2024年初中英语语法复习之主语从句与同位语从句讲义

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2024年初中英语语法复习之主语从句与同位语从句讲义

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2024年初中英语语法复习之主语从句与同位语从句
主语从句结构及用法
一. 概念:在句子中担当主语的从句就叫做主语从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。
主语从句使用陈述语序,其通常结构为“引导词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分", 但当连接代词同时充当从句主语时,其结构为“连接代词 + 谓语 + 其他成分”。
二. 引导词:
1. that引导
eg. That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time.
2. whether引导
eg. Whether they would come to conference was a question.
3. 连接代词引导: who,whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever
eg. Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet.
4. 连接副词引导: therefore, besides, otherwise, however, moreover, still, thus, meanwhile
eg. How this happended is not clear to anyone.
5. 关系代词型what引导
eg. What shoked me was that she never wash her own clothes.

三. 形式主语it:
1. 对关系代词型what引导的主语从句,可以使用形式主语。
eg. It is clear enough what he meant.
2. 如果句子是疑问句,则必须用带形式主语it的结构.
eg. Is it true that all of us need to to conference
在句子中担当主语的从句就叫做主语从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。通常结构为“引导词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分"。
2. 主语从句与形式主语it
有时为了考虑句子平衡,通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it,而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这分三种情况:
(1) 对于以连词that引导的主语从句,通常用形式主语代主语从句。
(2) 对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句,可以使用形式主语代主语从句,也可直接在句首使用主语从句。
(3) 对类似以下这样的以what引导的主语从句,通常不用形式主语,总是主语从句放在句首。
同位语从句
同位语从句的引导词有哪些
引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that,whether,连接代词和连接副词等。
1. 由that引导
We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他们为你生病发愁。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不实。
I’ve come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that. 我得出结论这样做是不明智的。
The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen. 那笔钱不见了这一事实并不意味着是被偷了。
He referred to Copernicus’ statement that the earth moves round the sun. 他提到了哥白尼关于地球绕太阳转的说法。
【注意1】在某些名词(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。如:
They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished. 他们面对废除这个税的要求。
They expressed the wish that she accept the award. 他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。
There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该离队。
The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。
The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried. 允许妇女参加这个协会的决议通过了。
I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker. 我理解他们希望你作主要发言人的殷切心情。
【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略,但在非正式文体中也可以省去。如:
He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱,给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。
2. 由whether引导
There is some doubt whether he will come. 他是否会来还不一定。
Answer my question whether you are coming. 你回答我的问题:你来不来。
The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result. 这个是对还是错要看结果。
We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。
【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句,但if不能引导同位语从句。
3. 由连接代词引导
Have you any idea what time it starts 你知道什么时候开始吗
From 1985-90 I was an instructor at the regional party headquarters. After that I went back to work in a factory. Then I had no idea what a casino was. 从1985年到1990年我是地方党部的教员。随后我回到一家工厂工作。当时我不知道赌场是什么样的地方。
4. 由连接副词引导
I have no idea when he will come back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做的问题。
He had no idea why she left. 他不知道她为什么离开。
You have no idea how worried I was! 你不知道我多着急!

定语从句和同位语从句区别
1.被修饰的词不同:同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词;而定语从句的先行词是无数的指人或物名词。
2.从句的作用不同:同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容,而定语从句是对先行词的限制、描绘或说明。
3.引导词不同:what, how, whether等不能用引导定语从句,但可用于引导同位从句。
4.引导词的作用不同:引导同位语从句的that是连词,在从句中不充当任何成分;而引导定语从句的that为关系代词,在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
5.判定定语从句和同位语从句的方法:由于同位语从句是用以说明被修饰名词的具体内容的,所它可以转换同位名词的表语;而定语从句则不能作这种转换。

同位语从句连接词的选用
  在英语中,引导同位语从句的词通常有连词(that, who, whether),连接副词(how, when, where)等。例如:
  They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。
  The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该做这项工作,这个问题需要考虑。
  We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.我们还没有决定到什么地方去度暑假。
  注:在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语从句用whether连接;在no doubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。例如:
  We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.我们怀疑他们是否能准时完成任务。
  There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.我们相信张伟会守信的。
  同位语从句:that
  有些名词的后面可以接that引导的同位语从句:
  We came to the decision that we must act at once.我们做出决定:我们必须立即行动。
  He made a proposal that the meeting be postpone.他提议会议延期。
  There was little hope that he would survive.他幸存的希望很小。
  以下名词常用于以上句型:
  advice, announcement, argument, belief, claim, conclusion, decision, evidence, explanation, fact, feeling, hope, idea, impression, information, knowledge, message, news, opinion, order, probability, promise, proposal, remark, reply, report, saying, statement, suggestion, thought, treat, warning, wish, word
  同位语从句:whether
  whether可以引导同位语从句,而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。
  He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there.他还没有做出决定是否去那里。
  I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job.他是否适合这件工作我有点怀疑。
  同位语从句:what
  what可以引导同位语从句,而定语从句不能用what作为引导词
  I have no idea what he is doing now.我不知道他现在在干什么。
  同位语从句:how
  how可以引导同位语从句,而定语从句不能用how作为引导词
  It's a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
  同位语从句:who等
  who, whom, which, when, where, why用来引导同位语从句
  The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作,这个问题需要考虑。
  She raised the question where we could get the fund.她提出这个问题:我们到哪儿去搞这笔资金。
  同位语从句和定语从句的区别(1)
  同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系;而定语从句是用来修饰先行词,是从属的关系。
  同位语从句和定语从句的区别(2)
  that在同位语从句中没有词义,不充当句子成分;而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。
  同位语从句和定语从句的区别(3)
  whether, what, how可以用来引导同位语从句;而它们不能用来引导定语从句。
  同位语从句和定语从句的区别(4)
  一从词义角度看问题
  who, whom, which, when, where, why用来引导同位语从句是保持原来疑问词的含义;它们用来引导定语从句时,不具有疑问词的含义。
  二从搭配角度看问题
  who, whom, which, when, where, why用来引导定语从句时对应性很强,如:
  先行词是“人”,引导词用“who”等,而它们引导同位语从句是先行词通常是“question, idea, doubt等”。

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