第十一章 句子类型教案-中职高考英语语法复习讲练测

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第十一章 句子类型教案-中职高考英语语法复习讲练测

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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
中职高考英语语法复习讲练测教案
第十一章 句子类型
【读考纲,思考点】
句子类型是学生学习英语语法的难点,也是能进一步提升学生英语能力的重要知识点,理解这部分知识之后,可以增强对中长难句的理解能力,从而提升学阅读、翻译能力,并构建全面系统的英语语法知识体系。单招考试对句子类型考查的比重很大,每年单选对相关知识都有考查,且平均为2题,其中对主从复合句的考查占比最大。
句子按结构可以分为简单句、并列复合句和主从复合句三种句型结构。学生需要会识别六类简单句的基本结构,理解并列复合句中连词连接的两个句子的关系以及掌握重点考查的主从复合句类型。
考点统计
年度 题号 知识点 层次要求 难易程度
了解 理解 掌握 容易 较易 中难 较难
2017 3,9,5, 8 简单句,简单句it;主从复合句(定语从句、状语从句) √ √ √
2018 6,2, 5, 8,10 简单句、it; 主从复合句(定语从句1、状语从句 2 、宾语从句1) √ √ √
2019 2,8, 9,10 简单句;并列复合句;主从复合句(状语从句1、定语从句 1) √ √ √
2020 8,10 主从复合句(状语从句2) √ √
2021 7, 10 主从复合句(定语从句1、状语从句1); 并列复合句 √ √
第一节 简单句和并列复合句
【讲考点,习能力】
一、简单句
只包含一个主谓结构的句子称为简单句。有以下六种基本句型结构:
主语+不及物动词(+状语)(S+V)
不及物动词本身意义完整,后面不需接宾语,常见词有:come (来), go (去), look (看), wait (等待), sleep (睡觉), walk (走路), work (工作;起作用), swim (游泳), arrive (到达), happen (发生), stop (停止), cry (哭), laugh (大笑)等。例如:
The bus is coming. 公共汽车马上就来了。
I didn’t sleep well last night. 昨晚我没睡好。
The students work very hard. 学生们学习很努力。
2. 主语+及物动词+宾语(S+V+O)
及物动词后面必须接宾语。常见词有:like (喜欢) , love (爱) , open (打开) , close (关闭), get (得到) , find (发现) , say (说) 等。例如:
He opened the door. 他打开了门。
I love you. 我爱你。
I got a book last week. 我上周得到了本书。
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)
此结构也称为主谓双宾语结构,间接宾语通常指人,直接宾语通常指物。该结构通常也可以改为:主语+及物动词+直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语。常见后接双宾语的动词有:pass (递) , give (给) , offer (提供) , ask (问), teach (教) , buy (买), show (展示), tell (告诉), bring (带来), send (寄送), borrow (借来), lend (借给) 等。例如:
She bought me a present. (=She bought a present for me.) 她给我买了一件礼物。
He teaches us English. (= He teaches English to us.) 他教我们英语。
I’ll give you a big surprise. (=I’ll give a big surprise to you.) 我将给你一个大惊喜。
4. 主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P),
该结构也叫主系表结构。其中系动词除了同学们最熟悉的be动词外,还包括感官动词和表示变化、状态延续的动词,常见词有:look (看起来), sound (听起来), smell (闻起来), taste (尝起来), feel (摸起来), get (变得), turn (变得), become (变得), go (变得), grow (变得), stay (保持) , keep (保持), remain (仍然是), seem (似乎)等。表语用于表明主语特征、身份、状态等。例如:
The price of the book is very high. 这本书很贵。
Your voice sounds very sweet. 你的嗓音听起来非常甜美。
It gets colder and colder. 天气变得越来越冷了。
After the accident, he still keeps alive. 那次事故后,他仍然活着。
5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补足语(S+V+O+C)
宾语补足语对宾语进行补充说明。此结构中,宾语和宾语补足语一起被称为“复合宾语”,作宾语补足语的成分可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。常见可接复合宾语的动词有:make (让) , have (让) , let (让),believe (相信) , think (认为) , feel (感觉) , keep (保持) , find (发现) , cal (称呼) , suppose (认为) , consider (认为) , hear (听), see (看) , watch (看) , name (取名) , ask (要求) , tell (告诉) , advise (建议) 等。(*表示“让/使……做”、“看/听”的see , hear , le t, make , have等动词后接补语用不带to的不定式,变成被动语态时必须加上to。)例如:
I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们在上公交车。
He asked me to come back soon. 他叫我快点回来。
We found the game interesting. 我们发现这个游戏很有趣。
They made me repeat the story. (=I was made to repeat the story by them.)
他们让我重讲这个故事。
There be+主语+状语
整个结构表示“在某地有某人/某物”, be动词的变化要遵循就近原则(be动词单复数取决于离be动词最近的那个名词的单复数)。例如:
There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有一幅画。
There is a boy, a girl and two women in the house.
屋子里有一个男孩、一个女孩和两个女人。
There is some bread, two books and a pen on the table.
桌上有一些面包、两本书和一支钢笔。
二、并列复合句
通过并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子,称为并列复合句,也叫并列句,并列句之间有并列、转折、选择、因果等关系。
在历年考试中,主要考查并列连词的选择。并列连词中,表承接的有and,表转折的有but, however, still, yet, while,表因果关系的有for, so, as,其他意义的有or/otherwise/or else(否则),either…or…(或者……或者……),neither…nor…(既不……也不……),both…and…(两者都……),not only… but also…(不但……而且……)等。例如:
You should hurry, or we will be late. 你得快点,不然我们会迟到。
You are singing and I am dancing. 你在唱歌,我在跳舞。
He said he would come but he didn’t. 他说他会来,但他没有来。
I must stay up tonight, for there is much work to do.
我今晚得熬夜,因为有太多工作要做。
I not only heard it, but also I saw it. 我不仅听见了,我还看见了。
【例1】Something smells _______, and you’d better clean your house.
A. good B. well C. terrible D. badly
解析:C 本题考查简单句中的“主系表”结构。句意:有什么东西闻起来很糟糕,你最好打扫一下你的屋子。“smell”为系动词,意为闻起来,后接形容词作表语,故排除B和D, “terrible”意为糟糕的,故选C
【例2】There ________ an NBA basketball game in 10 minutes.
A. will have B. will be C. is going to have D. are going to be
解析:B 本题考查“there be”句型的一般将来时形式。句意:十分钟后将会有一场NBA篮球赛。“there have”这种表达是错误的,排除A和C,句中“an NBA basketball game”为单数,D错误,故选B
【例3】Use your head, ______ you will find a way.
A. but B. or C. and D. for
解析:C 本题考查并列复合句中的连词选择。句意:动动脑,你就会找到办法的。并列复合句为“祈使句+简单句”时,常用and或or连接,and表示承接,or意思为“否则”,故选C
【试一试】
( )1. Sally is getting _____ . We feel happy for her.(2017年单招题第3题)
A. worse B. bad C. good D. better
( )2. My father believes _____ his duty to support his family.(2017年单招题第9题)
A. that B. it C. such D. this
( )3. The whole world feel _____ a pity to have lost the great scientist, Stephen Hawking.(2018年单招题第6题)
A. that    B. it    C. this    D. such
( )4. Tom ran into a tree and ________ his bike. (2019年单招题第10题)
A. fell off   B. made up C. heard of   D. put off
( )5. I have read the two books, but ____ is interesting. (2021年单招第10题)
A. none B. either C. neither D. each
第二节 主从复合句
【讲考点,习能力】
一、概述
主从复合句是由一个主句和一个或几个从句构成的句子。主句是句子的主体,从句只是句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并通过关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为名词性从句(宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)等。
在近五年单招考试中,主要考查宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句,主要考查从句连接词。
二、用法
1. 宾语从句
在复合句中,宾语位置上是“连接词+完整句子”,这个部分叫做宾语从句。掌握宾语从句要注意以下三个方面:
(1)宾语从句的连接词
当宾语从句由陈述句变化而来时,用从属连词that引导,that无实际意义,常可省略;当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时,用从属连词if或 whether引导,意为“是否”;当宾语从句由特殊疑问句变化而来时,用特殊疑问词引导,其中特殊疑问词分为疑问代词(what, which, who, whom, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever等)和疑问副词(when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等)。例如:
I think (that) it will rain tomorrow. 我认为明天会下雨。
He asked me if/whether I could swim. 他问我是否会游泳。
I’m not sure who broke the door. 我不确定谁弄坏了门。
I don’t know when he will arrive. 我不知道他什么时候到。
(2)宾语从句的语序
宾语从句要用陈述语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语……”。例如:
I don’t believe what he said. 我不相信他说的话。
She asked if I liked running. 她问我是否喜欢跑步。
(3)宾语从句的时态
① 当主句时态是现在的某种时态(一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时),从句时态根据语境需要确定。例如:
I remember (that) he gave me a book yesterday. 我记得他昨天给了我一本书。
I have heard he will visit his uncle next week. 我已听说他下周将去拜访他的舅舅。
② 当主句时态是过去的某种时态(一般过去时),从句也要用某种过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)。例如:
He asked me if I was studying English. 他问我是否在学英语。
He told me that he would take part in the sports meeting. 他告诉我他将会参加运动会。
He told his mother he had finished his homework. 他告诉他母亲他已经完成了作业。
③ 当宾语从句表示客观真理、自然现象时,从句不受主句时态影响,都用一般现在时。例如:
The teacher said the moon moves around the earth. 老师说过月亮围绕地球转。
He didn’t know one and one is two. 他不知道一加一等于二。
(4)宾语从句的“否定转移”现象
在宾语从句中,当主句的谓语动词是think(认为), believe(认为), imagine(料想), suppose(认为), consider(认为), expect(料想), guess(认为)等,且主句为第一人称和一般现在时,则从句的否定转移到主句,反义疑问句与宾语从句一致。例如:
I don’t think he will come to the party. 我认为他不会来参加派对。
I don’t believe the film is good enough, is it 我认为那部电影不够好,对吗?
2. 状语从句
在主从复合句中,修饰主句或主句中的动词、形容词、副词等的从句叫状语从句,根据从句表达的意思可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句。
(1)状语从句的连接词
状语从句类型 连接词 例句
时间状语从句 when/while/as(当…时), before, after, since(自从), until(直到), as soon as(一…就…), whenever(无论何时)等 When my parents got home, I was doing my homework. 当我爸妈到家时,我正在做作业。
地点状语从句 where, wherever(无论哪里)等 Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
原因状语从句 because, as(由于), since(既然)等 He didn’t go to school because he was ill. 因为生病,他没有去上学。
目的状语从句 in order that, so that (以便) Speak louder so that everyone can hear you. 大声点以便每个人都能听清。
结果状语从句 so/such that (结果是…), so/such…that…(如此…以至于…) I was so surprised that I couldn’t say anything. 我如此惊讶以至于说不出任何话。
条件状语从句 if, unless (除非), as long as (只要), only if (只要) , in case (以防)等 If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman. 如果明天下雪,我们就堆雪人。
让步状语从句 though/as/although (虽然), even though/even if (即使), whoever (无论是谁), whatever (无论什么), wherever, whenever, whichever (无论哪个), however (无论怎样)等 Though she is very tired, she doesn’t give up. 虽然她很累但她没有放弃。
比较状语从句 as … as (和…一样), not so/as … as (不如…), than (比), the+比较级…, the+比较级…等 The higher you go, the thinner the air will be. 你走得越高,空气就越稀薄。
方式状语从句 as/as if/as though (好像)等 The child talked to us as if he were a grown-up. 那个小孩跟我们讲话就像大人一样。
状语从句中的重点用法
考点一:时间状语从句连接词when, while, as的区别
时间状语从句连接词中when, while, as都表示“当…的时候”,其中while引导从句中的动词必须是延续性动词,表示一段时间;as强调主句与从句的动作同时发生,意为“一边…一边…”;when可通用,从句中的动词既可以是持续性动词,也可以是短暂性动词,主句和从句的动作发生时间有先后或同时均可。例如:
My son was cooking dinner when I got home. 当我到家时,我儿子正在做饭。
The telephone rang while I was taking a bath. 当我洗澡时,电话响了。
They talked as they walked along the river. 他们沿着河边走边谈。
考点二:时间状语从句和条件状语从句的时态(主将从现)
在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,通常情况下,主句时态是将来时,从句时态用一般现在时,即主将从现。例如:
I will visit my good friend when I am free. 当我有空时,我会去看望我的好朋友。
If she comes here tomorrow, I will go shopping with her.
如果她明天来这儿,我要和她去逛街。
考点三:让步状语从句连接词用法
“ though / although / even if / even though ”意为“尽管,即使,虽然”,在英语习惯中,不能与 “ but ” 连用,但是可以与 “ yet ” 连用。例如:
Though he is busy,(yet)he will come and play football with us.
虽然他很忙,他还是会来与我们一起踢球。
Although it is hard,(yet)I will try my best. 虽然很困难,但我会全力以赴。
3. 定语从句
在复合句中充当定语成分的从句叫定语从句,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出,通常位于先行词(被修饰的名词或代词等)之后。
根据定语从句与先行词关系的紧密程度,分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句:
(1)限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,若去掉则主句意思表达不完整或失去意义,一般意为“……的……”。
(2)非限制性定语从句与先行词关系松散,只对先行词起附带说明作用,若去掉不影响主句意思,需在非限制性定语从句前加逗号隔开。例如:
Yesterday Jimmy left for Canada , where he had stayed two years.
昨天吉米动身去了加拿大,他曾在那里呆了两年。
关系词通常有三个作用:
(1)连接作用:引导定语从句;
(2)替代作用:指代先行词或整个主句;
(3)成分作用:在定语从句中充当句子成分。
关系词类别 关系词 先行词 在定语从句中充当的成分
关系代词 who 人 主语,宾语,表语
whom 人 宾语
which 物 主语,宾语,表语
that 人/物 主语,宾语,表语
whose 人/物 定语
关系副词 where 地点 状语
when 时间 状语
why 原因 状语
①先行词指人时,定语从句的关系代词可以用 “who, whom, that, whose”
“that, who, whom”作定语从句的宾语时,常可省略;whom在定语从句中只能作宾语,当关系词前有介词时,只能用whom;whose在定语从句中作定语,后面必须接名词,并与名词一起在从句中作主语或宾语。例如:
Tom is the man (that/who/whom) I talked to you about.
= Tom is the man about whom I talked to you. 汤姆就是我与你之前谈论的人。
The woman that/who spoke at the meeting is our new headmaster.
会上讲话的女士是我们新校长。
He is the boy whose father works in this factory.
他就是那个父亲在这个工厂上班的男孩。
②先行词指物时,定语从句的关系代词可以用 “that, which, whose”
“ that, which ”作定语从句的宾语时,也常可省略;whose在定语从句中作定语,后面必须接名词,并与名词一起在从句中作主语或宾语。例如:
Mary likes music that/which is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
The coat (that/which) I put on the desk is blue. 我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。
I’d like a room whose window faces the sea. 我想要一间窗朝向大海的房间。
* “that”和“which”通常可互换使用,但在下列情形中“that”和“which”不可互换:
关系词只能用“that”的情况:
1)当先行词是 “all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing”等不定代词时,例如;
I did nothing that might hurt you. 我一点也没做可能伤害你的事。
2)当先行词前面有all, any, each, few, little, some, no, every等词作为修饰时,例如;
I have finished all the homework that you asked me to do.
我完成了你叫我做的所有作业。
3)当先行词前面有序数词、形容词最高级作为修饰时,例如;
This is the best film that I have seen. 这是我看过最好的电影了。
4)当先行词前面有the only, the same, the very, the last等作为修饰时,例如;
Chatting is the only thing that interests her most. 聊天是她惟一感兴趣的。
5)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时;
Who is the person that is standing over there 站在那边的人是谁?
6)当先行词既有人也有物时,例如:
She took pictures of things and people that she was interested in.
她拍下了她感兴趣的人和物的照片。
关系词只能用 “ which ” 的情况:
1)在“介词+关系代词”结构中时,例如;
This is the book about which we are talking. 这是我们正在讨论的书。
2)先行词为that或those时,例如;
What’s that which you have got in your hand 你手上拿的是什么?
3)两个定语从句,其中一个用了that时。例如:
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
我给你看下我从对我们新开放的图书馆借的小说。
4)当定语从句是非限制性定语从句时,例如:
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
那房子很不错,它是我们上个月买的。
③定语从句中的关系副词有 “ when, where, why”
“when, where, why”在定语从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语、原因状语,也可以将它们变为“介词+which ”的结构。例如:
This is the place where he was born.
=This is the place in which he was born. 这是他出生的地方。
I shall never forget the days when we studied in the school.
=I shall never forget the days during which we studied in the school.
我永远不会忘记我们在学校学习的日子。
Can you tell me the reason why the car broke down
=Can you tell me the reason for which the car broke down 你能告诉我车坏的原因吗?
【例1】 I really don’t understand _______ she is talking about.
A. what    B. that    C. when    D. how
解析:A本题考查宾语从句连接词。因为“understand理解”是动词,动词后接句子为宾语从句,句意“我真的不理解她在谈论些什么。”, “ what ”既为连接词又作从句的宾语,指代谈论的内容,故选A
【例2】Mary didn’t give up _______ she was very tired.
A. because B. as if C. before D. although
解析:D本题考查让步状语从句连接词。句意“尽管Mary很累,但她没有放弃。”,“because因为”, “as if好像”,“before在…之前”,“although即使”,D项符合句意,故选D
【例3】 is a convenient website _____ people can search for information.
A. which B. where C. what D. that
解析:B 本题考查定语从句连接词。句意“是一个方便的网站,人们可以在那里搜索信息。”,“people can search for information”为定语从句,从句不缺成分,先行词“ website ”在句中作地点状语,故选B
【试一试】
( )1. I went to the college ______ is close to my home.(2017年单招第5题)
A. what B. who C. which D. it
( )2. She is very popular, getting people’s attention ______ she goes. (2017年单招第8题)
A. why B. whatever C. wherever D. how
( )3. I’ve read all the books ________ Dad bought for me. (2018年单招第2题)
A. which   B. those    C. that    D. they
( )4. Let’s have the outing as planned unless it ________. (2018单招第5题)
  A. will rain   B. is raining C. rain    D. rains
( )5. You’re my best friend. I never suspect ______ you say.(2018年单招第8题)
A. what B. that C. why D. how
( )6. Jim still couldn’t win the game _______ he tried hard. (2018年单招第10题)
A. because   B. though    C. if    D. whether
( )7. I will let you know ________it is solved. (2020年单招第10题)
A. as far as B. as soon as C. till D. while
( ) 8. This is the art museum____ we stayed a whole day. (2021年单招第6题)
when B. where C. which D. that
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