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2023-2024学年位育中学高三上期中试卷
Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A Grammar
语法填空
Behaviour contracts for teenagers
The conflict between you and your son or daughter is a problem, maybe it’s time you thought about setting up a ‘home rules contract’. This is an idea that’s being used more and more often, especially in families with rebellious teenage children. We interviewed Dr Amy Barker, a psychologist, who is in favour of the idea.
What is a home rules contract
Dr Barker: It’s a formal agreement about the rules of behavior that teenagers_____1_____(expect) to follow at home. It should state clearly what the rules are, what privileges the teens will get if they obey the rules and what punishments will follow if they don’t. The contract is signed by everyone_____2_____(involve), just like a legal document.
Who______3______write the contract
Dr Barker: All the adults who have a parental role should be engaged. It’s important that they all agree and stick to the rules themselves. At the same time the teenagers should also contribute their ideas._____4_____ they take part in making the rules, they’ll be more likely to follow them. The final contract should be the result of discussion,_____5_____(respect) everyone’s point of view, and all the people who have signed should get a copy.
What are the advantages of a contract
Dr Barker: It makes it very clear to teens what they are and aren’t allowed_____6_____(do), and they can see what the consequences of their actions will be. So they learn to control their behaviour. For parents, the contract strengthens their authority and helps them to be fair and reliable.
What areas should be covered in a contract
Dr Barker: That depends. You can’t make rules for everything, so you have to decide what’s most important and_____7_____ the main problems mon topics include the hours____8____ teenagers ought to be home, the spending money they receive, the housework they need to do at home and their use of phones or networking sites. For older teens, rules about driving a car may also be important.
Do contracts solve_____9_____
Dr Barker: No, of course not! There will always be conflicts and disagreements_______10_______ people in a family. But a contract that everyone respects can help to keep the peace.
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. maximize B. subsequent C. potential D. personalize E. misrepresented F. limited G. marketing H. predictive I. commercial J. speed K. absence
No child or young athlete should be subjected to genetic testing to find sporting talent or improve performance, conclude the experts in a statement published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.
The scientific evidence on the effectiveness of these ___11___ tests is simply far too weak to back their use, says the experts in the fields of genomics, exercise, sports performance, etc. While the science of genomics has advanced rapidly over the past decade, the ability to interpret the meaning of genetic test results is still at a relatively early stage.
But that has not stopped the growth of the “direct to consumer” genetic tests, which claim to be able to spot children’s athletic talents or tailor training to ___12___ performance. This fast - growing market has caused fears that the still limited level of knowledge on the genetics of sports performance is being ___13___ for commercial gain.
To inform the statement, the panel looked at the availability of DIY genetic tests. It found 39 companies ___14___ tests associated with sport or exercise performance or injury - almost twice as many as in 2018.
The claims included: “___15___ your training based on your sports genetics,” “Give parents and coaches early information on their child’s genetic ___16___ for success for sports,” and “We use your DNA results to help you lose fat, build muscle, get fitter.”
But the ___17___ of any good scientific data to guide selection of which variants to test weakens the value of multiple testing. Besides, while there is some evidence to suggest a link with enhanced physical performance, it is very weak, making the ___18___ value of these tests “actually zero,” says the statement.
The statement emphasizes the ___19___ of change in gene sequencing technology has got much faster than regulation. And it points out the importance of counselling before any genetic test is taken.
“While further evidence will undoubtedly emerge around the genetics of sport performance in the future, the data are currently very ____20____. Therefore, in this stage of limited knowledge, no child or young athlete should be exposed to genetic testing to define or alter training or for talent identification aimed at selecting gifted children or adolescents,” it concludes.
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Climate experts have warned about the many ways a warming planet can negatively affect human health. ____21____ global temperatures are predicted to increase by 1.5℃ by the 2030s, that risk is becoming increasingly real.
One long-held prediction that appears to be coming true — according to the results of a study recently published in Nature Scientific Reports — is how climate change might enhance ____22____ of bacteria that thrive and spread through warm sea waters and cause an infection with a particularly high ____23____ rate.
Vibrio vulnificus (创伤弧菌) flourishes in salty or brackish waters above 68℉. Infections are currently rare in the U.S., but that’s likely to change. Using 30 years of data on infections, scientists at the University of East Anglia in the U.K. found that Vibrio vulnificusis ____24____ from its historic Gulf Coast range, with more Northern states reporting infections as waters become warmer.
“We’re seeing the core ____25____ of infections extending to areas that traditionally have very few and very rare cases,” says Elizabeth Archer, a Ph.D. researcher and ____26____ author of the study. “But these areas are now coming into the main area of infections.”
Based on the latest data on how much the world’s water and air temperatures will rise, the scientists predict that by 2081, Vibrio vulnificus infections could reach every state along the U.S. East Coast. Currently, only about 80 cases are reported in the U.S. each year; by 2081, that could go up to over three-fold, the authors say.
Such a proliferation could have serious health consequences. Vibrio vulnificus kills approximately 20% of the healthy people it infects, and 50% of those with weakened immune systems. There is little evidence that antibiotics can ____27____ the infection, but doctors may prescribe them in some cases. People can get infected either by eating raw shellfish like oysters or by exposing small ____28____ to waters where the bacteria live, which can lead to serious skin infections.
Warming sea temperatures aren’t the only reasons behind the rise of Vibrio vulnificus. Hotter air also draws more people to the coasts and bays, bringing them into closer contact with the bacteria.
“The bacteria are part of the natural marine environment, so I don’t think we can ____29____ it from the environment,” says Archer. “It’s more about mitigating infections by increasing ____30____ of the risk.”
To alert people to the growing threat, ____31____ systems are needed to track when concentrations of bacteria start to rise, similar to currently available pollen and pollution alarm.
Vbrio vulnificus is so ____32____ to temperature changes that concentrations could bloom after even a day of warmer water, so consistent monitoring and alerts are critical, says Iain Lake, professor of environmental epidemiology at University of East Anglia and senior author of the paper.
Lake says the expansion of Vibrio vulnificus is concerning for public health since the bacteria are now invading waters closer to heavily ____33____ areas, such as New York and Philadelphia. “Everyone can get a Vibrio vulnificus infection,” he says. “But the more ____34____ there is between warmer waters and people, the more the bacteria can move into populations ____35____ the elderly and those with other health conditions, who are more vulnerable to infections.”
21 A. Even if B. Except when C. The instant D. In case
22. A. numbers B. ranges C. coverages D. concentrations
23. A. failure B. fatality C. survival D. acid
24. A. ranging B. varying C. expanding D. shifting
25. A. distribution B. launch C. community D. sample
26. A. principle B. lead C. principal D. hit
27. A. boost B. accelerate C. contain D. remove
28. A. harms B. damages C. injuries D. wounds
29. A. relieve B. dissolve C. resolve D. erase
30. A. conscience B. awareness C. panic D. alert
31 A. monitoring B. processing C. managing D. delivering
32. A. sensible B. vital C. vulnerable D. sensitive
33. A. populated B. dense C. paralleled D. bordered
34. A. reaction B. interaction C. intervention D. relativity
35. A. rather than B. except for C. such as D. other than
Section B
Directions: Read the following two passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
At 14, Fraser Doherty was busy making jam after his grandparents taught him a family recipe. He started selling jars of his jam door to door near his parents’ home in Edinburgh. As interest grew, his hobby stated to turn into a business. He now makes 40,000 jars of jam a month and is well on his way to making his first million.
Doherty, who has been chosen to represent Britain in the Global Students Entrepreneurs Awards in Chicago next month, said there are several advantages to having started young: “As a young person you have a different view of the world. You have a naivety and an optimism and are willing to give things a shot. The downside for me isn’t particularly scary. I don’t have a mortgage or kids to worry about so I didn’t have a huge amount to lose if my idea had not worked.”
Duncan Cheatle, founder of The Supper Club, a forum for established entrepreneurs in London, agreed that becoming an entrepreneur at a young age has a lot to recommend it.
“For young people there is no concept of thinking outside the box because there isn’t a box. There is capacity in young people to see things in a different way that older people lose. And often not being an expert in something can be helpful because if you don’t understand why something works in a certain way, you will decide to do it differently.”
Emma Jones, founder of Enterprise Nation, the home business website, said that young people were much more confident about using technology as a base for their business than the older generation. “Whole sectors that didn’t exist ten years ago are coming up now because young entrepreneurs are challenging all previous rules and saying technology means that we can do things like this. They have an open capacity to think of new ideas and as a result they are starting very interesting businesses.”
36. According to Doherty, is the competitive edge of young people starting business compared with the older generation
A. ignorance of the reality B. na ve pursuit of a hobby
C. readiness to try things out D. parents shouldering the financial burden
37 The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 means young people .
A. are reluctant to obey the existing rules
B. are not bound by established ways of doing things
C. have superior ideas to those of the older generation
D. will not fall into traps that old people set up for them
38. Which of the following statements will Emma Jones most likely agree with
A. Abandoning all previous rules is a must to establish new sectors.
B. As people grow older, they are less able to take a fresh approach.
C. Those lacking confidence are less able to start creative businesses.
D. The use of technology contributes to the creation of new businesses.
39. The purpose of this passage is to .
A. inform readers of success stories of young entrepreneurs
B. introduce opinions on the advantages of being young entrepreneurs
C. convince young people to follow the trend and start their own businesses
D. provide specific guidance on how to become successful young entrepreneurs
(B)
How to make a resume
1.Format your text.
The first thing that a possible employer will see on your resume is the text. For that reason, it is very important that you make the right first impression. Choose a professional font in size 11 or 12. Times New Roman is the classic serif font(衬线字体), while Arial and Calibri are two of the better choices for sans-serif(无衬线字体). Even though sans serif fonts are more popular for resume, Yahoo cites Helvetica as the best font to use for your resumé.
Many individuals find that Times New Roman is a little hard to read on a screen. If you are emailing your resume, consider using Georgia instead for a more readable serif font.
You can use multiple fonts for different parts of your resume, but try to limit it to two. Instead of changing between fonts, try emboldening or italicizing specific selections of text instead.
The font size for your header and the introduction to a section may 14 or 16, but otherwise, you should choose 11 or 12.
Your text should always be printed in solid black ink. Make sure to deactivate any hyperlinks (like to your email, address, and phone number) so that they don’t print in blue or another non-black color.
2. Set up the page.
Your page should have one-inch margins all the way around with 1.5 or 2 point line spacing. The body of your resume will be aligned to the left and your header should be centered at the top of your page.
3. Create your heading.
This is the section at the top of your resume which gives your contact information including your name, address, email, and phone number. Your name should be in a slightly larger size - either 14 or 16 point font. List your home and cell phone numbers.
4. Decide on a layout.
There are three general formats for creating a resume: chronological, functional, or combination. Your work history and the type of job you are applying for will determine the layout style you should use.
Chronological resumes are used for showing a steady growth in a particular career field. These are best used for someone applying for a job within their career-path to show an increase of responsibility over time.
Functional resumes are focused on skills and experience rather than job history. These are best used for someone who may have holes in their work history or who have gained experience from being self-employed for a time.
Combination resumes are, as it sounds, a combination of both a chronological and a functional resume. These are used to show off specific skills and how they were acquired. If you have developed a specific skill set from working in a variety of related fields, then this is the best resume option for you.
40. Which font does the author suggest considering the readability of the resume when checked online
A. Georgia B. Times New Roman
C. Calibri D. Helvetica
41. What is the closest explanation of the word “chronological”
A. arranged according to how important each item is
B. arranged according to when things happened or were made
C. be specific and concrete in the introduction of something
D. state various items in a detailed and separate way
42. Which statement is true according to the passage
A. the more colorful your resume is, the more appealing it will be
B. there is no need to tell employers where you obtain your specific skills
C. your name should be a little bit larger in size, aligned to the left
D. blue or other strange colors will appear on your printed resume if hyperlinks are activated
(C)
Thanks to in-depth reporting by the Wall Street Journal, we now know that Facebook has long been aware its product Instagram has harmful effects on the mental health of many adolescent users. Young girls, in particular, struggle with their body image thanks to a constant stream of photos and videos showing beautiful bodies that users don’t think they can attain.
While the information the Journal covered is essential and instructive, it does not tell the whole story. Deep down, this is not an Instagram problem; it’s a people problem. Understanding that distinction can make the difference between a failed attempt to contain a teen’s interest in an addictive app and successfully addressing the underlying problem leading to mental distress induced (诱发) by Instagram.
Critics were quick to shame Facebook for sitting on the data and not releasing it to researchers or academics who asked for it. Others criticize the social media giant for not using the research to create a safer experience for its teen users. The anger, while understandable, is misplaced.
While I’m reluctant to defend Facebook, I’m not sure it’s reasonable to blame the company for withholding data that would hurt its business. Have you ever binge-watched (狂看) a Netflix series I assure you it wasn’t a healthy endeavor. You were in active, likely did nothing productive, mindlessly snacked and didn’t go outside for fresh air. It is an objectively harmful use of time to stare at a TV or laptop for a full weekend. Should we respond by shaming Netflix for not alerting us to how damaging an addictive product can be
While it’s reasonable to say Instagram makes esteem issues worse, it strains credulity (夸张到难以置信) to believe it causes them in the first place. You create your own experiences on social media. For the most part, you choose which accounts to follow and engage. If you’re already vulnerable to insecurities and self-sabotage (自损) — as many teens are — you will find accounts to obsess over. And this isn’t a new phenomenon.
Before social media, there were similar issues fueling self-esteem issues. Whether the target be magazines, movies or television shows depicting difficult-to-attain bodies, there has been a relatively steady chorus (异口同声) of experts nothing the damage new media could cause young viewers.
Self-esteem issues have an underlying cause — one that’s independent of social media use. Instagram merely enhances those feelings because it provides infinitely more access to triggers than older forms of media. It’s more worthwhile to address those underlying factors rather than to attack Facebook.
43. The author thinks the criticisms against Instagram __________.
A. are successful attempts to change teens’ interest in addictive apps
B. address the Instagram - induced mental pain
C. are only based on the data released by Facebook
D. are not directed at the fundamental problem
flix is mentioned to __________.
A. compare the criticisms against it and Facebook
B. defend why Facebook is to blame
C. suggest the critics’ remarks are not to point
D. show Netflix does more harm to teens
45. The Instagram problem is essentially a “people problem” in that __________.
A. it is human nature to get addicted to social media
B. users decide on their experiences on social media
C. people have a tendency to feel insecure online
D. people are keen on fabricating their self - profile
46. What is the passage mainly about
A. the unprecedented criticism facing Facebook
B. the alarming online habits of teenagers worldwide
C. the root cause of Instagram - induced mental strains
D. the harmful impact of Instagram on teenagers
Section C
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Gout （痛风）: The Disease of Kings
Gout, once the disease of geniuses, conquerors and kings, now is affecting the masses. But comes at night, first as a fevered dream, then pain in darkness, the body turned rude animals _____47_____ So strong is the sensitivity of this swollen big toe that the faintest footstep of a sympathetic visitor is a gunshot straight to the nerve. It will not help, at such as moment, to recall that Alexander the Great, Leonardo da Vinci, Isaac Newton reportedly suffered.
_____48_____ In the words of the 17 th -century French poet, Gout falls onto a poor man and then, horrified by her host's ceaseless labor, did nothing in a building. Surely it's a time of a less enlightened, more hierarchical（等级制的）age. We can laugh at from the safe distance of the present day. But the American critic Susan Sontag warned us against illness as myth. Gout is not a punishment, certainly not an embarrassment and, it is highly curable, if good treatment is followed. And the disease has not been limited to the past. _____49_____ From the 1960s to the 1990s, the number of sufferers doubled in the United States, and that's continued to rise.
It is tempting to see gout as an annoying angel and come to punish greed. Mentioning the romantic aspect of tuberculosis（肺结核）in the 19th century, Sontag argued that gout was contrary to tubercular. The gout-ridden were guilty of eating too much, while those dying of tubercular were themselves consumed from the inside. During that period, turning thinner from tubercular was taken as a sign of elegance, with poets considered unreliable if they weighed more than a hundred pounds, and so "it became rude to eat heartily". Sontag also highlighted a strange social phenomenon. _____50_____ Great men "grew fat, wrote novels and conquered continents."
A. If you are a gout sufferer, you are not alone.
B. No one knows what's behind the phenomenon.
C Nor is it any longer exclusive to rich white men.
D. The foot is red and swollen, pounding like a heart.
E. We might dismiss gout as a ghost from a fable, which it was.
F. The tubercular's hollow cheeks were considered desirable look for women.
IV. Summary Writing
51. Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
71. Mindfulness
Mindfulness typically refers to a state of in-the-moment awareness in which one avoids judging the thoughts and emotions of himself and others. It is often practiced in meditation（冥想） and some forms of therapy.
Numerous findings from psychological research suggest practicing mindfulness can lead to many benefits, including stress reduction and increased psychological well-being. For example, in a study of cancer patients, cultivating mindfulness through meditation or other mindfulness-based training enabled people to be more selective about their emotional experiences, enabling them to reduce their stress and anxiety while increasing positive emotions. Similarly, studies show that mindfulness can also enhance information processing speed while reducing effort and negative thoughts and the meditators significantly outperformed the non-meditators on all measures of attention, suggestion that mindfulness improves one's ability to focus.
It is apparent that mindfulness has many noteworthy benefits, which include everything, from psychological to physical improvements. However, research has also shown that in some cases mindfulness can also lead to negative outcomes. For example, one study found that following mindfulness meditation, participants were more likely to form take memories, demonstrating a potential unintended downside to mindfulness. In addition, another study suggested mindfulness researchers needed to be careful that they didn't learn participants by bringing about unpleasant mental, physical, or spiritual reactions through mindfulness. For example, mindfulness meditation may result in severe anxiety for those diagnosed with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder （PTSD） （创伤后应激障碍）. Those with PTSD tend to avoid thoughts and feelings related to their trauma. However, mindfulness meditation encourages emotional openness, which could lead individuals with PTSD to experience the stressors that they previously avoided, potentially leading to re-traumatization.
It can't be denied that mindfulness is an important tool in the managerial toolbox, but it is not a cure-all, and it must be applied thoughtfully to be effective.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 艺术品应该以人们能够承受的价格面向更多的人出售。（available，afford）
53. 看到千姿百态的剪纸作品，我情不自禁地赞叹中国文化博大精深。(The moment) (汉译英)
54. 经过三个月的翻新，报告厅配备了一流的视听设备，焕然一新。(take on) （汉译英）
55. 王美美对她的外貌非常挑剔，尽管家人反对，但她执着地要去做整容手术，甚至说服朋友和她一起去。(despite，persist)(汉译英)2023-2024学年位育中学高三上期中试卷
Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A Grammar
语法填空
Behaviour contracts for teenagers
The conflict between you and your son or daughter is a problem, maybe it’s time you thought about setting up a ‘home rules contract’. This is an idea that’s being used more and more often, especially in families with rebellious teenage children. We interviewed Dr Amy Barker, a psychologist, who is in favour of the idea.
What is a home rules contract
Dr Barker: It’s a formal agreement about the rules of behavior that teenagers_____1_____(expect) to follow at home. It should state clearly what the rules are, what privileges the teens will get if they obey the rules and what punishments will follow if they don’t. The contract is signed by everyone_____2_____(involve), just like a legal document.
Who______3______write the contract
Dr Barker: All the adults who have a parental role should be engaged. It’s important that they all agree and stick to the rules themselves. At the same time, the teenagers should also contribute their ideas._____4_____ they take part in making the rules, they’ll be more likely to follow them. The final contract should be the result of discussion,_____5_____(respect) everyone’s point of view, and all the people who have signed should get a copy.
What are the advantages of a contract
Dr Barker: It makes it very clear to teens what they are and aren’t allowed_____6_____(do), and they can see what the consequences of their actions will be. So they learn to control their behaviour. For parents, the contract strengthens their authority and helps them to be fair and reliable.
What areas should be covered in a contract
Dr Barker: That depends. You can’t make rules for everything, so you have to decide what’s most important and_____7_____ the main problems mon topics include the hours____8____ teenagers ought to be home, the spending money they receive, the housework they need to do at home and their use of phones or networking sites. For older teens, rules about driving a car may also be important.
Do contracts solve_____9_____
Dr Barker: No, of course not! There will always be conflicts and disagreements_______10_______ people in a family. But a contract that everyone respects can help to keep the peace.
【答案】1. are expected
2. involved
3. ought to
4. If 5. respecting
6. to do 7. where
8. when 9. everything
10. between
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。访谈介绍了一份关于青少年在家里应该遵守的行为规则的正式协议——青少年行为契约。
【1题详解】
考查时态和语态。句意：这是一份关于青少年在家里应该遵守的行为规则的正式协议。动词expect和主语之间是被动关系，根据前文It’s和句意可知，此处描述一般事实，用一般现在时的被动语态。主语为复数，主谓一致，故填are expected。
【2题详解】
考查过去分词转化的形容词。句意：合同就像法律文件一样，由所有相关人员签署。动词involve和前文everyone之间是被动关系，故用其过去分词转化的形容词involved“有关联的”作后置定语，这是习惯用法。故填involved。
【3题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：合同应该由谁来写？根据句意可知，此处表达“应该”，在谈到法律、义务和规定时应用ought to。故填ought to。
【4题详解】
考查连词。句意：如果他们参与制定规则，他们就更有可能遵守规则。根据句意可知，此处表示“如果”，故用if引导条件状语从句。句首字母大写，故填If。
【5题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：最后的合同应该是讨论的结果，尊重每个人的观点，所有签名的人都应该得到一份。此处为非谓语，动词respect和主语之间是主动关系，故用其现在分词作状语。故填respecting。
【6题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：它让青少年清楚地知道他们可以做什么，不可以做什么，他们可以看到自己的行为会带来什么后果。allow sb to do sth是固定句型，不定式作补足语，本句中为其被动结构。故填to do。
【7题详解】
考查名词性从句。句意：你不能为每件事都制定规则，所以你必须决定什么是最重要的，主要问题在哪里。分析可知，此处引导宾语从句，根据句意，应用连接副词where引导，作地点状语，表示“问题在那里”。故填where。
【8题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：常见的话题包括青少年应该在家的时间、他们收到的零花钱、他们需要在家里做的家务以及他们对电话或社交网站的使用。分析可知，此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为hours，应用关系副词when引导，作时间状语，符合句意。故填when。
【9题详解】
考查不定代词。句意：合同能解决所有问题吗？根据后文No, of course not!和本句句意可知，此处表达“所有的事情（问题）”，应用不定代词everything作宾语。故填everything。
【10题详解】
考查介词。句意：在一个家庭中，人们之间总是会有冲突和分歧。根据句意可知，此处应用介词between构成短语，表示“人们之间”，指在多个人中单独的人之间。故填between。
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. maximize B. subsequent C. potential D. personalize E. misrepresented F. limited G. marketing H. predictive I. commercial J. speed K. absence
No child or young athlete should be subjected to genetic testing to find sporting talent or improve performance, conclude the experts in a statement published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.
The scientific evidence on the effectiveness of these ___11___ tests is simply far too weak to back their use, says the experts in the fields of genomics, exercise, sports performance, etc. While the science of genomics has advanced rapidly over the past decade, the ability to interpret the meaning of genetic test results is still at a relatively early stage.
But that has not stopped the growth of the “direct to consumer” genetic tests, which claim to be able to spot children’s athletic talents or tailor training to ___12___ performance. This fast - growing market has caused fears that the still limited level of knowledge on the genetics of sports performance is being ___13___ for commercial gain.
To inform the statement, the panel looked at the availability of DIY genetic tests. It found 39 companies ___14___ tests associated with sport or exercise performance or injury - almost twice as many as in 2018.
The claims included: “___15___ your training based on your sports genetics,” “Give parents and coaches early information on their child’s genetic ___16___ for success for sports,” and “We use your DNA results to help you lose fat, build muscle, get fitter.”
But the ___17___ of any good scientific data to guide selection of which variants to test weakens the value of multiple testing. Besides, while there is some evidence to suggest a link with enhanced physical performance, it is very weak, making the ___18___ value of these tests “actually zero,” says the statement.
The statement emphasizes the ___19___ of change in gene sequencing technology has got much faster than regulation. And it points out the importance of counselling before any genetic test is taken.
“While further evidence will undoubtedly emerge around the genetics of sport performance in the future, the data are currently very ____20____. Therefore, in this stage of limited knowledge, no child or young athlete should be exposed to genetic testing to define or alter training or for talent identification aimed at selecting gifted children or adolescents,” it concludes.
【答案】11. I 12. A
13. E 14. G
15. D 16. C
17. K 18. H
19. J 20. F
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了专家们在《英国运动医学杂志》上发表的一份声明中得出结论，任何儿童或年轻运动员都不应该为了寻找运动天赋或提高成绩而进行基因检测。
【11题详解】
考查形容词。句意：基因组学、运动、运动表现等领域的专家说，关于这些商业测试有效性的科学证据太薄弱，无法支持它们的使用。分析句子可知，空后tests为名词，空前these为指示代词，空格处应为形容词形式，commercial“商业的”为形容词，修饰名词tests。符合句意。故选I项。
【12题详解】
考查动词。句意：但这并没有阻止“直接面向消费者”的基因测试的发展，这些测试声称能够发现儿童的运动天赋，或调整训练以使表现最大化。分析句子可知，空后performance为名词，空前to为不定式结构，空格处应为动词原形，performance作该谓语动词的宾语成分，maximize“使最大化”为动词，符合句意。故选A项。
【13题详解】
考查动词。句意：这一快速增长的市场引发了人们的担忧，即人们对体育成绩遗传学方面的知识水平仍然有限，但为了商业利益而被歪曲了。分析句子可知，该空格处应为is being done结构，为现在进行时的被动语态结构，空格处应为过去分词形式，misrepresented“歪曲，不如实地叙述”为动词的过去分词形式，符合句意。故选E项。
【14题详解】
考查名词。句意：研究发现，39家公司的营销测试与运动或运动表现或受伤有关，几乎是2018年的两倍。分析句子可知，空后tests为名词，该空格处应为名词或形容词形式作定语修饰该名词，marketing“营销”为名词作定语修饰tests，构成marketing tests“营销测试”，符合句意。故选G项。
【15题详解】
考查动词。句意：根据你的运动基因来个性化你的训练。分析句子可知，空后your training为名词短语，空格处应为谓语动词，构成谓宾结构，personalize“使个性化”为动词，符合句意。故选D项。
【16题详解】
考查名词。句意：给父母和教练提供关于他们孩子在运动上取得成功的遗传潜力的早期信息。分析句子可知，空前genetic为形容词，空格处应为名词形式，被该形容词所修饰，potential“潜力”为名词，符合句意。故选C项。
【17题详解】
考查名词。句意：但是，缺乏任何良好的科学数据来指导选择哪些变体进行测试，削弱了多重测试的价值。分析句子可知，空前the为定冠词，该空格处应为名词形式，absence“缺乏”为名词，符合句意。故选K项。
【18题详解】
考查形容词。句意：此外，声明称，虽然有一些证据表明运动与增强的身体表现有关，但证据非常微弱，使得这些测试的预测价值“实际上为零”。分析句子可知，空前the为定冠词，空后value为名词，该空格处应为形容词形式，修饰该名词value，predictive“预言性的”为形容词，符合句意。故选H项。
19题详解】
考查名词。句意：该声明强调，基因测序技术的变化速度远远快于监管。分析句子可知，空前the为定冠词，该空格处应为名词形式，speed“速度”为名词，符合句意。故选J项。
【20题详解】
考查形容词。句意：虽然未来毫无疑问会出现更多关于体育表现基因的证据，但目前的数据非常有限。分析句子可知，空前为系动词are和副词very，该空格处应为形容词形式，构成主系表结构，此外该形容词被副词very所修饰，limited“有限的”为形容词，符合句意。故选F项。
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Climate experts have warned about the many ways a warming planet can negatively affect human health. ____21____ global temperatures are predicted to increase by 1.5℃ by the 2030s, that risk is becoming increasingly real.
One long-held prediction that appears to be coming true — according to the results of a study recently published in Nature Scientific Reports — is how climate change might enhance ____22____ of bacteria that thrive and spread through warm sea waters and cause an infection with a particularly high ____23____ rate.
Vibrio vulnificus (创伤弧菌) flourishes in salty or brackish waters above 68℉. Infections are currently rare in the U.S., but that’s likely to change. Using 30 years of data on infections, scientists at the University of East Anglia in the U.K. found that Vibrio vulnificusis ____24____ from its historic Gulf Coast range, with more Northern states reporting infections as waters become warmer.
“We’re seeing the core ____25____ of infections extending to areas that traditionally have very few and very rare cases,” says Elizabeth Archer, a Ph.D. researcher and ____26____ author of the study. “But these areas are now coming into the main area of infections.”
Based on the latest data on how much the world’s water and air temperatures will rise, the scientists predict that by 2081, Vibrio vulnificus infections could reach every state along the U.S. East Coast. Currently, only about 80 cases are reported in the U.S. each year; by 2081, that could go up to over three-fold, the authors say.
Such a proliferation could have serious health consequences. Vibrio vulnificus kills approximately 20% of the healthy people it infects and 50% of those with weakened immune systems. There is little evidence that antibiotics can ____27____ the infection, but doctors may prescribe them in some cases. People can get infected either by eating raw shellfish like oysters or by exposing small ____28____ to waters where the bacteria live, which can lead to serious skin infections.
Warming sea temperatures aren’t the only reasons behind the rise of Vibrio vulnificus. Hotter air also draws more people to the coasts and bays, bringing them into closer contact with the bacteria.
“The bacteria are part of the natural marine environment, so I don’t think we can ____29____ it from the environment,” says Archer. “It’s more about mitigating infections by increasing ____30____ of the risk.”
To alert people to the growing threat, ____31____ systems are needed to track when concentrations of bacteria start to rise, similar to currently available pollen and pollution alarm.
Vbrio vulnificus is so ____32____ to temperature changes that concentrations could bloom after even a day of warmer water, so consistent monitoring and alerts are critical, says Iain Lake, professor of environmental epidemiology at University of East Anglia and senior author of the paper.
Lake says the expansion of Vibrio vulnificus is concerning for public health since the bacteria are now invading waters closer to heavily ____33____ areas, such as New York and Philadelphia. “Everyone can get a Vibrio vulnificus infection,” he says. “But the more ____34____ there is between warmer waters and people, the more the bacteria can move into populations ____35____ the elderly and those with other health conditions, who are more vulnerable to infections.”
21. A. Even if B. Except when C. The instant D. In case
22. A. numbers B. ranges C. coverages D. concentrations
23. A. failure B. fatality C. survival D. acid
24. A. ranging B. varying C. expanding D. shifting
25. A. distribution B. launch C. community D. sample
26. A. principle B. lead C. principal D. hit
27. A. boost B. accelerate C. contain D. remove
28. A. harms B. damages C. injuries D. wounds
29. A. relieve B. dissolve C. resolve D. erase
30. A. conscience B. awareness C. panic D. alert
31. A. monitoring B. processing C. managing D. delivering
32. A. sensible B. vital C. vulnerable D. sensitive
33. A. populated B. dense C. paralleled D. bordered
34. A. reaction B. interaction C. intervention D. relativity
35. A. rather than B. except for C. such as D. other than
【答案】21. C 22. B 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. C 27. D 28. D 29. D 30. B 31. A 32. D 33. B 34. B 35. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了因为全球变暖，导致细菌的感染范围扩大，从而导致致死率特别高的感染。
【21题详解】
考查连接词词义辨析。句意：据预测，到2030年代，全球气温将立即上升1.5摄氏度，这种风险正变得越来越现实。A. Even if即使；B. Except when除了当……时候；C. The instant一……就；D. In case万一。根据后文“global temperatures are predicted to increase by 1.5℃ by the 2030s”可知，这是会立即发生的事，所以应该用The instant引导。故选C项。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据最近发表在《自然科学报告》(Nature Scientific reports)上的一项研究结果，一个长期以来的预测似乎正在成为现实，即气候变化可能会扩大细菌的范围，这些细菌会在温暖的海水中繁殖和传播，并导致致死率特别高的感染。A. numbers数量；B. ranges范围；C. coverages保险范围；D. concentrations集中。根据后文“thrive and spread through warm sea waters”可知，细菌会在温暖的海水中繁殖和传播，所以是扩大细菌的范围。故选B项。
【23题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据最近发表在《自然科学报告》(Nature Scientific reports)上的一项研究结果，一个长期以来的预测似乎正在成为现实，即气候变化可能会扩大细菌的范围，这些细菌会在温暖的海水中繁殖和传播，并导致致死率特别高的感染。A. failure失败；B. fatality(疾病的)致命性；C. survival生存；D. acid酸。根据后文“Vibrio vulnificus kills approximately 20% of the healthy people it infects, and 50% of those with weakened immune systems.”可知，细菌扩散会导致致死率特别高的感染。故选B项。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：英国东安格利亚大学(University of East Anglia)的科学家利用30年的感染数据发现，创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificusis)从其历史上的墨西哥湾沿岸范围扩张，随着海水变暖，越来越多的北部州报告感染。A. ranging变化；B. varying(使)多样化；C. expanding扩大；D. shifting转移。根据后文“with more Northern states reporting infections as waters become warmer.”可知，此处是指创伤弧从其历史上的墨西哥湾沿岸范围扩张。故选C项。
【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们看到感染的核心分布延伸到了传统上病例很少、非常罕见的地区。A. distribution分布；B. launch发射；C. community社区；D. sample样品。根据后文“But these areas are now coming into the main area of infections.”可知，这些地区现在正成为感染的主要地区，所以是感染的核心分布延伸到了这。故选A项。
【26题详解】
考查名词和形容词词义辨析。句意：该研究的主要作者、博士伊丽莎白·阿彻(Elizabeth Archer)说。A. principle原则；B. lead领先地位；C. principal主要的；D. hit击中。根据前文“scientists at the University of East Anglia in the U.K”可知，这项研究是英国东安格利亚大学的科学家们一起做的，此处应用的应该是主要作者的话，符合实际。故选C项。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：几乎没有证据表明抗生素可以消除感染，但医生可能会在某些情况下开抗生素。A. boost促进；B. accelerate加快；C. contain包含；D. remove去除。根据前文“There is little evidence”，以及后文“but doctors may prescribe them in some cases.”可知，此处应是“没有证据表明抗生素可以消除感染”之意符合语境。故选D项。
【28题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：人们可以通过食用生的贝类(如牡蛎)或将小伤口暴露在细菌生活的水中而感染，这可能导致严重的皮肤感染。A. harms伤害；B. damages损坏；C. injuries伤害；D. wounds伤口。根据后文“waters where the bacteria live, which can lead to serious skin infections”结合常识，应是伤口暴露在细菌生活的水中而感染符合实际。故选D项。
【29题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：细菌是自然海洋环境的一部分，所以我认为我们不能把它从环境中抹去。A. relieve解除；B. dissolve使溶解；C. resolve解决；D. erase清除。根据前文“The bacteria are part of the natural marine environment”可知，细菌是自然的一部分，不能把它从环境中清除。故选D项。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：更多的是通过提高对风险的认识来减轻感染。A. conscience良心；B. awareness意识；C. panic恐慌；D. alert警报。根据前文“It’s more about mitigating infections”结合选项可知，应是提高对风险的认识来减轻感染符合语境。故选B项。
【31题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了提醒人们注意日益严重的威胁，需要监测系统来跟踪细菌浓度何时开始上升，类似于目前可用的花粉和污染警报。A. monitoring监视；B. processing处理；C. managing管理；D. delivering递送。根据后文“track when concentrations of bacteria start to rise, similar to currently available pollen and pollution alarm.”可知，是一个来跟踪细菌浓度何时开始上升的系统，应该是监测系统。故选A项。
【32题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：该论文的资深作者、东安格利亚大学(University of East Anglia)环境流行病学教授伊恩·莱克(Iain Lake)说，创伤弧菌对温度变化非常敏感，甚至在水温升高一天后，其浓度就会爆发，因此持续的监测和警报至关重要。A. sensible明智的；B. vital至关重要的；C. vulnerable脆弱的；D. sensitive敏感的。根据后文“concentrations could bloom after even a day of warmer water”可知，在水温升高一天后，其浓度就会爆发，所以对温度变化是敏感的。故选D项。
【33题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：莱克说，创伤弧菌的扩张对公众健康造成了影响，因为这种细菌现在正在侵入更靠近人口稠密地区的水域，比如纽约和费城。A. populated有人口居住的；B. dense密集的；C. paralleled平行的；D. bordered有边的。根据后文的举例“such as New York and Philadelphia.”可知，这两个城市都是人口稠密地区。故选B项。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是，温暖的海水和人之间的互动越多，细菌就越容易进入老年人和其他健康状况不佳的人群，这些人群更容易受到感染。A. reaction反应；B. interaction相互影响；C. intervention干预；D. relativity相对性。根据后文“the more the bacteria can move into populations”可知，应是海水和人之间的互动越多，细菌就越容易进入人群。故选B项。
【35题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：但是，温暖的海水和人之间的互动越多，细菌就越容易进入老年人和其他健康状况不佳的人群，这些人群更容易受到感染。A. rather than而不是；B. except for除了；C. such as例如；D. other than不同于。根据后文“the elderly and those with other health conditions”可知，这里是举具体的例子。故选C项。
Section B
Directions: Read the following two passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
At 14, Fraser Doherty was busy making jam after his grandparents taught him a family recipe. He started selling jars of his jam door to door near his parents’ home in Edinburgh. As interest grew, his hobby stated to turn into a business. He now makes 40,000 jars of jam a month and is well on his way to making his first million.
Doherty, who has been chosen to represent Britain in the Global Students Entrepreneurs Awards in Chicago next month, said there are several advantages to having started young: “As a young person you have a different view of the world. You have a naivety and an optimism and are willing to give things a shot. The downside for me isn’t particularly scary. I don’t have a mortgage or kids to worry about so I didn’t have a huge amount to lose if my idea had not worked.”
Duncan Cheatle, founder of The Supper Club, a forum for established entrepreneurs in London, agreed that becoming an entrepreneur at a young age has a lot to recommend it.
“For young people there is no concept of thinking outside the box because there isn’t a box. There is capacity in young people to see things in a different way that older people lose. And often not being an expert in something can be helpful because if you don’t understand why something works in a certain way, you will decide to do it differently.”
Emma Jones, founder of Enterprise Nation, the home business website, said that young people were much more confident about using technology as a base for their business than the older generation. “Whole sectors that didn’t exist ten years ago are coming up now because young entrepreneurs are challenging all previous rules and saying technology means that we can do things like this. They have an open capacity to think of new ideas and as a result they are starting very interesting businesses.”
36. According to Doherty, is the competitive edge of young people starting business compared with the older generation
A. ignorance of the reality B. na ve pursuit of a hobby
C. readiness to try things out D. parents shouldering the financial burden
37. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 means young people .
A. are reluctant to obey the existing rules
B. are not bound by established ways of doing things
C. have superior ideas to those of the older generation
D will not fall into traps that old people set up for them
38. Which of the following statements will Emma Jones most likely agree with
A. Abandoning all previous rules is a must to establish new sectors.
B. As people grow older, they are less able to take a fresh approach.
C. Those lacking confidence are less able to start creative businesses.
D. The use of technology contributes to the creation of new businesses.
39. The purpose of this passage is to .
A. inform readers of success stories of young entrepreneurs
B. introduce opinions on the advantages of being young entrepreneurs
C. convince young people to follow the trend and start their own businesses
D. provide specific guidance on how to become successful young entrepreneurs
【答案】36. C 37. B 38. D 39. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述年轻企业家的观点和优势。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Doherty, who has been chosen to represent Britain in the Global Students Entrepreneurs Awards in Chicago next month, said there are several advantages to having started young: “As a young person you have a different view of the world. You have a naivety and an optimism and are willing to give things a shot. (Doherty被选中代表英国参加下个月在芝加哥举行的全球学生企业家奖。他说他从小的时候开始就有几个优点：“作为一个年轻人，你对世界有不同的看法。你天真乐观，愿意试一试。”)”可知，Doherty认为年轻人愿意尝试。故推知Doherty认为与老一辈相比，愿意尝试是年轻人创业的竞争优势。故选C。
【37题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第四段“There is capacity in young people to see things in a different way that older people lose. And often not being an expert in something can be helpful because if you don’t understand why something works in a certain way, you will decide to do it differently. (年轻人有能力以老年人失去的不同方式看待事物。通常不是某事物的专家会对你有所帮助，因为如果你不明白为什么某件事以某种方式工作，你将决定以不同的方式做。)”可知，年轻人会以不同的方式看待问题，他们不认为专家的建议和既定的做事方式就是有帮助的。故推知“For young people there is no concept of thinking outside the box because there isn’t a box.表示年轻人“不受既定做事方式的束缚”，故选B。
【38题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Emma Jones, founder of Enterprise Nation, the home business website, said that young people were much more confident about using technology as a base for their business than the older generation. “Whole sectors that didn’t exist ten years ago are coming up now because young entrepreneurs are challenging all previous rules and saying technology means that we can do things like this. They have an open capacity to think of new ideas and as a result they are starting very interesting businesses.” (家庭商业网站Enterprise Nation的创始人Emma Jones表示，年轻人比老一辈人更有信心使用科技作为其业务的基础。“十年前不存在的整个行业现在正在出现，因为年轻的企业家正在挑战以前的所有规则，并说科技意味着我们可以做这样的事情。他们有一种开放的能力来思考新的想法，因此他们开始了非常有趣的业务。)”可知，Emma认为年轻人通过科技拓展新业务。故推知Emma同意“使用科技有助于创建新业务”这一观点，故选D。
【39题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Doherty, who has been chosen to represent Britain in the Global Students Entrepreneurs Awards in Chicago next month, said there are several advantages to having started young: “As a young person you have a different view of the world. You have a naivety and an optimism and are willing to give things a shot. (Doherty被选中代表英国参加下个月在芝加哥举行的全球学生企业家奖。他说他从小的时候开始就有几个优点：“作为一个年轻人，你对世界有不同的看法。你天真乐观，愿意试一试。”)”及第四段“There is capacity in young people to see things in a different way that older people lose. And often not being an expert in something can be helpful because if you don’t understand why something works in a certain way, you will decide to do it differently. (年轻人有能力以老年人失去的不同方式看待事物。通常不是某事物的专家会对你有所帮助，因为如果你不明白为什么某件事以某种方式工作，你将决定以不同的方式做。)”及最后一段““Whole sectors that didn’t exist ten years ago are coming up now because young entrepreneurs are challenging all previous rules and saying technology means that we can do things like this. They have an open capacity to think of new ideas and as a result they are starting very interesting businesses. (十年前不存在的整个行业现在正在出现，因为年轻的企业家正在挑战以前的所有规则，并说科技意味着我们可以做这样的事情。他们有一种开放的能力来思考新的想法，因此他们开始了非常有趣的业务。)”可知，文章主要介绍成为年轻企业家的观点和优势。故选B。
(B)
How to make a resume
1.Format your text.
The first thing that a possible employer will see on your resume is the text. For that reason, it is very important that you make the right first impression. Choose a professional font in size 11 or 12. Times New Roman is the classic serif font(衬线字体), while Arial and Calibri are two of the better choices for sans-serif(无衬线字体). Even though sans serif fonts are more popular for resume, Yahoo cites Helvetica as the best font to use for your resumé.
Many individuals find that Times New Roman is a little hard to read on a screen. If you are emailing your resume, consider using Georgia instead for a more readable serif font.
You can use multiple fonts for different parts of your resume, but try to limit it to two. Instead of changing between fonts, try emboldening or italicizing specific selections of text instead.
The font size for your header and the introduction to a section may 14 or 16, but otherwise, you should choose 11 or 12.
Your text should always be printed in solid black ink. Make sure to deactivate any hyperlinks (like to your email, address, and phone number) so that they don’t print in blue or another non-black color.
2. Set up the page.
Your page should have one-inch margins all the way around with 1.5 or 2 point line spacing. The body of your resume will be aligned to the left and your header should be centered at the top of your page.
3. Create your heading.
This is the section at the top of your resume which gives your contact information including your name, address, email, and phone number. Your name should be in a slightly larger size - either 14 or 16 point font. List your home and cell phone numbers.
4. Decide on a layout.
There are three general formats for creating a resume: chronological, functional, or combination. Your work history and the type of job you are applying for will determine the layout style you should use.
Chronological resumes are used for showing a steady growth in a particular career field. These are best used for someone applying for a job within their career-path to show an increase of responsibility over time.
Functional resumes are focused on skills and experience rather than job history. These are best used for someone who may have holes in their work history or who have gained experience from being self-employed for a time.
Combination resumes are, as it sounds, a combination of both a chronological and a functional resume. These are used to show off specific skills and how they were acquired. If you have developed a specific skill set from working in a variety of related fields, then this is the best resume option for you.
40. Which font does the author suggest considering the readability of the resume when checked online
A. Georgia B. Times New Roman
C. Calibri D. Helvetica
41. What is the closest explanation of the word “chronological”
A. arranged according to how important each item is
B. arranged according to when things happened or were made
C. be specific and concrete in the introduction of something
D state various items in a detailed and separate way
42. Which statement is true according to the passage
A. the more colorful your resume is, the more appealing it will be
B. there is no need to tell employers where you obtain your specific skills
C. your name should be a little bit larger in size, aligned to the left
D. blue or other strange colors will appear on your printed resume if hyperlinks are activated
【答案】40. A 41. B 42. D
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何制作简历。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“If you are emailing your resume, consider using Georgia instead for a more readable serif font.”可知，如果你是通过电子邮件发送你的简历，考虑使用乔治亚字体，因此考虑到在线阅读简历的可读性，作者建议使用乔治亚字体，故A项正确。
【41题详解】
猜测词义题。根据倒数第三段中“These are best used for someone applying for a job within their career-path to show an increase of responsibility over time.”可知，按时间顺序排列的简历最适合那些在其职业生涯中申请工作的人，用来表示随着时间的推移责任的增加，由此可知，时间顺序排列的简历是按照事情发生的时间来安排的，故B项正确。
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Make sure to deactivate any hyperlinks (like to your email, address, and phone number) so that they don’t print in blue or another non-black color.”可知，确保停用任何超链接（如电子邮件、地址和电话号码），以便它们不会以蓝色或其他非黑色打印，由此可知，如果超链接被激活，你的简历上就会出现蓝色或其他奇怪的颜色，故D项正确。
(C)
Thanks to in-depth reporting by the Wall Street Journal, we now know that Facebook has long been aware its product Instagram has harmful effects on the mental health of many adolescent users. Young girls, in particular, struggle with their body image thanks to a constant stream of photos and videos showing beautiful bodies that users don’t think they can attain.
While the information the Journal covered is essential and instructive, it does not tell the whole story. Deep down, this is not an Instagram problem; it’s a people problem. Understanding that distinction can make the difference between a failed attempt to contain a teen’s interest in an addictive app and successfully addressing the underlying problem leading to mental distress induced (诱发) by Instagram.
Critics were quick to shame Facebook for sitting on the data and not releasing it to researchers or academics who asked for it. Others criticize the social media giant for not using the research to create a safer experience for its teen users. The anger, while understandable, is misplaced.
While I’m reluctant to defend Facebook, I’m not sure it’s reasonable to blame the company for withholding data that would hurt its business. Have you ever binge-watched (狂看) a Netflix series I assure you it wasn’t a healthy endeavor. You were in active, likely did nothing productive, mindlessly snacked and didn’t go outside for fresh air. It is an objectively harmful use of time to stare at a TV or laptop for a full weekend. Should we respond by shaming Netflix for not alerting us to how damaging an addictive product can be
While it’s reasonable to say Instagram makes esteem issues worse, it strains credulity (夸张到难以置信) to believe it causes them in the first place. You create your own experiences on social media. For the most part, you choose which accounts to follow and engage. If you’re already vulnerable to insecurities and self-sabotage (自损) — as many teens are — you will find accounts to obsess over. And this isn’t a new phenomenon.
Before social media, there were similar issues fueling self-esteem issues. Whether the target be magazines, movies or television shows depicting difficult-to-attain bodies, there has been a relatively steady chorus (异口同声) of experts nothing the damage new media could cause young viewers.
Self-esteem issues have an underlying cause — one that’s independent of social media use. Instagram merely enhances those feelings because it provides infinitely more access to triggers than older forms of media. It’s more worthwhile to address those underlying factors rather than to attack Facebook.
43. The author thinks the criticisms against Instagram __________.
A. are successful attempts to change teens’ interest in addictive apps
B. address the Instagram - induced mental pain
C. are only based on the data released by Facebook
D. are not directed at the fundamental problem
flix is mentioned to __________.
A. compare the criticisms against it and Facebook
B. defend why Facebook is to blame
C. suggest the critics’ remarks are not to point
D. show Netflix does more harm to teens
45. The Instagram problem is essentially a “people problem” in that __________.
A. it is human nature to get addicted to social media
B. users decide on their experiences on social media
C. people have a tendency to feel insecure online
D. people are keen on fabricating their self - profile
46. What is the passage mainly about
A. the unprecedented criticism facing Facebook
B. the alarming online habits of teenagers worldwide
C. the root cause of Instagram - induced mental strains
D. the harmful impact of Instagram on teenagers
【答案】43. D 44. C 45. B 46. C
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇议论文。《华尔街日报》报道中，Instagram对许多青少年用户的心理健康产生有害影响。但在作者看来，这是其诱发用户精神紧张，放大了自身的自尊问题所致，本质上是人的问题。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Critics were quick to shame Facebook for sitting on the data and not releasing it to researchers or academics who asked for it. Others criticize the social media giant for not using the research to create a safer experience for its teen users. The anger, while understandable, is misplaced.(批评人士很快就指责Facebook搁置数据，不向要求提供数据的研究人员或学者提供数据。其他人批评这家社交媒体巨头没有利用这项研究为青少年用户创造更安全的体验。这种愤怒虽然可以理解，但却不恰当)”及第四段内容可知，作者认为对Instagram的批评并没有指向根本问题。故选D项。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“While I’m reluctant to defend Facebook, I’m not sure it’s reasonable to blame the company for withholding data that would hurt its business.(虽然我不愿意为Facebook辩护，但我不确定指责该公司隐瞒可能损害其业务的数据是否合理)”及“Have you ever binge - watched a Netflix series I assure you it wasn’t a healthy endeavor. You were in active, likely did nothing productive, mindlessly snacked and didn’t go outside for fresh air. It is an objectively harmful use of time to stare at a TV or laptop for a full weekend. Should we respond by shaming Netflix for not alerting us to how damaging an addictive product can be (你曾经疯狂地看Netflix的电视剧吗？我向你保证这不是一个健康的尝试。你很活跃，可能没有做任何有成效的事情，漫无目的地吃零食，也不出去呼吸新鲜空气。整个周末盯着电视或笔记本电脑，客观上是一种有害的时间利用。作为回应，我们是否应该羞辱Netflix，因为它没有提醒我们这种令人上瘾的产品有多大的危害)”可知，Netflix被提及是为了表明我们受到网络的影响很大原因是自己产生的，不能完全怪罪于网络媒体，Instagram也一样，作者在此表明批评者的言论并没有指出问题。故选C项。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第五段“You create your own experiences on social media. For the most part, you choose which accounts to follow and engage. If you’re already vulnerable to insecurities and self - sabotage— as many teens are — you will find accounts to obsess over. And this isn’t a new phenomenon.(你在社交媒体上创造自己的体验。在大多数情况下，你可以选择关注和参与哪些账户。如果你已经像许多青少年一样容易受到不安全感和自我破坏的伤害，你会发现账户让你着迷。这并不是一个新现象)”可知，Instagram问题本质上是“人的问题”是因为用户在社交媒体上决定自己的体验，不是Instagram产生了这些问题。故选B项。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Deep down, this is not an Instagram problem; it’s a people problem.(实际上，这不是Instagram的问题；这是人的问题)”及最后一段“Self - esteem issues have an underlying cause — one that’s independent of social media use.Instagram merely enhances those feelings because it provides infinitely more access to triggers than older forms of media.(自尊问题有一个潜在的原因，这个原因与社交媒体的使用无关。Instagram只是增强了这些感觉，因为它比旧的媒体形式提供了无限多的接触触发器的途径)”并结合全文内容可知，作者认为Instagram对于青少年用户产生心理影响，是其诱发精神紧张，放大自身的自尊问题所致。故选C项。
Section C
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Gout （痛风）: The Disease of Kings
Gout, once the disease of geniuses, conquerors and kings, now is affecting the masses. But comes at night, first as a fevered dream, then pain in darkness, the body turned rude animals _____47_____ So strong is the sensitivity of this swollen big toe that the faintest footstep of a sympathetic visitor is a gunshot straight to the nerve. It will not help, at such as moment, to recall that Alexander the Great, Leonardo da Vinci, Isaac Newton reportedly suffered.
_____48_____ In the words of the 17 th -century French poet, Gout falls onto a poor man and then, horrified by her host's ceaseless labor, did nothing in a building. Surely it's a time of a less enlightened, more hierarchical（等级制的）age. We can laugh at from the safe distance of the present day. But the American critic Susan Sontag warned us against illness as myth. Gout is not a punishment, certainly not an embarrassment and, it is highly curable, if good treatment is followed. And the disease has not been limited to the past. _____49_____ From the 1960s to the 1990s, the number of sufferers doubled in the United States, and that's continued to rise.
It is tempting to see gout as an annoying angel and come to punish greed. Mentioning the romantic aspect of tuberculosis（肺结核）in the 19th century, Sontag argued that gout was contrary to tubercular. The gout-ridden were guilty of eating too much, while those dying of tubercular were themselves consumed from the inside. During that period, turning thinner from tubercular was taken as a sign of elegance, with poets considered unreliable if they weighed more than a hundred pounds, and so "it became rude to eat heartily". Sontag also highlighted a strange social phenomenon. _____50_____ Great men "grew fat, wrote novels and conquered continents."
A. If you are a gout sufferer, you are not alone.
B. No one knows what's behind the phenomenon.
C. Nor is it any longer exclusive to rich white men.
D. The foot is red and swollen, pounding like a heart.
E. We might dismiss gout as a ghost from a fable, which it was.
F. The tubercular's hollow cheeks were considered desirable look for women.
【答案】47. D 48. E 49. C 50. F
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了痛风从过去是天才、征服者和国王的疾病，现在正影响着大众。
【47题详解】
根据前句“But comes at night, first as a fevered dream, then pain in darkness, the body turned rude animals. (但在夜晚来临，首先是一个发烧的梦，然后是痛苦的黑暗，身体变成了粗鲁的动物。)”和后句“So strong is the sensitivity of this swollen big toe that the faintest footstep of a sympathetic visitor is a gunshot straight to the nerve.( 这个肿胀的大脚趾的敏感度是如此之强以至于一个有同情心的来访者最轻微的脚步声都会直接击中他的神经。)”可知，这里陈述痛风的症状。所以选择项D“The foot is red and swollen, pounding like a heart.(脚又红又肿，像心脏一样怦怦直跳。)”符合上下文语境。故选D。
【48题详解】
根据后句“In the words of the 17 th -century French poet, Gout falls onto a poor man and then, horrified by her host's ceaseless labor, did nothing in a building. (用17世纪法国诗人的话说，痛风症发生在一个可怜的人身上，然后，被她的主人无休止的劳动吓坏了，在一栋建筑里什么也没做。)”可知，这里陈述过去对痛风的认识很少，以至于人们对痛风不予理睬。所以选择项E“We might dismiss gout as a ghost from a fable, which it was. (我们可能会把痛风当作寓言中的鬼魂而不予理睬，确实如此。)”符合上下文语境。故选E。
【49题详解】
根据前句“And the disease has not been limited to the past.(这种疾病并不局限于过去。)”和后句“From the 1960s to the 1990s, the number of sufferers doubled in the United States, and that's continued to rise. (从20世纪60年代到90年代，美国的患者数量翻了一番，而且还在继续上升。)”可知，痛风过去是美国富人经常得的，所以常常是白人的专利。所以选择项C“Nor is it any longer exclusive to rich white men. (它也不再是富有的白人男性的专利。)”符合上下文语境。呼应下文。故选C。
【50题详解】
根据前句“Sontag also highlighted a strange social phenomenon. (桑塔格还强调了一种奇怪的社会现象。)”可知，后句介绍这种奇怪的社会现象。所以选择项F“The tubercular's hollow cheeks were considered desirable look for women. (肺结核患者凹陷的脸颊被认为是女性的理想外貌。)”符合上下文语境。故选F。
IV. Summary Writing
51. Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
71. Mindfulness
Mindfulness typically refers to a state of in-the-moment awareness in which one avoids judging the thoughts and emotions of himself and others. It is often practiced in meditation（冥想） and some forms of therapy.
Numerous findings from psychological research suggest practicing mindfulness can lead to many benefits, including stress reduction and increased psychological well-being. For example, in a study of cancer patients, cultivating mindfulness through meditation or other mindfulness-based training enabled people to be more selective about their emotional experiences, enabling them to reduce their stress and anxiety while increasing positive emotions. Similarly, studies show that mindfulness can also enhance information processing speed while reducing effort and negative thoughts and the meditators significantly outperformed the non-meditators on all measures of attention, suggestion that mindfulness improves one's ability to focus.
It is apparent that mindfulness has many noteworthy benefits, which include everything, from psychological to physical improvements. However, research has also shown that in some cases mindfulness can also lead to negative outcomes. For example, one study found that following mindfulness meditation, participants were more likely to form take memories, demonstrating a potential unintended downside to mindfulness. In addition, another study suggested mindfulness researchers needed to be careful that they didn't learn participants by bringing about unpleasant mental, physical, or spiritual reactions through mindfulness. For example, mindfulness meditation may result in severe anxiety for those diagnosed with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder （PTSD） （创伤后应激障碍）. Those with PTSD tend to avoid thoughts and feelings related to their trauma. However, mindfulness meditation encourages emotional openness, which could lead individuals with PTSD to experience the stressors that they previously avoided, potentially leading to re-traumatization.
It can't be denied that mindfulness is an important tool in the managerial toolbox, but it is not a cure-all, and it must be applied thoughtfully to be effective.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Mindfulness means being in the present mind state without assessing oneself or others. Many findings suggest practicing mindfulness has many benefits, including stress reduction and increased attention. Despite these benefits, mindfulness can come at a cost because it may form false memories and hurt participants by magnifying negative memories. Therefore it should be used carefully. （55 词）
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了可以避免对自己和他人的想法和情绪进行评判的正念这一意识状态。正念可以减轻人们的压力、提高心理健康、减少消极思想，然而正念的练习也可能导致创伤后应激障碍患者更为严重的焦虑。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Mindfulness typically refers to a state of in-the-moment awareness in which one avoids judging the thoughts and emotions of himself and others.
②Numerous findings from psychological research suggest practicing mindfulness can lead to many benefits, including stress reduction and increased psychological well-being.
③ However, research has also shown that in some cases mindfulness can also lead to negative outcomes.
④ it must be applied thoughtfully to be effective.
2. 缜密构思
第1个要点总起介绍相关概念，第2、3个要点是并列关系，分别陈述了积极影响和消极影响，第4个要点对全文进行总结归纳。
3. 遣词造句
①Mindfulness means being in the present mind state without assessing oneself or others.
②Many findings suggest practicing mindfulness has many benefits
③Despite these benefits, mindfulness can come at a cost because it may form false memories and hurt participants by magnifying negative memories.
④Therefore it should be used carefully.
【点睛】[高分句型1] mindfulness can come at a cost because it may form false memories and hurt participants by magnifying negative memories. （because引导原因状语从句）
[高分句型2] Many findings suggest practicing mindfulness has many benefits（省略连接词that的宾语从句以及动名词作主语）
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 艺术品应该以人们能够承受的价格面向更多的人出售。（available，afford）
【答案】The art should be available to more people at prices they can afford.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定短语和定语从句。分析可知，主语为“艺术品”，译为the art，be available to为固定短语，表示“可提供给，可适用于”，“更多的人”译为more people，“……的价格”译为at prices，“承受”应为afford，“应该”为should，其后为动词原形，they can afford为定语从句，prices作宾语。故翻译为The art should be available to more people at prices they can afford。
53. 看到千姿百态的剪纸作品，我情不自禁地赞叹中国文化博大精深。(The moment) (汉译英)
【答案】The moment I saw the various paper-cut works, I couldn't help admiring the profound Chinese culture.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定短语和时间状语从句。此处为the moment引导的时间状语从句，主语为I；表示“看到千姿百态的剪纸作品”翻译为see the various paper-cut works，为一般过去时；主句主语为I；表示“情不自禁地赞叹中国文化博大精深”翻译为can't help admiring the profound Chinese culture。故翻译为The moment I saw the various paper-cut works, I couldn't help admiring the profound Chinese culture.
54. 经过三个月的翻新，报告厅配备了一流的视听设备，焕然一新。(take on) （汉译英）
【答案】After the three-month restoration/renovation/update, the lecture hall/auditorium is equipped with/has been equipped with the top-class visual and audio equipment/facilities, taking on a new look.
【解析】
【详解】考查名词、动词、介词和短语。分析句意可知，本句中的“经过”可用介词after表示；表示“翻新”可用名词restoration或renovation或 update；表示“三个月的”可用合成形容词短语three-month；表示“报告厅”可用名词auditorium或短语the lecture hall作主语；配备”可用短语be equipped with作谓语，再根据句意此处可以用一般现在时或现在完成时，所以此处用is equipped with或has been equipped with；表示“一流的”可用合成形容词top-class；表示“试听设备”可用短语audio equipment或audio facilities；表示“焕然一新”可用短语 take on a new look，再分析句式结构，因为take on和主语之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词短语taking on a new look作伴随状语表主动关系。故答案为After the three-month restoration/renovation/update, the lecture hall/auditorium is equipped with/has been equipped with the top-class visual and audio equipment/ facilities, taking on a new look。
55. 王美美对她的外貌非常挑剔，尽管家人反对，但她执着地要去做整容手术，甚至说服朋友和她一起去。(despite，persist)(汉译英)
【答案】Wang Meimei is very particular about her appearance, so despite the opposition from her family, she persisted in going for cosmetic surgery and even convinced friends to go with her.
【解析】
【详解】考查句子结构、动词和介词。“王美美对她的外貌非常挑剔”为一般事实，用一般现在时，表达为Wang Meimei is very particular about her appearance，是主系表句型，be particular about是固定搭配。“尽管家人反对，但她执着地要去做整容手术，甚至说服朋友和她一起去”描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，和前文之间是因果关系，可用连词so连接，表示“尽管家人反对”为介词短语despite the opposition from her family；表示“她执着地要去做整容手术”为she persisted in going for cosmetic surgery，persist in doing sth是固定句型；表示“甚至说服朋友和她一起去”可用并列连词and连接even convinced friends to go with her，convince sb to do sth是固定句型。故翻译为Wang Meimei is very particular about her appearance, so despite the opposition from her family, she persisted in going for cosmetic surgery and even convinced friends to go with her.

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