”。
Everyone must obey the law.
每个人都必须遵守法律。
You must do everything as I do.
你必须按照我做的那样做所有的事情。
Children must not play with fire.
儿童不准玩火。
You mustn't smoke in the office.
你不准在办公室里吸烟。
用于一般疑问句,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn't/don't have to.
-- Must we finish the work today
我们今天必须完成这项工作吗
-- Yes, you must./ No, you needn't/don't have to.
是的,必须完成。/不,你们不必。
2.表示推测
must 意为“一定,肯定,准是”,指说话人有根据、有把握的推测。must 的推测用法只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式是can't/couldn't。对现在情况的推测用must be或must be doing,对过去情况的推测用 must have done。
She is wearing a long face. She must be angry.
她的脸拉得很长。她准是生气了。
Listen! It must be raining outside.
听,外面一定是在下雨。
John is in high spirits. He must have won an award.
约翰兴高采烈，他一定是获奖了。
3.表示“偏要”“非要”
这种用法主要指令人不愉快的事情发生。
Why must you always interrupt me
你为什么非要总是打断我的话呢
Why must it rain on Sunday
为什么偏要在星期天下雨
4.表示强调
常用于口语中,表示说话者的坚定态度
I must say that you're looking extremely well.
我认为你的气色看起来极好。
I must admit that I was looking forward to it then.
我得承认,我当时一直在盼望着它。
5.表示必然的结果
All men must die.
人必有一死。
If you don't hurry, you must miss the train.
如果不快点，你必然要误火车。
（四）shall 和 should 的用法
1. shall的用法
shal1除了用作助动词来构成将来时(英国英语,限于第一人称,过去式为should)外,主要用作情态动词。
(1)表示征求意见或请求允许
shal1 用于第一、三人称的疑问句中,表示征求对方的意见或请求对方允许。
Shall we meet at 6oclock tonight
今晚我们六点见面好吗
Shall I telephone her and ask her to come here
要不要我打电话让她过来
Shall she go now
她现在可以走了吗
(2)表示承诺或警告等
在陈述句中，主语为第二、三人称,表示说话人给对方的许诺、命令、警告、威胁等。
You shall get what you want if you behave well
如果表现好的话,你就会得到你想要的东西。 (许诺)
She shall do it by himself.
她得自己做。(命令)
You shall fail if you don't work harder.
你不更加努力工作就会失败。 (警告)
He shall be punished sooner or later
他迟早要受到惩罚的。(威胁)
(3)表示“应该”和“必须”
用于第三人称的陈述句。在条约、规定、法令等文件中,表示义务或规定,意为“应该”“必须”。
No reader shall remove a book from the library without permission.
未经许可，读者不准把书带出图书馆
Those belonging to our club shall wear uniforms.
我们俱乐部的成员应该穿统一的制服。
(4)表示决心和意志
用于第一人称的陈述句中,表示说话者的决心和意志。
I shall catch up with them.
我一定要赶上他们。
We shall finish the task before Friday.
我们一定要在星期五之前完成这项任务。
2.should的用法
(1)表示责任、义务、劝告、建议、命令等,意为“应当,应该”。
We should respect our teachers and parents.
我们应当尊重我们的老师与父母。
The old should be taken good care of!
老人应该受到良好的照顾。
(2)表示惊讶、愤怒、失望等情绪。
should 可以表示说话人惊讶、愤怒、失望等情绪,可译为“竟然”。
It's strange that she should believe the prediction.
真奇怪,她竟会相信这则预言。
(3)表示可能性,意为“应该会，可能会”。
表示说话者具有一定根据的推测,常译为“按道理说应”。推测的语气没有must强。
It should be a nice day tomorrow.
明天应该是个好天气。
She should pass her chemistry final this time.
这次她应该会通过化学期末考试
(4)should 用在条件从中指将来发生的可能性，意为“将要;假定要;可能要”。表示说话人对条件句中的事件不确定，是一种可能性推测用法。
该结构的特点是:should 表示“将来的可能性推测”不表示虚拟语气。主句也使用陈述语气。
If it should rain tomorrow, I will stay at home.
明天下雨我就待在家里。
4. 学生活动：完成练习
Discuss in groups and complete Activity 3 in page 5.
You 1. ________ wait until everyone else has been served before you start eating.
Sometimes there are so many knives and forks that you 2. ________ pick them up in case you get it wrong. The trick is to start with the ones on the outside.
When you finish your meal, you 3. ________ place the knife and fork together on your plate with the handles at the four o'clock position.
Table manners, however, can differ in different situations. For example, you 4.________ use a knife and fork when eating a hamburger or pizza. Just remember: when in Rome, do as the Romans do, and you will 5.________ enjoy the local cuisine!
(Suggested answers:
1. have to 2. dare not 3. had better 4. needn't 5. be able to)
5. 学生活动：完成练习。
1. Get the students to read and match the comments to the pictures on Page 6.
2. Get the students to show their answers and correct with them.
(Answers:
1-c 2-a 3-d 4-b)
三、After-class
Work in pairs. Think of a situation about a customer to buy a new mixed fruit drink and have a conversation.
四、Summary
重点词汇：function, related, diet, tip, custom, manner, trick, handle, recommend, attack, within
重点语法：情态动词
五、Homework
After class, review the usage of modal verbs and organize notes.

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