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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
中职高考英语语法复习讲练测教案
第八章 动词
第二节 动词的时态
【读考纲，思考点】
一、概述
英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示，这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词的时态。
二、时态的种类
时态由“时”和“态”构成。时态是英语动词的时和体。“时”主要有4个主要部分，即现在、过去、将来和过去将来；“态”也有4种，即一般、进行、完成和完成进行。将4个“时”和4个“态”组合在一起，就是时态的种类，共16种。根据考纲高职考试中主要要求重点掌握：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时过去完成时这8种时态。
【讲考点，习能力】
1.一般现在时
（1）、一般现在时的结构：
主语+动词原形+其它 I do my homework every day.
主语+am/is/are+其它 I am a student.
注意：当主语是第三人称单数时，动词要用第三人称单数形式。
否定构成 ： don’t+动词原形 doesn’t+动词原形
一般疑问构成及回答：Do+主语+动词原形+其它？Yes, I do.
Does+主语+动词原形+其它？No, he doesn’t.
特殊疑问 ：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
What do you often do on Sundays
Where does he live
（2）一般现在时的用法
用法 例句 时间状语
1 表示现在的状态 My name is Mike. I am ten. always, usually, often, sometimes, every week /day /year, once a week, on Sundays …
2 表示经常或习惯性动作 I usually get up at six every day. Classes begin at eight.
3 表示主语具备的性格和能力 She likes basketball games. He speaks English well.
4 表示客观事实和真理 There are seven days in a week. The earth goes around the sun.
5 if, unless, as soon as, once, until 等引导的条件状语从句中 We’ll go camping if it is fine tomorrow. I’ll go with you as soon as I finish the work.
6 here, there 开头的句子中 Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.
2、一般过去时：
（1）构成： 主语+动词过去式+其它
I did my homework yesterday. 昨天我做作业了。 (did就是do的过去式）
否定构成：didn’t+动词原形
一般疑问构成及回答： Did+主语+动词原形+其它？
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
What did he do yesterday 昨天他干了什么？
When did he get up this morning？今天早上他什么时候起的床？
(2)一般过去时的用法
用法 例句 时间状语
1 表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态 She came to help us in those day. 那几天她来帮助我扪。 Mr. Smith bought a new car yesterday 史密斯先生昨天买了一辆车。 yesterday, last week, in 1993, in the past, then ,at that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, last night, in+过去的年份， before
2 过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为 He used to drink alcohol. 他以前经常喝酒。 Mary often went camping last year. 去年玛丽经常去野营。
3 过去主语所具备的能力和性格 I was handsome when I was young. 我年青时很帅的。 The village used to be quiet. 这个存在过去很宁静。
【经典例题】
【例1】 Mary _____ on shoes when she ____ them.
A. tries…buys B. tries… buies C. trys… buys D. trys… buies
解析：A 本题考查一般现在时动词三单数的变化。句意：Mary在试穿鞋子。 表示现在的状态，用一般现在时，主语时第三人称单数，因此谓语动词要用单数形式。try 是辅音字母“r”+“y”结尾,三单数为tries; buy 是元音字母“u”+“y”结尾的，三单数为buys，故选A
【例2】 —____ your brother _____ a letter to
—My father.
A. Who… wrote B. What… wrote
C. Who did…write D. What did… write
解析：C 本题考查特殊疑问句的过去时。句意：—你弟弟在给谁写信哪？—我父亲。句中write to sb. 意思是给某人写信,，特殊疑问词用“who”, 根据题意，答案选C
【例3】You gave them a talk two days ago, _____you？
A. did B. don’t C. didn’t D. didn’t give
解析： C 本题考查反意疑问句的过去时。 句意：两天前你给他们做了一个演讲，对吗？反意疑问句前肯后否，其助动词时态要和主句保持一致。故选C
【试一试】1
( ) 1. The teacher told that the light ________faster than sound.
A. travel B. travels C. traveled D. traveles
( ) 2. —_____ he ____ himself there
— No, I don’t think so.
A. Do…enjoy B. Does… enjoies
C. Does… enjoys D. Does…enjoy
( ) 3. He usually _____ TV on Sunday evening.
A. watch B. watches C. watching D. is watching
( ) 4._____ Jack _____ on with his work or ______ to have a rest
A. Did… went… stopped B. Did… go… stop
C. Did… went… stop D. Did… go… stopped
( ) 5. He was late because he______ his way.
A. losted B. lose C. lost D. loses
( ) 6. He was doing some cooking at that time, so _____ me.
A.heard B. didn‘t heard C. heard D. didn’t hear
3、一般将来时
（1）构成： 1. will/shall+动词原形
2. be going to+动词原型
3. be+ doing
4. be （about） to+动词原形
否定构成：will/shall not… am/is/are not…
一般疑问构成及回答：Will+主语+动词原形+其它
Are/Is+主语+going to +动词原形+其他
特殊疑问句: What will you do tomorrow 明天你要干什么？
When are we going to have a class meeting
我们什么时候开班会？
（2）、一般将来用法
一般将来时 用法 例句
1 will/shall+动词原形 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。 My sister will be ten next year.
2 be going to+动词原形 “打算，计划，即将”做某事或表示很有可能要发生某事 It's going to clear up. We're going to have a party tonight.
3 be + doing进行时表示将来 go,come,start, move, leave, arrive 等词可用进行时，表示按计划即将发生的动作 He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe
4 be about to+ 动词原形 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语 The meeting is about to close. I am about to leave when the bell rings.
5 be to+动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 We're to meet at the school gate at noon.
4. 过去将来时
（1）过去将来时的构成：(1)主语+would+动词原形+其它
(2)主语+was /were going to +动词原形+其它
否定构成：would not… was /were not…
一般疑问构成及回答：Would+主语+动词原形+其它
Were /Was+主语+going to +动词原形+其他
特殊疑问句: What would you do next 接下来你要做什么？
When were we going to have a class meeting
我们准备什么时候开班会？
(2)过去将来时的用法 ：
过去将来时 用法 例句
1 would+动词原形 表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中。 He said that he would finish his work before 9 o’clock.
2 Was/were going to+动词原形 表示的过去将来时,表示过去曾经打算做某事。 She said she was going to buy a car.
3 Was/were + doing进行时表示过去将来 go,come,start, move, leave, arrive 等词可用进行时，表示按计划即将发生的动作 He was leaving the next day
4 Was/were about to+ 动词原形 表示过去安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作 He was about to have lunch when the bell rang
5 Was/were to+动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 Li Lei was to arrive soon
【例1】There_________ a basketball match this afternoon.
　　 A. is going to be B. is going to have
C. are going to be D. are going to have
解析：A 本题考查there be结构的一般将来时.句意：今天下午将有一场篮球比赛。本句是There be结构，时态是将来时态一般将来时，此句中be是be going to中的动词is的原形，故选A.
【例2】He ________ very busy today, he ________ free next week.
A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be
解析： D 本题考查一般现在时和将来时态的用法。句意：他今天很忙，下周他会清闲些。根据句中的today 和next week 两个时间状语，可以判断第一空是一般现在时，第二空是将来时。根据题意，故选D
【例3】Mr.Wu said he _______ us to the zoo the next week.
A. would take B. will take C. take D.takes
解析：A 本题考查从句中过去将来时态的用法。句意：吴老师说下周他会去动物园。本句是一个宾语从句。根据next week可知是将来时态，排除CD选项；在宾语从句中，主句用过去时态，从句也用过去时态的某种形式，所以用过去将来时。故选A
【试一试】2
( ) 1. Charlie ________ here next month.
A. isn’t working B. doesn’t working
C. isn’t going to working D. won’t work
( ) 2. Who _____ we _____ swimming with tomorrow afternoon
A. will; go B. do; go C. will; going D. shall; go
( )3. The chairperson warned that he____ the meeting if too many people were absent.
A. cancelled B. would cancel C. started D. would start
( )4. She ______ a rest after long time’s work two years ago.
A. has B. have C. will have D would have
※主从句时态的一致性原则
主从复合句可根据其时态一致性原则，通过主从句中任意一个句子的时态确定另外一个句子的时态；比如：宾语从句中主句和从句时态一致；由if、as soon as 引导的条件状语从句遵循主句用将来时从句用一般现在时；含有时间状语的主从句还可通过其引导词所表示的不同时间关系，确定主句和从句的时态。
【练一练】1
( ) 1. I _____ a picnic with my brother last week.
A. will have B. had C. have D. am having
( ) 2. I will tell him as soon as he _____ back
A. come B. comes C. will come D. came
( ) 3. Mr Black often _____ fishing on Sundays, _____ he
A. goes…doesn’t B. goes…isn’t
C. doesn’t go…does D. doesn’t go…is
( ) 4. Mother ____ me a new coat yesterday, I have made it on.
A. has made B. made C. have made D. maked
( ) 5. We usually go to bed at 9 pm and _____ at 6 am.
A. get up B. get in C. get away D. get off
( ) 6. Let’s have the outing as planned unless it _____.
A. will rain B. is raining C. rain D.is getting
( )7. My family_____supper together everyday. It’s really happy time for all of us.
A. have B. had C. are having D. will have
( ) 8. He _____ the thief to the police when he _____ the man again.
A. would take…meet B. would take…met
C. take… will meet D. takes… meet
( ) 9. We’ll go to play with snow if it ______ tomorrow.
A. snow B. snows C. will snow D. snowed
( ) 10. Neither I nor he ______ French.
A. speak B. doesn’t speak C. speaks D. doesn’t speak
( ) 11. Nobody ______ how to run this machines.
A. know B. have known C. knows D. is knowing
( ) 12. —Alice， why didn’t you come yesterday
—I___, but I had an unexpected visitor.
A. had B. would C. did D. was going to
( ) 13. They ________ an English speech next Sunday.
are having B. are going to have C. will having D. is going to have
( ) 14.Kate said that she _______us as soon as she got home.
A. called B. calls C. will call D. would call
( ) 15. She ____ ill yesterday，so she ____ able to go skating tomorrow.
A. is… won’t be B. is… won’t be
C. was… won be D. was… wouldn’t be
5、现在进行时
1.现在进行时的构成：
句型 肯定句：主语+be动词+现在分词+其他 They are cleaning their classroom.
否定句：主语+be动词+not+现在分词+其他 She isn't reading now
一般疑问句：Be动词+主语+现在分词+其他 Look! Is a bird flying in the sky Yes, it s. /No. it isn't.
特殊疑问句：疑问词+be动词+主语+现在分词+其他？ What are you studying
口诀 主语在前be在后，现在分词跟着走，其他成分不可丢。 变一般很简单，把be 提到句子前，否定句也不难，be后要把not添。 还有一点要注意，动作提问 doing 替。
(2).现在进行时用法：
用法 例句
说话的当时正在发生的动作。 常见时间标志：now, at the moment Linda's brother is watching TV now. What are our parents doing at the moment
现阶段一直在进行的动作。常见的时间状语：these days, this week, this month等。 These days we are helping the farmers work on the farm. Mr. Cheng is visiting our village this month.
表示说话人的情感。当其与always, often, forever, continually, constantly等副词连用时表示重复的动作，有极大的感彩，表示不满或满意。 She is perpetually interfering in my affairs. 她老是干预我的事。（不满） The students are making progress constantly. 学生们在不断进步。（满意）
现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作,有时可以用来代替将来时，但此时，一般要与表示将来的时间状语连用，而且仅限于少量动词go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, sleep 等。 I am leaving later. We are leaving on Friday. Are you going to Tianjing tomorrow How many of you are coming to the party next week
在句中出现了Look, Listen, Can't you see 等暗示词或句子时。 Look! Maria and Tom are dancing under the tree. Listen! Our English teacher is singing the English song. Many children are swimming in the river. Can’t you see
※1. 其中，现在时表示现在成为习惯或经常性的动作，进行时则表示现在正在进行的动作。例如：
He plays tennis well. (现在时表示习惯动作）
He is playing tennis well. (进行时表示现在正在进行的动作)
※不能使用现在进行时的动词：
1. 表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, think, know, hope, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need
2. 表示存在的状态的动词或动词短语：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on
3. 表示一次性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete
4. 表示感官的动词作系动词时：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。但是，作实义动词时，可以用现在进行时。如果hear 不表示“听见”的意思时，可用进行时。例如： They are hearing an English lecture. 她们在听一个英语讲座。 The doll feels very soft. 这个洋娃娃摸起来很柔软。 (系动词）
注意： have (has) 当“拥有”讲时，无进行时态。但当 have (has) 当“吃饭、开会、玩得愉快”等意思讲时，可用于进行时。We are having a good time. 我们玩得很愉快。
6. 过去进行时：
（1）结构：主语+was/were+动词现在分词+其它
I was doing my homework at that time. (doing就是do的现在分词）
They were doing their homework at that time.
（2）用法：
用法 例句
示在过去某时刻正在进行或发生的动作，通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。 At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.
come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 等动词可用于过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。 She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday.
在句中出现了Look, Listen, Can't you see 等暗示词或句子时。 Look! Maria and Tom are dancing under the tree. Listen! Our English teacher is singing the English song. Many children are swimming in the river. Can’t you see
【例1】— What’s your father doing now
— He_________ the room.
A. cleaned B. cleans C. has cleaned D. is cleaning
解析：D 本题考查现在正在进行时。句意：—你爸爸在干干什么？—他正在打扫房间。A选项一般过去时；B选项一般现在时；C选项现在完成时；D选项现在正在进行时。根据句意，故选C
【例1】Tom said he ______ basketball with his friends from 4:00 to 6:00 yesterday afternoon.
is playing B. was playing C. plays D. played
解析：B 本题考查过去进行时的用法。句意：汤姆说他昨天下午4点到六点正在和他的朋友打篮球。从from 4:00 to 6:00和yesterday afternoon可知是在昨天下午时间点正在发生的动作，过去正在进行时。故选B
【试一试】3
( ) 1. Hurry up! Mark and Carol ________ us.
A．expect B．are expecting C. have expected D. will expect
( )2. The aging population _____ each day .There must be some kind of interesting activity for the old.
A．has grown B．grew C．will grow D .is growing
( )3. They wouldn’t buy any new clothes because they ____ money to buy a new car.
A. save B. are saving C．have saved D．were saving
( ) 4. The students _______the Art Festival when I passed by their school
celebrate B. were celebrating
C. will celebrate D. have celebrate
7、现在完成时
(1) 现在完成时的结构：
主语 + have /has + 动词过去分词 + 其它
I have done my homework already. （done就是do的过去分词）
Jim has done his homework already.
否定构成：have /has not +过去分词
一般疑问构成： Have/Has+主语+过去分词…
特殊疑问句： 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
What have you done recently
How long has he lived in Beijing
（2）现在完成时用法：
表示动作在说话之前已经完成，过去某时的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 She has already read the novel. 她已经读完了这本小说。 I have just come back from the United States. 我刚从美国回来。 常同already, ever, never, recently, yet, just, once, before 、so far、up to now连用
表示动作过去已经开始，一直延续到现在，甚至有可能继续延续下去。 I have studied in Chenguang Primary School for four years. 我在城关小学上了4年学了。 We have lived in Wuhan since 1994.自1994起我就住在武汉。 常以“for+一段时间/since+过去的时间点或动作”为时间状语如：since yesterday, for a month/several years等。
在It/This is the first time+that 从句中 It’s my first time that I traveled by plane. 这是我第一次坐飞机。
※注意：have/has been to 、have/has gone to 与 have/has been in的区别
①have /has been to 去过某地（已经回来了）
I have been to Beijing several times . 我去过北京几次。
②have /has gone to 去了某地（还没回来，可能在去的路上）通常主语为第三人称
John has gone to office, so it can’t be him. 约翰去办公室了，因此不可能是他。
③have /has been in 一直待在某地（没有回来）
He has been in London for two years. 他在伦敦住了两年了。
※瞬间动词用于现在完成时，若句子中需要用表示一段时间的状语，通常把瞬时性动词转换成与之对应的持续性动词。
begin—— be on become——be die——be dead
borrow—— keep marry——be married go ——be away
join——be in leave——be away
例1：这辆车你买多长时间了？
How long have you bought the car (×)
How long have you had the car (√)
例2：他已经病了一周多了。
He has fallen ill for more than a week. (×)
He has been ill for more than a week. (√)
8、过去完成时
概念：以过去某个时间为标准，再此之前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”、
(1).过去完成时的结构：
主语+had+动词过去分词+其它
I had done my homework before you came here. (done就是do的过去分词）
（2）.过去完成时的用法：
1) 表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已完成的动作或存在的状态(即发生的时间是过去的过去)。常与“by/before+过去的时间”构成的短语或“before、when引导的表示过去的时间状语从句”连用。
例如：We had learned more than 2000 words by the end of last term.
到上学期末为止，我们已经学习了两千多个单词。
The train had already left before we arrived.
在我们到达之前，火车已经离开了。
2)表示过去的一个动作先于另一个动作的用法，常见于宾语从句中。一般说来，主句中有know，realize、find、discover、remember、forget等动词的一般过去时，如果宾语从句中的动作先于主句的动作，通常用过去完成时。
We realized that we had lost our way
我们意识到我们迷路了。
【例1】 — What is the price of petrol these days
— Oh, it ______ sharply since last month.
A. is raised B. has risen C. has arisen D. is increased
解析：B. 本题考查现在完成时的用法。句意：— 最近石油价格如何？—从上个月开始就急剧上涨。根据句中的时间状语since last month可知，句子应用现在完成时，故可排除A和D。arise意为“出现，发生，(烟等)从……升起”;rise意为 “(价格、温度、量等)上升、增加”。故选B。
【例2】 He ____ to play _____ before he was 11 years old
A. had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano
C. has learned the piano D. learns the piano
解析：B 本题考查过去完成时和定冠词的用法。句意：他11岁之前就开始学钢琴了。本句是before引导的表示过去的时间状语从句表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已完成的动作或存在的状态(即发生的时间是过去的过去)，故时态用过去完成时；音乐器材前需要添加定冠词the。根据题意，故答案选B
【试一试】4
( ) 1. His sister left home in 1998, and ______ since.
A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard of
C. had not heard of D. has not heard of
( ) 2. She________ a number of books by the end of last year.
had wrote B. had written C.has written D ,has wrote
( ) 3. Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .
　A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began
( ) 4. Miss Green isn't in the office. she_______ to the library .
has gone B. went C. will go D. has been
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