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初中语法-现在完成时态
现在完成时 ( http: / / baike. / view / 191047.htm" \t "_blank )的结构：“have/has+动词的过去分词” 主语三单，助动词为has。
用法 ①已完成 (影响性用法)。表示动作发生在过去，但与现在的情况有联系，强调对现在的影响或结果。*过去时间不明确或不确定，有时无时间状语。如： just(刚)，yet(还)，already(已经)， recently(最近), lately ，before,，these days， during\in the last two weeks， by now等时间状语连用。
注意:"already" 用于现在完成时的肯定句中, "yet" 用于现在完成时的否定句和疑问句中
He has (already) visited many places in China. (already)
The train hasn't arrived yet.火车（到现在）还没有到。 Has she arrived yet 她已经到了吗？
注意:"have been"（去过了） 和 "have gone"（去了） 的区别:
He has gone to Beijing . (He is there or is on his way there.)
He has been to Shanghai . (He was there once, but he is not there now.)
注意： I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
　　 I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。)
②未完成用法(持续性用法)。 表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在并还可能继续延续下去的动作，用于延续性动词 ( http: / / baike. / view / 238104.htm" \t "_blank )， *含过去和现在时间的时间段，如： since ...(自从)，for two months, in the last /past few years, so far(到目前为止),how long， up to now(到现在为止), till（until） now，常与“since+时间点”，“for+时间段”等时间状语连用。如：since +具体的时间点，since +一段时间+ ago 如 since five months ago. since +从句 如since you left. We have learned English for 2 years. We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past few years. They’ve lived here since 1989. 从1989年起他们就在这里住了。He has been interested in collecting coins since he was a child. 如*次数,twice, three times，many times，never，ever，It’s （will be ）the first /second...time that... (第一／二次…) “it/this/that is the +最高级+名词+that从句动词现在完成时”结构中， It is the first time that I have visited your beautiful city. 这是我第三次参观这个美丽的城市了。That’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read. 这是我看过的最有意思的书。
【注】：1）非延续性动词come, go, leave, arrive, return, die, join, buy, borrow， start finish, become, get married等在肯定句中不能与 for 或 since 等引导的时间段连用。但其在否定式可用完成时。如：I haven’t gone to see him for two years. 我两年没有遇见他了。非延续性动词转化为延续性动词如“开始离去，借来还；出生入死，买到家”如He joined the League three years ago. He has been a League member for three years.如begin→be on；leave→be away；borrow/lend→keep；come/arrive→be here； die→be dead；buy→have；；put on→wear；go→be；return→be back；finish→be over
　　 2)用于till / until从句的差异 作为延续动词一般用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 作为瞬间动词一般用于否定句，表示"到……，才……" He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept till ten o'clock.
　　　　3）"情态动词＋现在完成式"　 "must／may ／might ／could ／can not ／m ay not ＋现在完成式": 一定/也许/可能 ／不可能 ／未必已…"could ＋现在完成式":本来可以(埋怨口气)，"should ／ought to ＋现在完成式"表示本该做而实际未做 *"should not／ought not ／needn’t to ＋现在完成式"表示过去不该 ／不必做却做了。持否定态度。 "wouldn’t＋现在完成式"表示与事实相反的动作，实际上已经做了，但假设没有做。
二．区别：
1．现在完成时和一般过去时 ( http: / / baike. / view / 191061.htm" \t "_blank )都能表示过去发生过的动作，但现在完成时表示过去动作已完成或还可能继续下去，强调影响和结果“已做了”，时间模糊；而一般过去时仅表示过去的动作、强调动作 “发生过”或关注动作发生的时间、地点、方式，过去时间具体，如when， yesterday，last week， two days ago, in1983, just now等　I saw this film just now（刚才）. I have just（刚） seen this film.
2．现在完成进行时 have/has been doing（动词的现在分词表进行）表示一个过去到现在甚至将来一直进行的动作。如：I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）我一直在写一本书。I have written a book.（动作已经完成）我已经写了一本书。
ii．还可表示一种感彩。如： I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了两个小时。（可能还等下去或说话时刻之前刚刚结束，表明等得好辛苦）---I'm sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I have waited for only a few minutes.我等了几分钟。（陈述事实）
iii. 不用于进行时态或状态动词通常不用于现在完成进行时。如know,last for ,love爱，like喜欢，hate讨厌，等。They've been married for twenty years. 他们结婚已二十年了。
iv．现在完成进行时不用于被动语态。
３．过去完成时 had +过去分词， 表示过去的过去。不是指从过去持续到现在，而是指从较远的过去持续到在一个较近的过去，则用。
a.以过去时间为起点.如before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as：Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday.
b.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
C．状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
d. 表示意向的动词，虚拟语气如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
注意： had no … when 还没等…… 就…… had no sooner… than 刚…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
　　 ♀现在完成时练习题
一、翻译下列句子：
1. 他们已经打扫了教室吗？ 2. . 我以前从来没去过那个学校。
3. 自从1992年他就住这儿了。 4. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
二、用过去时或现在完成时填空：
1. “_________ you __________ (have) lunch ” “Yes.”
“When ________ you __________ (have) it ”“I ____________ (have) it at 12:00.”
2.“_________ he ___________ (finish) his homework ” “Not yet.”
3. Your father _________ just ___________ (finish) his work.Your father _________ (finish) his work just now.
4. I ________________(not finish) my homework . Can you help me
三、短暂性动词转换为延续性动词
1) They _________ _________( borrowed )it since last week .
2) My grandpa _______ _______ ________( died) for years. 提示：die → be dead
3) The meeting ________ ______ ______ (began) for six hours. 提示：begin→ be on
4) He left Fuzhou just now.=He _______ _____ ______ from Fuzhou for five minutes. 提示leave→be away
5) join the league/the Party/the army→ be a league/a Party member/a soldier
→ be a member of the league/the Party→ be in the league/the Party/the army
My brother the army two years ago.=My brother ________________________ (joined) for 2 years.
四、选择：have(has) been have(has) gone
A: Where ____________ Li Fei ___________ B: He ____________ to Hainan Island.
A: When will he come back , do you know B: I’m afraid he won’t come back recently.
A: How many times ______ Li Fei ______ to that place B: He _________ there only once.
五．句型转换：
1. He has already been home. He ____ ____ home _____. (否定句)_____ he _____ home _______
2. He has lunch at home. He ______ ______ lunch at home. (否定句)
________ he _______ lunch at home Yes,he _______. (疑问句并肯定回答)
3. He has been there twice._______ _______ _____ _______ he been there (划线提问)

动词的被动语态
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
如：主动句： Ｉ　　　　eat　　 　　　　apples.．　　　我吃苹果。（主语是谓语动词的执行者）
↓
被动句：Apples　 are　 eaten　　　 　by me.．　苹果被我吃。（主语是谓语动词的承受者）
↓　　　　　　　 △by＋主语的宾语形式（代词用宾格）可省略
被动语态结构：ｂｅ＋Ｖ．（ｐ．ｐ．）动词过去分词　
　　　　　*（be有人称、数和时态的变化）被动语态be字变；过去分词跟后面，词尾一般+ed。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
如：Ｉ ate apples. Apples were eaten by me just now. 一般过去时：was／were＋动词过去分词
Ｉwill eat apples. Apples will be eaten by me right now. 一般将来时：will／shall be＋过去分词
Ｉwould eat apples. Apples would be eaten by me. 过去将来时：would／should ＋过去分词
Ｉam eating apples. Apples are being eaten by me. 现在进行时：am／is／are being＋过去分词
Ｉwas eating apples. Apples were being eaten by me. 过去进行时：was／were being＋过去分词
Ｉhave eaten apples. Apples have just been eaten by me. 现在完成时：have／has been＋过去分词
I had eaten apples. Apples had been eaten by me. 过去进行时：have／has been＋过去分词
Ｉcan eat apples up.　　 Apples can be eaten up by me.情态动词can/may/must/should be＋过去分词
♀被动语态专项练习
填空：1.Basketbll ____ ____ (play) by them. 一般现在时：am／is／are＋过去分词
2. This book _____(write) by a famous writer ago. 3. Look! Someone __________(dance).
4.English _____ in many countries, but Chinese _____ their own languages. (speaks)
5.An accident ___ (happen)on this road last week.
6. Students ___not___ ____(should not allow)to smoke.
7. The old man is ill. He ______ (must send) to the hospital.
8. Vegetables and fruits____ (sell) in this shop.The food _____ (smell) delicious.
9.The baby is too young to_____ often _____(ask) to ____ (take) care of.
10. It's said(据说) /hoped(希望)/well known(众所周知)that the bridge_____(build) next month.
11. I have a lot of homework to_________(do) tonight．
12.In China the money ______ (gives )to children for good luck in Spring Festival．
选择： (　)1. 10. The Great Wall ____ all over the world. A. knows B.is known
2. (　)Today,too many trees are still ___ in the world. A.cut down.B. being cut down C. cutting down 3.(　) My coat is made _____ cool（羊毛） and silk(丝)in China.A. of　物理变化　　B.for　　 C.from　化学变化　
4. My brother and I have _____her birthday party. A. invited to B. been invited for C. been invited to
5. Do you know __________________ A who the paper invited B. who the paper was invented byj转换：1. The children　ｃａｎ sｉng 　an English 　song. (改为否定句)
　　　　　　An English song ______ ______ _______ by the children.
2.The game is called “Lianliankan” by us.（改为一般疑问句，并做肯定回答）
________ The game _________“Lianliankan” by us Yes,it ______.
3. Hewas seen to dance in his room, ___________ ___________ (反意疑问句)
4. My watch needs repairing.（同义句）My watch needs ____________ _____________ ________.
5.The work is going to be finished in two days. (对划线提问)How___ ___the work going to be finished
6. Is tea grown in South China？（改为主动语态）_______ people _________ tea in South China 7.we should obey our school rules.( 改同义句) Our school rules should ____ ____ by us.
选择：is used for , is used by , is/gets used to doing , used to , is used to
This machine _________ keeping the room wet． 2.There _______be a meeting last year.
3. Wood _________make paper. 4.She _________homework after supper now. Wear , put on ,dress
1.She is _______a red skirt now. 2.It’s cold outside,please_______your coat.
3.She likes to ________ hersflf and her daughter up in red.
by , with , in
1.We can hear _____ our ears. 2He can sing _____English. 3.The teacher came in ____some books.
4.I find it helpful to improve English ____ using it more.
frustrated, interested , interesting , excited分词作表语通常看作形容词。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。
I’m _______ when I fail,however,I’m_______ when I play games.
The movies are so _________that I’m _______in them.( 同义句too…to…/…enough to….转换)
_____________________________________. ____________________________________.
It's too good a chance to miss．
不定式 做主语一般表示具体的某次动作，或当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。
a)It is＋形容词(easy, important, difficult, foolish, inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong...)＋( for/of sb.)+to do不定式 … 如It is important for modern young people to master at least two foreign languages.
b) It is＋名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, one’s duty, an honor, a shame, a crime, no easy job.. 如wish, idea, task, purpose, duty,.) +to do…不定式 It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash.
c) It takes (sb.) some time (hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience...)＋不定式
It took them half the night to get home in the snow.
d) 3)不定式作宾语不定式常在下列动词后面作宾语：
afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,care,choose,claim,consent,demand,decide,desire,determine, expect,fail,hope,hesitate,hate,intend,learn,like,manage,mean, neglect,offer,plan,prepare pretend,promise,refuse,resolve, seek,tend,threaten,want等。
动词+ing作主语\宾语\表语为动名词 如Doing morning exercise is the best way to keep
health /good for health. 动词+ing作主语,谓语动词单数
分词作宾语补足语：感官动词see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, look at, listen to等+ 现在分词
have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词+分词。如 have my hair cut; get her words unterstood

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