2024年初中英语语法复习之现在分词运用

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2024年初中英语语法复习之现在分词运用

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2024年初中英语语法复习之现在分词运用
   英语分词的意义
  在英语中,分词包括现在分词与过去分词两种形式,即“-ing”与“-ed”。一般情况下,从时态和语态两种角度来讲,现在分词表示主动、进行;而过去分词表示被动与完成。
  对于分词的含义,我们从以下两组词语为例进行分析:
  1)the sinking ship 正在下沉的船 & falling leaves 正在飘落的树叶
  2)the sunken ship 已经沉底的船 & fallen leaves 落在地上的树叶 \ the boiled water 凉白开水
  1)从语态角度来看,现在分词表示主动含义,它与所修饰的名词构成主谓关系。the sinking ship 可以改写为the ship that is\ was sinking, 这里的ship相当于sink的逻辑主语。其次,从时态角度看,现在分词一般表示进行的动作,相当于一个进行时态;此外,它还可以表示一般的动作,相当于一个一般的时态。 综上,现在分词的意义有两种:主动进行的动作和主动一般的动作。
  2)从语态角度来看,过去分词可以表示被动含义也可以表示主动含义,即动词不同则含义不同。及物动词的过去分词只有被动含义,如the boiled water=the water that was boiled \ the water that has been boiled. 而不及物动词没有被动只有主动,如the sunken ship= the ship that has sunken.但是不及物动词的过去分词出现频率较低,常见的过去分词多为及物动词的过去分词,表达被动含义。其次,从时态角度看,过去分词具有一般动作或完成动作的含义,相当于一般时态或完成时态。不及物动词只具有完成动作。
  英语分词作状语的用法
  分词做状语时可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、方式、让步、伴随、比较。
  四、分词作状语的原则:其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致。
  常见分词作状语的情况举例:
  表条件:Given more time, I would be able to complete the work. \ United we stand; divided we fall. (合则兴,分则亡)
  表时间:Walking in the street,I saw him.
  表原因:Getting hurt badly in the match, he has to stay at home.
  表伴随:Watching the TV play, she burst out crying.
  表让步:Having lived in China for years, he still can’t speak Chinese well.
  表结果:I went home, finding the door locked.
  表方式:Smiling, he answered.
  表比较:Compared with the desktop, the laptop is easier to carry. \ Compared with elephant, ant looks much smaller.
  现在分词与动名词的关系:
  与现在分词形式上完全相同的另一种词类形式是动名词,其构成是在动词后面直接加-ing,构成doing的形式。它的意义相当于一个名词,但同时又保留动词的特征。说它相当于一个名词是因为它在句中可以充当名词可以充当的成分:主语、宾语、表语和定语。说它保留有动词的特征是因为它可以有自己的宾语,有自己的时态变化,也可以有自己的逻辑主语。我们在这里主要学习下分词作状语的情况。现在分词构成形式:
①一般在动词原形末尾加ing,如do→doing、sing→singing、comfort→comforting
②以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词,先去e,再加ing,如dance→dancing、hike→hiking、write→writing、make→ making,take→taking
③以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词加ing,如see→seeing、toe→toeing、dye→dyeing
④以重读闭音节结尾的动词,并且末尾只有一个辅音字母,应双写这一字母,再加ing,如cut→cutting、swim→swimming
注:结尾是x则不必双写,如relax→relaxing
⑤以ie结尾的动词,要把ie变成y再加ing,如die→dying,lie→lying.
⑥以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ing,如picnic→picnicking,traffic→trafficking
过去分词构成形式:
1.规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:
(1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。(然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式)
work---worked---worked , visit---visited---visited
(2)、以不发音的“ e ” 结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1]
(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
(5)、以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ed,
picnic→picnicked ,traffic→trafficked
2 、不规则动词:见不规则动词表
分词用法:
1、分词作状语   
分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。   
分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。
当现在分词表示的动作发 生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。
完成或被动关系用过去分词。   
①现在分词:
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.   
②过去分词:
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.
Given better attention, the plants could grow better.   

2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词”结构   
现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。   
①现在分词:
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……   
②过去分词:
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.   
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.   

3、分词作定语   
分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。
现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。   
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.   
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!   
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.   
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.   
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries   

4、分词作宾语补足语   
现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及
have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。
例:I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.

5、分词作表语
分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。
过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;
①过去分词:
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened.
②现在分词:
He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.

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