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2024译林版高中英语选择性必修第四册同步
Unit 1　Honesty and responsibility
五年高考练
阅读理解
A
(2023全国新高考Ⅰ,B)
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
词汇积累
1.trap v.收集;吸收(熟词生义)　　　　　　2.fiberglass n.玻璃纤维
3.spare part n.零件,配件　　　　　 　4.organism n.生物,有机体
1.What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A.He was fond of traveling.
B.He enjoyed being alone.
C.He had an inquiring mind.
D.He longed to be a doctor.
2.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A.To feed the animals.
B.To build an ecosystem.
C.To protect the plants.
D.To test the eco-machine.
3.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A.To review John’s research plans.
B.To show an application of John’s idea.
C.To compare John’s different jobs.
D.To erase doubts about John’s invention.
4.What is the basis for John’s work
A.Nature can repair itself.
B.Organisms need water to survive.
C.Life on Earth is diverse.
D.Most tiny creatures live in groups.
B
(2022全国新高考Ⅰ,B)
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula(芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from “ugly”(but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time—but for him, it’s more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted(腐烂) in fields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
　　Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
词汇积累
1.round out 圆满完成　　　 　　　2.way adv.大量(熟词生义)
3.go against the grain 违反常理　　　4.jaw-dropping adj.令人吃惊的
5.recover v.回收利用(熟词生义)
5.What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A.We pay little attention to food waste.
B.We waste food unintentionally at times.
C.We waste more vegetables than meat.
D.We have good reasons for wasting food.
6.What is a consequence of food waste according to the text
A.Moral decline.
B.Environmental harm.
C.Energy shortage.
D.Worldwide starvation.
7.What does Curtin’s company do
A.It produces kitchen equipment.
B.It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C.It helps local farmers grow fruits.
D.It makes meals out of unwanted food.
8.What does Curtin suggest people do
A.Buy only what is needed.
B.Reduce food consumption.
C.Go shopping once a week.
D.Eat in restaurants less often.
答案与分层梯度式解析
Unit 1　Honesty and responsibility
五年高考练
A
◎语篇解读　本文是记叙文,主要讲述了约翰·托德(John Todd)自孩童时代就对自然生态感兴趣,致力于此方面的研究并将所得应用于实践的经历。
1.C　推理判断题。根据第一段中的explore、started to wonder和第二段中的studying、went back to observing、asking questions可以推断出,约翰自孩童时代就喜欢探究和质疑。故选C。inquiring意为“爱探索的,好奇的”。
2.D　推理判断题。本题问的是约翰把污泥放进水箱的目的。根据第二段最后一句可知,约翰决定建造一个生态机器(eco-machine)。第三段主要讲述了约翰的实验过程(把污泥放进水箱里并观察)。第四段描述实验结果——这个生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成食物吃了。由此可推断出,约翰把污泥放进水箱的目的是测试他研制的生态机器。故选D。
3.B　推理判断题。根据题干关键词Fuzhou可定位到第五段。根据“John has taken on many big jobs”可知,约翰已经承担了很多大型工作。紧接着通过他的发明应用于南伯灵顿和福州的例子来说明他的想法在实践中的应用(application)。故选B。
4.A　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”可知约翰的研究依据是自然可以进行自我修复。故选A。
长难句　原句　With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did.
分析　the way前省略了介词in, nature did为省略了引导词的定语从句,修饰先行词the way。
译文　他认为,如果让合适的动植物组合在一起,或许他就能以大自然的方式清理废物。
B
◎语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文,主题语境是人与社会,主题语境内容为减少食物浪费。文章通过作者的一次亲身经历呼吁人们减少不必要的食物浪费。
5.B　推理判断题。根据第一段中“I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste”可知作者本身就是一个非常反对浪费食物的人;再由“But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation...Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much”可知工作忙、朋友请客等客观原因导致作者买的芝麻菜坏掉了。故答案为B项。
6.B　细节理解题。根据第三段第二、三句 “That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, ‘if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.’(那使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上,Royte写道,‘如果食物浪费是一个国家,它将是世界上第三大温室气体产生国。’)”可知食物浪费会造成环境污染,故答案为B项。
7.D　细节理解题。根据第四段第三句 “Curtin is CEO of..., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. (Curtin是位于华盛顿特区的DC中央厨房的首席执行官,它回收利用食物,将其转化为健康的饭菜。)”可知选D项。
8.A　细节理解题。根据最后一段Curtin说的话 “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat(每个人都可以在减少浪费中发挥作用,无论是通过在你每周的购物中不购买超过必要的食物,还是通过要求餐馆不上你不吃的配菜)”可知答案为A项。
易错归因　B项有较强的干扰性。文章中最后一段说的是reducing waste(减少浪费), 而不是reduce food consumption(减少食物消耗)。B项属于偷换概念。
长难句　原句　Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.
分析　本句是一个主从复合句。“which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals”是由which引导的非限制性定语从句。
译文　Curtin是位于华盛顿特区的DC中央厨房的首席执行官,它回收利用食物,将其转化为健康的饭菜。
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