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上海市闵行区2023学年第一学期高三学业质量调研英语
(考试时间120分钟，试卷满分140分)
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1.A. In a grocery store. B. At the wedding. C. In a restaurant. D. At a cafe.
2.A. 120. B. 160. C. 180. D. 240.
3.A. By taking trains. B. By taking coaches. C. By renting a car. D. By taking a taxi.
4.A. Exhausting. B. Pleasant. C. Boring. D. Educational.
5.A. The woman’s tour to Zhejiang province. B. The woman’s university life.
C. The woman’s impression of the museum. D. The woman’s university tour.
6.A. She is too tired to enjoy the film. B. She has seen the film before.
C. She is eager to see the new film. D. She has no interest in the film.
7.A. To express her sympathy. B. To lift the man’s spirits.
C. To show her disappointment. D. To highlight the man’s talent.
8.A. She was as confident as she looked. B. She sang with all her heart.
C. She could hardly finish the song. D. She felt extremely nervous.
9.A. It’s much better than expected. B. It’s surprisingly outstanding.
C. It’s average, nothing to write home about. D. It’s something terrible he never fancied.
10.A. He regretted not having prepared sufficiently.
B. He isn’t aware of the topics of the speaking test.
C. He has prepared everything for the oral exam.
D. He discussed the prepared topics in the oral exam.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11.A. Low-income Mexican students who want to be pilots.
B. Low-income Californian students who live in Mexico.
C. Low-income Mexican students who live near the US border.
D Low-income Californian students who want to attend community colleges.
12. A. $1,500. B. $7,200. C. $8,000. D. $10,000.
13.A. Helping Californians become lawmakers in the US.
B. Increasing diversity among workforce in the US.
C. Making it easy for Mexicans to achieve education.
D. Avoiding loss of talent in the United States.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following speech.
14.A. To reduce unemployment rates.
B. To increase workers’ salaries.
C. To attract international companies to the UK.
D. To check if a shorter workweek is achievable.
15.A. To reduce employees’ expenses. B. To meet employees’ preferences.
C. To increase productivity. D. To follow government regulations.
16. A. A way to attract and keep talent. B. A trend in the workplace.
C. A try-out of a new workweek policy. D. A demand for higher pay.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17.A. High-quality equipment. B. A great amount of practice.
C. Personal physical condition. D. Previous sporting experience.
18.A. Inform someone of your return time. B. Stay mindful of your surroundings.
C. Tell someone how you can be identified. D. Use the most advanced board and sail.
19.A. Teaching and sharing. B. Connection with nature.
C Competitions and challenges. D. Speed and excitement.
20.A. Explore new windsurfing destinations. B. Take part in windsurfing competitions.
C. Develop high-quality boards. D. Start a windsurfing business.
Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
The rainforests are alive with the sound of animals. Besides the pleasure of the noise, it is useful to ecologists. Listening out for animal calls is considered a method of measuring the biodiversity of a piece of land. ____1____ it is much easier than digging under the bushes looking for tracks, such analysis is time-consuming. It also requires ____2____ expert pair of ears.
In a paper published in Nature Communications, a group of researchers led by J rg Müller, an ecologist at the University of Würzburg, describe a better way: have a computer do the job. Smartphone apps already exist through ____3____ the sounds of birds or mammals (哺乳动物) can be identified.
The researchers took recordings from across 43 sites in the Ecuadorean Rainforest (厄瓜多尔雨林). Some sites were relatively primitive, old-growth forests. Others were areas that ____4____ (clear) for pasture (牧场) already. Sound recordings were taken four times every hour, over two weeks. The various calls were identified manually by an expert, and then used to construct a list of the species present. As expected, the longer the land had been free from agricultural activity, the more significant the biodiversity it hosted.
Then it was the computer’s turn. The researchers fed their recordings to ____5____ (train) AI models, using sound samples from elsewhere in Ecuador, to identify 75 bird species from their calls. They found the AI tools could identify the sounds as well as the experts.
Not everything in a rainforest makes a noise. Having used light-traps to capture night-flying insects and DNA analysis ____6____ (identify) them, Dr Müller and his colleagues found the diversity of noisy animals was a reliable indicator for the diversity of the quieter ____7____, too.
The results may have relevance outside ecology departments, too. Under pressure ____8____ their customers, some make-up companies and oil firms have been spending money on forest restoration projects. Dr Müller hopes an automated approach to ____9____ (check) on the results could help monitor such efforts. This method would also provide a standardized way to measure _____10_____ they are working as well as their sponsors say.
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. mineB. criteriaC. catalogedD. candidateE. delay F. prisedH. perceivingI. initiativeJ. compounds K. unfavorable
What Lies Beneath
“Earth” has always been an odd choice of name for the third planet from the Sun. After all, an alien (外星人) examining it through a telescope would note that two-thirds of its surface is ___11___ not of land but of oceans of water. Marine biologists think the oceans might host more than 2,000,000 species of marine animals, of which they have so far ___12___ perhaps a tenth.
A new ___13___ hopes to change this. Smoothly launched in London on April 27th, Ocean Census (海洋普查) aims to discover 100,000 new species of marine animal over the coming decade.
The attempt is happening now for two reasons. One is that, the longer scientists ___14___, the fewer there will be to document. Climate change is heating the oceans, as well as making them more acidic as carbon dioxide is absorbed into the water.
The second one is technological. Marine biologists discover about 2,000 new species a year, a rate hardly changed since Darwin’s day. Ocean Census is ___15___ it can go faster. “Cyber taxonomy (网络分类学)”, for instance, involves feeding animal DNA information into computers, which can quickly decide whether it meets the ___16___ for a new species.
Exactly what the new effort might turn up, of course, is impossible to forecast. But history suggests it will be fruitful. Half a century ago scientists detected hot openings on the sea bed that were home to organisms living happily in conditions that, until then, had been thought ___17___ to life. These days, such openings are one credible ___18___ for the origin of all life on Earth.
More practical benefits can’t be ignored. Many drugs, for example, come originally from biological ___19___. An ocean full of unrecorded life will almost certainly prove a rich seam (矿层) from which to ___20___ more.
To help make use of its data, Ocean Census plans to make it attainable to scientists and the public without charge, who will be able to search it for anything valuable or unexpected.
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Man the Hunter, a key idea in human sciences, proposes that hunting was a major driver of human evolution and that men conducted this activity, leaving women out. It holds that human ancestors had a division of ___21___, rooted in biological differences between males and females, in which males evolved to hunt and provide, and females tended to children and domestic duties. It assumes that males are ___22___ superior to females and that pregnancy (怀孕) and child-caring reduce or eliminate (根除) a female’s ability to hunt.
Man the Hunter has dominated the study of human evolution for nearly half a century and spread through popular ___23___. It is represented in museum displays and textbook figures, Saturday morning cartoons and feature films. The thing is, it’s ___24___.
Researchers look at the damage on our ancestors’ remains for clues to their ___25___. Neandertal females and males do not vary in ___26___ patterns or exhibit sex differences in diseases from repetitive actions. Their skeletons show the same modes of wear and tear. This discovery implies that they were engaging in ___27___ activities, from hunting large game animals to processing fur for leather.
Observations of recent and contemporary societies provide direct evidence of women ___28___hunting. Agta people of the Philippines, ___29___, hunt while pregnant and breastfeeding, and they have the same hunting success as Agta men.
A recent study of cross-cultural observational data lasting the past 100 years—much of which was ___30___ by Man the Hunter contributors—found that women from a wide range of cultures hunt animals for food. 79 percent of the 63 societies with clear descriptions of their hunting strategies reportedly feature women ___31___. The women are involved in hunting regardless of their childbearing status.
Much about female exercise science and the ___32___ of prehistoric women remains to be discovered. But the idea that in the past men were hunters and women were not is absolutely ___33___ even by the limited evidence we have. Now when you think of “cave people”, we hope, you will imagine a(n) ___34___ group of hunters surrounding a deer or hitting stone tools together rather than a heavy-browed man with a heavy stick over one shoulder. Hunting may have been remade as a ___35___ activity in recent times, but for most of human history, it belonged to everyone.
21. A. food B. labor C. resource D. power
22. A. technically B. socially C. physically D. intellectually
23. A. culture B. belief C. science D. awareness
24. A. wrong B. unbelievable C. simple D. reasonable
25. A. emotion B. appearance C. diet D. behavior
26. A. injury B. interaction C. growth D. settlement
27. A. various B. identical C. outdoor D. manual
28. A. taking over B. suffering from C. longing for D. participating in
29. A. in fact B. as a whole C. for instance D. as a result
30. A. quoted B. ignored C. collected D. stored
31. A. supporters B. pioneers C. leaders D. hunters
32. A. hobbies B. status C. lives D. rights
33. A. established B. unsupported C. developed D. misguided
34. A. ever-growing B. self-governing C. mixed-sex D. multi-cultural
35. A. team B. sporting C. leisure D. male
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.
(A)
Canada geese are a common and plentiful North American bird found in many urban parks, golf courses, airports, or areas with large lawns near water. They are a large waterbird with a fairly brown body, pale breast, and long black neck with white cheeks.
Canada geese are particularly attracted to urban areas for the many grassy lawns near small bodies of water. They can often be seen feeding on lawns or playing in shallow water by tipping forward and extending their necks underwater to reach for plants. Canada geese prefer to gathering in large flocks (群) and can be seen flying over in the classic V formation.
In Chicago, Canada geese may remain in the city throughout the year, although some geese get used to moving long distances to more southern sections for the winter or northward in spring to breed. Each breeding season, pairs build large open cup ground nests and lay 2 to 8 eggs which are raised in a single brood (窝). Urban habitats are also attractive to this species as neatly-maintained lawns make it easy when grazing with young to keep watch for approaching enemies. It is, however, their use of these urban areas that often leads to conflicts with humans.
As Canada geese numbers rise, so do their conflicts with humans. Canada geese’s daily activities may damage gardens and landscaping. Geese may also cross roads when searching for food or walking between nesting sites and bodies of water, slowing movement or posing a potential risk on the roadway. Although direct injuries by fierce geese are uncommon, people sometimes fall and pick up injuries when surprised by a charging goose. Additionally, people often feed the birds. Not only are the types of food people typically provide, such as bread, unhealthy for the birds, but this encourages high concentrations of geese leading to more harmful behavior and higher risk of diseases. Lastly, plane-bird conflicts are estimated to be rising, likely due to increasing numbers of planes, but also increases in populations of certain bird species, including Canada geese. Although crashes rarely result in an accident, they often cause costly damage to planes.
36. What do we know about Canada geese from the first and second paragraph
A. They are a valued and rare species.
B. They like to spend time near water.
C. They always live quietly and separately.
D. Their appearance is in a uniform and single color.
37. Which of the following words from the passage is similar in meaning to “grazing” (paragraph 3)
A. feeding (paragraph 2) B. playing (paragraph 2)
C. gathering (paragraph 2) D. moving (paragraph 3)
38. From the sentence “Although direct injuries…” (in the last paragraph), we know that Canada geese are likely to __________.
A. adore humans B. threaten humans
C. frustrate humans D. safeguard humans
39. According to the last paragraph, which of the following is not the trouble caused by an increasing number of geese
A. Frequent air crashes. B. Damage to city view.
C. Traffic jam and danger. D. Indirect human injuries.
(B)
15 TH OCT 2023 CULTURE Gazelle Twin, a composer, producer, and musician, opens up about being a conceptual artist and establishing a unique identity ahead of the release of her new album (专辑), Black Dog. Q: Would you describe your music as conceptual A: Conceptual is a good term. I don’t make music just for the sake of making music. My records are inspired by themes. I spend a considerable amount of time before writing the music, learning about subjects related to the theme. Then I work on the structure of the album. Ideas can change. For example, Black Dog was originally about ghosts (幽灵), but I ended up with an album about my childhood experiences, through to adulthood and parenthood, and the anxiety and fear that has been with me during that time. Q: Throughout the album, there is a sense of an observer. Is that person yourself, or another presence A: Both. There is the voice of depression and anxiety, and also this other person you know is always there. I thought of having this ominous presence (不祥之兆) around you. There is also that sense of being out in the world, as a woman, aware of my vulnerability (脆弱). For example, just going for a walk is never simple. We have to build protective instincts around ourselves. Q: When you started out, did you have any idea of the kind of artist you wanted to be A: I knew I didn’t want to fit a fixed style or be restricted by being female. I wanted to be flexible. I like to think in scale and of more than I can achieve as one person. I like artists with unique identities. Q: What would be your advice to anyone with ambitions to become a musician A: Follow your instincts. Put yourself out there without pressure to be “finished”. Absorb things, experiment, and allow yourself to follow a journey where you don’t know where you will end up. Being successful commercially takes a team and time. You have to love it and be in it for the long journey. Q: Fast forward ten years, where do you want to be A: I would love to carry on following my instincts and making albums. I would like more of a collection of TV and film scores because I enjoy writing scores and cooperative work.
40. Why is Gazelle Twin’s music conceptual
A. Her records are usually about ghosts. B. The album’s structure is a top priority.
C. The word “conceptual” itself is attractive. D. Her music is highly motivated by themes.
41. In the second part of the interview, “this other person” most likely represents __________.
A. spiritual growth B. vivid imagination
C. inner self-awareness D. external intervention
42. Which of the following can be inferred from Gazelle Twin’s response in the interview
A. She tends to take the bigger picture into account.
B. Her future planning is profit-driven to some extent.
C. Black Dog has already become a hit album worldwide.
D She expresses willingness to help the potential musicians.
(C)
How to Recruit (招聘) with Softer Skills in Mind
Soft skills matter to employers. An analysis of almost 5000 job descriptions showed companies have shifted away from emphasizing financial and operational skills towards social skills—an ability to listen, reflect, communicate and empathise (共情).
The trouble is that soft skills are hard to measure. Worse still, the conventional process for recruiting people is often better at recognizing other qualities. The early phases of recruitment focus on screening candidates based on their experiences and hard skills, criteria that are easiest to assess remotely. The later phases, when candidates and employers engage in actual conversation, are better suited to assessing an applicant’s softer skills. Think of how fundamentally unsocial the situation is! Candidates are expected to talk, not listen; to impress, not empathise. Structured interview scripts enable like-for-like comparisons but they also limit the space for naturalness.
Two recent studies of what makes for a good team member agree on what might be described as an ability to read the room. One research found people who can accurately judge the level of influence held by various team members possess a magic power called “status acuity”. Such room-readers reduce group conflict and enhance team performance. They accordingly designed a test, in which participants watched a video of a group performing a task. The participants then rated members of the group based on how much respect each was perceived to hold. People whose ratings were closest to the assessments of the team members themselves had the quality of status acuity.
The other study found that certain individuals consistently made their groups perform better than expected. Such people are genuine team players, capable of making the whole greater than the sum of the parts. These wonderful creatures did not stand out from their peers on IQ tests. But they did significantly better on the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test, an assessment in which participants are shown pictures of various facial expressions and then have to pick the word that best describes what each person is feeling.
Better tests are not the only way to gather more information about soft skills. Don’t just have people higher up the food chain ask interview questions. Ask the people who interact casually with applicants, from the assistants to the receptionists, what they thought of them.
Undeniably, people may succeed in faking their way through the process. And there may be more room for interviewers’ prejudice to emerge. Finding someone annoying may be a signal that someone lacks social skills. But it may also mean that they are nervous or that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set to change and is unlikely to become less challenging.
43. What makes the recent recruitment process distinct from the traditional one
A. Prioritization of soft skills.
B. Focus on a screening method.
C. Dependence on structured interview scripts.
D. Emphasis upon financial and operational skills.
44. According to the third and fourth paragraph, a person with the ability to read the room is capable of __________.
A. adjusting one’s behavior or attitude swiftly to fit the context
B. understanding the individual’s perspective to respond appropriately
C. resolving group conflict or judging facial expressions in a situation
D. interpreting individual’s role within a team or their mood
45. What is the purpose of the two studies mentioned in the passage
A. To identify ways to perfect structured interview scripts.
B. To discover shortcuts for testing and identifying soft skills.
C. To explore recipes for cultivating a qualified team member.
D. To introduce methods of improving candidates’ non-technical skills.
46. What can be implied from the last two paragraphs
A. Integrating soft skills assessment into a hiring process won’t introduce side effects.
B. Employees in lower positions may provide useless insights into applicants’ soft skills.
C. Interviewers’ prejudice may influence their fair assessments and perceptions of candidates.
D. There is no possibility of individuals successfully deceiving others during the interview.
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
The Meaning and Power of Smell
A survey revealed that smell can cause strong emotional responses. A smell connected with a good experience can please us, while an odour (气味) bonded with a bad memory may disgust (使恶心) us. ____47____ Such associations can be so powerful that odours generally labelled unpleasant become agreeable, and those generally considered sweet become disagreeable for particular individuals.
____48____ One respondent believes there is no true emotional bonding without smelling a loved one. Infants recognize their mothers’ odours soon after birth. Individuals were able to distinguish by the smell alone clothing worn by their partners from similar clothing worn by other people.
Despite its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. While our olfactory (嗅觉的) powers are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are remarkably sensitive. ____49____
Odours, unlike colours, can’t be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn’t exist. “It smells like ...,” we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to capture or store them over time. ____50____ Smells considered offensive in some cultures may be acceptable in others. Therefore, our sense of smell is a means of interacting with the world. The study of the cultural history of smell is indeed an investigation into the essence of human culture.
A. Odours are also essential signals in social bonding.
B. Besides, odours are granted different cultural values.
C. Human’s perception of smell facilitates the spread of human culture.
D. Our noses can perceive odours present in extremely small quantities.
E Many respondents noted many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional links.
F. Some respondents’ preference for a particular odour was influenced by emotional associations.
Ⅳ. Summary Writing
51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Emotional Preparedness: Managing Life’s Challenges
Expecting the worst to avoid feeling bad later is known as “bracing”. It may help people prepare for emotionally challenging situations, particularly in the moments before these situations occur. People brace for the worst while waiting for potentially negative outcomes. Someone might also brace for the worst in anticipation of stressful events like giving a presentation at work.
Some psychological theories suggest that bracing should help. For example, “decision affect theory” proposes that how we feel about a situation is determined partly by comparing what actually happened with what could have happened. Based on this, people should be happy when an event goes beyond their expectations, and disappointed when an event falls behind. Therefore, by anticipating the worst, one can safeguard themselves against future disappointment, because any result will likely surpass (优于) expectations.
However other psychological theories challenge the idea that bracing will be helpful. It has been theorized and scientifically established—that expectations can powerfully influence reality. There are two key ways that expectations can shape reality. First, people may behave in ways that fit with their expectations. If you expect to fail an upcoming test or interview, then you might not invest efforts in preparation, which in turn reduces your chances of doing well. Second, people may interpret a situation in line with their expectations. Imagine you believe you are insufficiently qualified for a job you’ve applied for. During the job interview, you’re likely to interpret blank expressions from the interviewer in line with this belief, which could negatively affect your performance. In fact, the interviewer did not want to give anything away.
Drawing together the scientific studies, it seems that expecting the worst is not a wise way to prepare for upcoming news or results.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 这道菜趁热吃味道最好。(taste)(汉译英)
53. 除了特效之外，这部电影的情节和演员的表演也可圈可点。(worth) (汉译英)
54. 指望他帮助毫无意义，他也束手无策。(count on) (汉译英)
55. 她梦想记录祖国的壮丽风景, 这激励她去探索自然中尚未被发现的角落，并通过摄影来保留那份美丽。(which) (汉译英)
Ⅵ. Guided Writing
56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 - 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学的李华，你们学校正在开展“花香进校园”活动，一方面开设园艺选修课，让学生了解花的习性； 另一方面人人动手实践，用花装扮校园，创建优美的生活学习环境。请你写一封邮件给你的英国笔友Jim, 介绍此次活动。
你的邮件须包括：
1. 对该活动的简要描述；
2. 举例说明该活动对你的影响。
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
听力答案：1. C 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. A 11. C 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. B上海市闵行区2023学年第一学期高三学业质量调研英语
(考试时间120分钟，试卷满分140分)
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1.A. In a grocery store. B. At the wedding. C. In a restaurant. D. At a cafe.
2.A. 120. B. 160. C. 180. D. 240.
3.A. By taking trains. B. By taking coaches. C. By renting a car. D. By taking a taxi.
4.A. Exhausting. B. Pleasant. C. Boring. D. Educational.
5.A. The woman’s tour to Zhejiang province. B. The woman’s university life.
C. The woman’s impression of the museum. D. The woman’s university tour.
6.A. She is too tired to enjoy the film. B. She has seen the film before.
C. She is eager to see the new film. D. She has no interest in the film.
7.A. To express her sympathy. B. To lift the man’s spirits.
C. To show her disappointment. D. To highlight the man’s talent.
8.A. She was as confident as she looked. B. She sang with all her heart.
C. She could hardly finish the song. D. She felt extremely nervous.
9A. It’s much better than expected. B. It’s surprisingly outstanding.
C. It’s average, nothing to write home about. D. It’s something terrible he never fancied.
10.A. He regretted not having prepared sufficiently.
B. He isn’t aware of the topics of the speaking test.
C. He has prepared everything for the oral exam.
D. He discussed the prepared topics in the oral exam.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11.A. Low-income Mexican students who want to be pilots.
B. Low-income Californian students who live in Mexico.
C. Low-income Mexican students who live near the US border.
D. Low-income Californian students who want to attend community colleges.
12. A. $1,500. B. $7,200. C. $8,000. D. $10,000.
13.A. Helping Californians become lawmakers in the US.
B. Increasing diversity among workforce in the US.
C. Making it easy for Mexicans to achieve education.
D. Avoiding loss of talent in the United States.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following speech.
14.A. To reduce unemployment rates.
B. To increase workers’ salaries.
C. To attract international companies to the UK.
D. To check if a shorter workweek is achievable.
15.A. To reduce employees’ expenses. B. To meet employees’ preferences.
C. To increase productivity. D. To follow government regulations.
16. A. A way to attract and keep talent. B. A trend in the workplace.
C. A try-out of a new workweek policy. D. A demand for higher pay.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17.A. High-quality equipment. B. A great amount of practice.
C. Personal physical condition. D. Previous sporting experience.
18.A. Inform someone of your return time. B. Stay mindful of your surroundings.
C. Tell someone how you can be identified. D. Use the most advanced board and sail.
19.A. Teaching and sharing. B. Connection with nature.
C. Competitions and challenges. D. Speed and excitement.
20.A. Explore new windsurfing destinations. B. Take part in windsurfing competitions.
C. Develop high-quality boards. D. Start a windsurfing business.
Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
The rainforests are alive with the sound of animals. Besides the pleasure of the noise, it is useful to ecologists. Listening out for animal calls is considered a method of measuring the biodiversity of a piece of land. ____1____ it is much easier than digging under the bushes looking for tracks, such analysis is time-consuming. It also requires ____2____ expert pair of ears.
In a paper published in Nature Communications, a group of researchers led by J rg Müller, an ecologist at the University of Würzburg, describe a better way: have a computer do the job. Smartphone apps already exist through ____3____ the sounds of birds or mammals (哺乳动物) can be identified.
The researchers took recordings from across 43 sites in the Ecuadorean Rainforest (厄瓜多尔雨林). Some sites were relatively primitive, old-growth forests. Others were areas that ____4____ (clear) for pasture (牧场) already. Sound recordings were taken four times every hour, over two weeks. The various calls were identified manually by an expert, and then used to construct a list of the species present. As expected, the longer the land had been free from agricultural activity, the more significant the biodiversity it hosted.
Then it was the computer’s turn. The researchers fed their recordings to ____5____ (train) AI models, using sound samples from elsewhere in Ecuador, to identify 75 bird species from their calls. They found the AI tools could identify the sounds as well as the experts.
Not everything in a rainforest makes a noise. Having used light-traps to capture night-flying insects and DNA analysis ____6____ (identify) them, Dr Müller and his colleagues found the diversity of noisy animals was a reliable indicator for the diversity of the quieter ____7____, too.
The results may have relevance outside ecology departments, too. Under pressure ____8____ their customers, some make-up companies and oil firms have been spending money on forest restoration projects. Dr Müller hopes an automated approach to ____9____ (check) on the results could help monitor such efforts. This method would also provide a standardized way to measure _____10_____ they are working as well as their sponsors say.
【答案】1. Even though/Even if##While
2. an 3. which
4. had been cleared
5. trained 6. to identify
7. ones 8. from
9. checking
10. whether/if
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究人员发明了让计算机来进行动物声音识别的工作，解释了其工作原理及应用情况。
【1题详解】
考查状语从句。句意：即使这比在灌木丛下挖掘寻找踪迹要容易得多，但这样的分析也很耗时。分析句子可知，空格处应填入状语从句的引导词。根据句意，此处为让步关系，故用even though/even if/ while引导。置于句首首字母应大写。故填Even though/Even if/ While。
【2题详解】
考查冠词。句意：它还需要一双专业的耳朵。a pair of是固定搭配，意为“一双……”，expert以元音因素开头，故用不定冠词an。故填an。
【3题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：智能手机应用程序已经存在，通过这些应用程序可以识别鸟类或哺乳动物的声音。分析句子可知，空格处应填入定语从句的引导词，指代先行词apps，且该引导词在介词through后，故用关系代词which。故填which。
【4题详解】
考查动词的时态和语态。句意：其他地区已经被开垦为牧场。分析句子可知，空格处应填入谓语动词。根据上文，“开垦”这一动作发生在took recordings之前，故此处应用过去完成时。主语 areas与动词clear是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用被动语态。故填had been cleared。
【5题详解】
考查过去分词。句意：研究人员使用厄瓜多尔其他地方的声音样本，将他们的录音输入到经过训练的人工智能模型中，从它们的叫声中识别出75种鸟类。分析句子可知，空格处应填入非谓语动词作定语。根据句意，此处指“经过训练的”，故用过去分词。故填trained。
【6题详解】
考查动词不定式。句意：Müller博士和他的同事们使用光陷阱捕捉夜间飞行的昆虫，并进行DNA分析来识别它们，他们发现嘈杂动物的多样性也是安静动物多样性的可靠指标。分析句子可知，空格处应填入非谓语动词。根据句意，此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to identify。
【7题详解】
考查代词。句意：同上。分析句子可知，空格处应填入代词作宾语。此处应用代词ones指代 animals。故填ones。
【8题详解】
考查介词。句意：在客户的压力下，一些化妆品公司和石油公司一直在森林恢复项目上花钱。under pressure from是固定搭配，意为“在……的压力下”。故填from。
【9题详解】
考查动名词。句意：Müller博士希望一种自动检查结果的方法可以帮助监督这些工作。根据空前的approach to 可知，此处应用动名词作宾语，意为“……的方法”。故填checking。
【10题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：这种方法还将提供一种标准化的方法来衡量他们是否像赞助商所说的那样工作。分析句子可知，空格处应填入宾语从句的引导词。根据句意，此处指“是否”。故填whether/if。
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A mineB. criteriaC. catalogedD. candidateE. delay F. prisedH. perceivingI. initiativeJ. compounds K. unfavorable
What Lies Beneath
“Earth” has always been an odd choice of name for the third planet from the Sun. After all, an alien (外星人) examining it through a telescope would note that two-thirds of its surface is ___11___ not of land but of oceans of water. Marine biologists think the oceans might host more than 2,000,000 species of marine animals, of which they have so far ___12___ perhaps a tenth.
A new ___13___ hopes to change this. Smoothly launched in London on April 27th, Ocean Census (海洋普查) aims to discover 100,000 new species of marine animal over the coming decade.
The attempt is happening now for two reasons. One is that, the longer scientists ___14___, the fewer there will be to document. Climate change is heating the oceans, as well as making them more acidic as carbon dioxide is absorbed into the water.
The second one is technological. Marine biologists discover about 2,000 new species a year, a rate hardly changed since Darwin’s day. Ocean Census is ___15___ it can go faster. “Cyber taxonomy (网络分类学)”, for instance, involves feeding animal DNA information into computers, which can quickly decide whether it meets the ___16___ for a new species.
Exactly what the new effort might turn up, of course, is impossible to forecast. But history suggests it will be fruitful. Half a century ago scientists detected hot openings on the sea bed that were home to organisms living happily in conditions that, until then, had been thought ___17___ to life. These days, such openings are one credible ___18___ for the origin of all life on Earth.
More practical benefits can’t be ignored. Many drugs, for example, come originally from biological ___19___. An ocean full of unrecorded life will almost certainly prove a rich seam (矿层) from which to ___20___ more.
To help make use of its data, Ocean Census plans to make it attainable to scientists and the public without charge, who will be able to search it for anything valuable or unexpected.
【答案】11. G 12. C
13. I 14. E
15. F 16. B
17. K 18. D
19. J 20. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍的是“海洋普查”计划于4月27日在伦敦启动，旨在在未来十年内发现10万种新的海洋动物物种。
【11题详解】
考查动词。句意：毕竟，外星人通过望远镜观察它时会注意到它表面的三分之二不是由陆地组成的，而是由海洋组成的。由下文“not of land but of oceans of water”可知，此处表示地球表面的三分之二不是由陆地组成的，而是由海洋组成的，be comprised of固定搭配，意为“由……组成”，故选G。
【12题详解】
考查动词。句意：海洋生物学家认为，海洋可能拥有超过200万种海洋动物，他们迄今为止已将其中大约十分之一编入目录。由下文“perhaps a tenth”可知，海洋生物学家已经将其中大约十分之一的海洋生物编入目录，此处应用动词的过去分词形式cataloged(将……编入目录)和have构成现在完成时，故选C。
【13题详解】
考查名词。句意：一项新的倡议希望改变这种状况。由下文“Smoothly launched in London on April 27th, Ocean Census (海洋普查) aims to discover 100,000 new species of marine animal over the coming decade.”可知，此处表示“倡议”，应用名词initiative作主语，由a可知，应用单数。故选I。
【14题详解】
考查动词。句意：其中之一是，科学家推迟的时间越长，需要记录的文件就越少。由下文“the fewer there will be to document.”可知，科学家推迟的时间越长，需要记录的文件就越少，“推迟”为动词delay，描述一般性事实，应用一般现在时，主语是复数，应用动词原形，故选E。
【15题详解】
考查动词。句意：海洋普查局预计它会更快。由下文“it can go faster.”可知，此处表示海洋普查局预计，应用动词anticipate表示“预计”，和主语是主动关系，应用现在分词形式与is构成现在进行时，故选F。
【16题详解】
考查名词。句意：例如，“网络分类学”涉及将动物 DNA 信息输入计算机，计算机可以迅速决定这些信息是否符合新物种的标准。由上文“feeding animal DNA information into computers, which can quickly decide whether it meets the”和下文“for a new species.”可知，此处表示“标准”，应用名词criteria，为复数形式，表示标准不止一个，故选B。
【17题详解】
考查形容词。句意：半个世纪以前，科学家们在海床上发现了热的开口，那里是生物幸福生活的家园，在那之前，人们一直认为那里的环境不利于生命的存在。由上文“until then, had been thought”可知，在那之前，人们一直认为那里的环境不利于生命的存在，应用形容词unfavorable作主语补足语，表示“不利的”，故选K。
【18题详解】
考查名词。句意：如今，这样的开口是地球上所有生命起源的一个可信的候选者。由上文“such openings are one credible”可知，这样的开口是地球上所有生命起源的可信的候选者，应用名词candidate作表语，表示“候选者”，由one可知，应用单数。故选D。
【19题详解】
考查名词。句意：例如，许多药物最初来自生物化合物。由上文“Many drugs, for example, come originally from biological”可知，此处表示“化合物”为名词compound作宾语，可数名词，前面无冠词，应用复数形式表示泛指，故选J。
【20题详解】
考查动词。句意：几乎可以肯定，一片充满未被记录的生命的海洋将成为一个丰富的矿藏，从中可以挖掘更多的矿藏。由上文“An ocean full of unrecorded life will almost certainly prove a rich seam (矿层) from which to”可知，一片充满未被记录的生命的海洋将成为一个丰富的矿藏，人们可以从中挖掘更多的矿藏，此处应用动mine，表示“采矿”，由to可知，应用动词原形，故选A。
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Man the Hunter, a key idea in human sciences, proposes that hunting was a major driver of human evolution and that men conducted this activity, leaving women out. It holds that human ancestors had a division of ___21___, rooted in biological differences between males and females, in which males evolved to hunt and provide, and females tended to children and domestic duties. It assumes that males are ___22___ superior to females and that pregnancy (怀孕) and child-caring reduce or eliminate (根除) a female’s ability to hunt.
Man the Hunter has dominated the study of human evolution for nearly half a century and spread through popular ___23___. It is represented in museum displays and textbook figures, Saturday morning cartoons and feature films. The thing is, it’s ___24___.
Researchers look at the damage on our ancestors’ remains for clues to their ___25___. Neandertal females and males do not vary in ___26___ patterns or exhibit sex differences in diseases from repetitive actions. Their skeletons show the same modes of wear and tear. This discovery implies that they were engaging in ___27___ activities, from hunting large game animals to processing fur for leather.
Observations of recent and contemporary societies provide direct evidence of women ___28___hunting. Agta people of the Philippines, ___29___, hunt while pregnant and breastfeeding, and they have the same hunting success as Agta men.
A recent study of cross-cultural observational data lasting the past 100 years—much of which was ___30___ by Man the Hunter contributors—found that women from a wide range of cultures hunt animals for food. 79 percent of the 63 societies with clear descriptions of their hunting strategies reportedly feature women ___31___. The women are involved in hunting regardless of their childbearing status.
Much about female exercise science and the ___32___ of prehistoric women remains to be discovered. But the idea that in the past men were hunters and women were not is absolutely ___33___ even by the limited evidence we have. Now when you think of “cave people”, we hope, you will imagine a(n) ___34___ group of hunters surrounding a deer or hitting stone tools together rather than a heavy-browed man with a heavy stick over one shoulder. Hunting may have been remade as a ___35___ activity in recent times, but for most of human history, it belonged to everyone.
21. A. food B. labor C. resource D. power
22. A. technically B. socially C. physically D. intellectually
23. A. culture B. belief C. science D. awareness
24. A. wrong B. unbelievable C. simple D. reasonable
25. A. emotion B. appearance C. diet D. behavior
26. A. injury B. interaction C. growth D. settlement
27. A. various B. identical C. outdoor D. manual
28. A. taking over B. suffering from C. longing for D. participating in
29. A. in fact B. as a whole C. for instance D. as a result
30. A. quoted B. ignored C. collected D. stored
31. A. supporters B. pioneers C. leaders D. hunters
32. A. hobbies B. status C. lives D. rights
33. A. established B. unsupported C. developed D. misguided
34. A. ever-growing B. self-governing C. mixed-sex D. multi-cultural
35. A. team B. sporting C. leisure D. male
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A 24. A 25. D 26. A 27. B 28. D 29. C 30. B 31. D 32. C 33. B 34. C 35. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究，该研究认为女性也是人类历史中重要的狩猎者，而不只是男性。文章详述了研究的过程
【21题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：该理论认为，人类祖先有一种劳动分工，其根源在于男女之间的生理差异，在这种分工中，男性进化为狩猎和供养，而女性则倾向于抚养孩子和承担家务。A. food食物；B. labor劳动；C. resource资源；D. power权力。根据后文的“in which males evolved to hunt and provide, and females tended to children and domestic duties.”可知，男性进化为狩猎和供养，而女性则倾向于抚养孩子和承担家务，这是一种劳动分工。故选B项。
【22题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：它认为男性在身体上优于女性，怀孕和照顾孩子会降低或消除女性的狩猎能力。A. technically技术上；B. socially社会上；C. physically物理上；D. intellectually智力上。根据后文的“ pregnancy (怀孕) and child-caring reduce or eliminate (根除) a female’s ability to hunt.”可知，它认为男性在身体上优于女性。故选C项。
【23题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：人类猎人在人类进化研究中占据主导地位近半个世纪，并通过流行文化传播。A. culture文化；B. belief信念；C. science科学；D. awareness意识。根据后文的“It is represented in museum displays and textbook figures, Saturday morning cartoons and feature films.”可知，它在博物馆展览、教科书人物、周六上午的卡通片和故事片中都有体现，即通过流行文化传播。故选A项。
【24题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：问题是，这是错误的。A. wrong错误的；B. unbelievable难以置信的；C. simple简单的；D. reasonable公平的。根据前文的“Man the Hunter has dominated the study of human evolution for nearly half a century and spread through popular 3”和后文的“Neandertal females and males do not vary in 6 patterns or exhibit sex differences in diseases from repetitive actions. ”和“Observations of recent and contemporary societies provide direct evidence of women 8 hunting.”可知，妇女参与狩猎，故前面的观点是错的。故选A项。
【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员通过观察我们祖先遗骸上的损伤来寻找他们行为的线索。A. emotion情绪；B. appearance外观；C. diet饮食；D. behavior行为。根据前文的“Researchers look at the damage on our ancestors’ remains”可知，损伤是行为导致的，故研究人员通过观察我们祖先遗骸上的损伤来寻找他们行为的线索。故选D项。
【26题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：尼安德特人女性和男性在受伤模式上没有差异，在重复动作引起的疾病上也没有性别差异。A. injury伤害；B. interaction相互作用；C. growth生长；D. settlement解决。根据前文的“Researchers look at the damage on our ancestors’ remains”可知，研究人员观察我们祖先遗骸上的损伤，故研究了女性和男性的受伤模式。故选A项。
【27题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这一发现意味着他们从事相同的活动，从狩猎大型野生动物到加工皮革。A. various各种的；B. identical相同的；C. outdoor室外的；D. manual手动的。根据前文的“Neandertal females and males do not vary in 6 patterns or exhibit sex differences in diseases from repetitive actions.”可知，尼安德特人女性和男性在受伤模式上没有差异，故这一发现意味着他们从事相同的活动。故选B项。
【28题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：对近代和当代社会的观察提供了妇女参与狩猎的直接证据。A. taking over接管；B. suffering from遭受；C. longing for渴望；D. participating in参与。根据后文的“Agta people of the Philippines, 9, hunt while pregnant and breastfeeding, and they have the same hunting success as Agta men.”可知，妇女参与狩猎。故选D项。
【29题详解】
考查固定短语辨析。句意：例如，菲律宾阿格塔人在怀孕和哺乳期间狩猎，她们的狩猎成功率与阿格塔男人相同。A. in fact事实上；B. as a whole作为一个整体；C. for instance例如；D. as a result因此。根据前文的“Observations of recent and contemporary societies provide direct evidence of women 8 hunting.”和“Agta people of the Philippines”以及后文“hunt while pregnant and breastfeeding, and they have the same hunting success as Agta men.”可知，本空所在句子是对第一句进行举例说明。故选C项。
【30题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：最近一项对过去100年的跨文化观察数据的研究发现，来自不同文化背景的女性都以捕猎动物为食，其中很多都被“男性狩猎”的贡献者忽略了。A. quoted引用；B. ignored忽略；C. collected收集；D. stored存储。根据后文的“by Man the Hunter contributors”以及“women from a wide range of cultures hunt animals for food”可知，来自不同文化背景的女性都以捕猎动物为食，这件事被“男性是狩猎”的贡献者忽略了。故选B项。
【31题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：据报道，在63个明确描述其狩猎策略的社会中，79%的社会以女性猎人为特征。A. supporters支持者；B. pioneers先驱者；C. leaders领导者；D. hunters猎人。根据后文的“The women are involved in hunting regardless of their childbearing status.”可知，女性参与狩猎故本句谈论的是女性猎人。故选D项。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：关于女性运动科学和史前女性的生活还有很多有待发现。A. hobbies爱好；B. status状态；C. lives生活；D. rights权利。根据前文的“79 percent of the 63 societies with clear descriptions of their hunting strategies reportedly feature women 11. The women are involved in hunting regardless of their childbearing status.”可知，研究人员研究了女性的生活，因此关于女性运动科学和史前女性的生活还有很多有待发现。故选C项。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，过去男人是猎人而女人不是的观点，即使是我们所拥有的有限证据，也绝对没有证据支持。A. established建立；B. unsupported无支撑；C. developed发展；D. misguided误导。根据前文的“79 percent of the 63 societies with clear descriptions of their hunting strategies reportedly feature women 11. ”和“in the past men were hunters and women were not”可知，过去男人是猎人而女人不是的观点是没有证据支持。故选B项。
【34题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：现在，当你想到“穴居人”时，我们希望，你会想到一群男女混合的猎人围绕着一只鹿，或者一起敲打石器，而不是一个眉毛浓密、单肩扛着一根粗棍的男人。A. ever-growing不断增长的；B. self-governing自治；C. mixed-sex男女混合；D. multi-cultural多元文化。根据前文的“79 percent of the 63 societies with clear descriptions of their hunting strategies reportedly feature women 11. The women are involved in hunting regardless of their childbearing status.”可知，打猎是男女混合的行动。故选C项。
【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在最近的时代，狩猎可能已经被改造为男性的活动，但在人类历史的大部分时间里，它属于每个人。A. team团队；B. sporting体育；C. leisure休闲；D. male男性。根据后文的“but for most of human history, it belonged to everyone.”可知，后文与前文构成转折，故逗号前表达“在最近的时代，狩猎可能已经被改造为男性的活动”。故选D项。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.
(A)
Canada geese are a common and plentiful North American bird found in many urban parks, golf courses, airports, or areas with large lawns near water. They are a large waterbird with a fairly brown body, pale breast, and long black neck with white cheeks.
Canada geese are particularly attracted to urban areas for the many grassy lawns near small bodies of water. They can often be seen feeding on lawns or playing in shallow water by tipping forward and extending their necks underwater to reach for plants. Canada geese prefer to gathering in large flocks (群) and can be seen flying over in the classic V formation.
In Chicago, Canada geese may remain in the city throughout the year, although some geese get used to moving long distances to more southern sections for the winter or northward in spring to breed. Each breeding season, pairs build large open cup ground nests and lay 2 to 8 eggs which are raised in a single brood (窝). Urban habitats are also attractive to this species as neatly-maintained lawns make it easy when grazing with young to keep watch for approaching enemies. It is, however, their use of these urban areas that often leads to conflicts with humans.
As Canada geese numbers rise, so do their conflicts with humans. Canada geese’s daily activities may damage gardens and landscaping. Geese may also cross roads when searching for food or walking between nesting sites and bodies of water, slowing movement or posing a potential risk on the roadway. Although direct injuries by fierce geese are uncommon, people sometimes fall and pick up injuries when surprised by a charging goose. Additionally, people often feed the birds. Not only are the types of food people typically provide, such as bread, unhealthy for the birds, but this encourages high concentrations of geese leading to more harmful behavior and higher risk of diseases. Lastly, plane-bird conflicts are estimated to be rising, likely due to increasing numbers of planes, but also increases in populations of certain bird species, including Canada geese. Although crashes rarely result in an accident, they often cause costly damage to planes.
36. What do we know about Canada geese from the first and second paragraph
A. They are a valued and rare species.
B. They like to spend time near water.
C. They always live quietly and separately.
D. Their appearance is in a uniform and single color.
37. Which of the following words from the passage is similar in meaning to “grazing” (paragraph 3)
A. feeding (paragraph 2) B. playing (paragraph 2)
C. gathering (paragraph 2) D. moving (paragraph 3)
38. From the sentence “Although direct injuries…” (in the last paragraph), we know that Canada geese are likely to __________.
A. adore humans B. threaten humans
C. frustrate humans D. safeguard humans
39. According to the last paragraph, which of the following is not the trouble caused by an increasing number of geese
A. Frequent air crashes. B. Damage to city view.
C. Traffic jam and danger. D. Indirect human injuries.
【答案】36. B 37. A 38. B 39. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。本文主要描述了加拿大鹅的特点及其在城市生活中的表现。
【36题详解】
推理判断题。文章第一段“Canada geese are a common and plentiful North American bird found in many urban parks, golf courses, airports, or areas with large lawns near water. They are a large waterbird with a fairly brown body, pale breast, and long black neck with white cheeks.(加拿大鹅是一种常见的、数量丰富的北美鸟类，在许多城市公园、高尔夫球场、机场或靠近水的大型草坪地区都能找到。它们是一种大型水鸟，有着深棕色的身体，苍白的胸脯，长长的黑色脖子和白色的脸颊。)”和第二段的“Canada geese are particularly attracted to urban areas for the many grassy lawns near small bodies of water. They can often be seen feeding on lawns or playing in shallow water by tipping forward and extending their necks underwater to reach for plants.( 加拿大鹅特别喜欢城市地区，因为小水域附近有许多草地。它们经常在草坪上觅食，或者在浅水区玩耍，它们会向前倾，把脖子伸到水下去抓植物。)”提到，加拿大鹅经常出现在城市公园、高尔夫球场、机场或靠近水的大草坪等地方，并且它们喜欢在靠近水的小草坪上觅食和玩耍。因此，可以得出它们喜欢在水边度过时间。故选B。
【37题详解】
词句猜测题。前文“Urban habitats are also attractive to this species as neatly-maintained lawns make it easy(城市的栖息地也对这个物种很有吸引力，因为整洁的草坪使it很容易生存)”和下文“to keep watch for approaching enemies(提防逼近的敌人)”以及it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是“to keep watch for approaching enemies”可推断，城市的栖息地因为整洁的草坪吸引加拿大鹅，因此推断，加拿大鹅靠在城市草坪上觅食，这意味着它们吃草时也可以地方敌人，因此推断划线词与A项“以……为食”意思一致，表示与幼崽一起吃草。故选A。
【38题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“As Canada geese numbers rise, so do their conflicts with humans. Canada geese’s daily activities may damage gardens and landscaping. Geese may also cross roads when searching for food or walking between nesting sites and bodies of water, slowing movement or posing a potential risk on the roadway.(随着加拿大鹅数量的增加，它们与人类的冲突也在增加。加拿大鹅的日常活动可能会破坏花园和景观。鹅在寻找食物或在筑巢地和水域之间行走时也会穿过马路，这会减慢它们的移动速度或对道路构成潜在风险。)”可知，随着加拿大鹅数量的增加，它们与人类的冲突也会增加。因此推断划线部分“Although direct injuries by fierce geese are uncommon, people sometimes fall and pick up injuries when surprised by a charging goose.(虽然被凶猛的鹅直接伤害是罕见的，但人们有时会在被一只冲锋的鹅吓到时摔倒并受伤。)”说明加拿大鹅很可能威胁着人类的安全。故选B。
【39题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的“Lastly, plane-bird conflicts are estimated to be rising, likely due to increasing numbers of planes, but also increases in populations of certain bird species, including Canada geese. Although crashes rarely result in an accident, they often cause costly damage to planes.( 最后，飞机与鸟类的冲突估计正在上升，可能是由于飞机数量的增加，但也包括加拿大鹅在内的某些鸟类种群的增加。虽然撞击很少导致事故，但它们经常给飞机造成昂贵的损失。)”可知，空中鸟类与飞机的冲突可能会增加，但这主要是由于飞机数量的增加以及某些鸟类(包括加拿大鹅)的种群数量增加所致。虽然空难很少发生，但它们通常会对飞机造成昂贵的损失，根据“Canada geese’s daily activities may damage gardens and landscaping.( 加拿大鹅的日常活动可能会破坏花园和景观。)”可知，数量过多也会影响城市景观。因此，频繁的空难不是日益增长的鹅的数量造成的麻烦。故选A。
(B)
15 TH OCT 2023 CULTURE Gazelle Twin, a composer, producer, and musician, opens up about being a conceptual artist and establishing a unique identity ahead of the release of her new album (专辑), Black Dog. Q: Would you describe your music as conceptual A: Conceptual is a good term. I don’t make music just for the sake of making music. My records are inspired by themes. I spend a considerable amount of time before writing the music, learning about subjects related to the theme. Then I work on the structure of the album. Ideas can change. For example, Black Dog was originally about ghosts (幽灵), but I ended up with an album about my childhood experiences, through to adulthood and parenthood, and the anxiety and fear that has been with me during that time. Q: Throughout the album, there is a sense of an observer. Is that person yourself, or another presence A: Both. There is the voice of depression and anxiety, and also this other person you know is always there. I thought of having this ominous presence (不祥之兆) around you. There is also that sense of being out in the world, as a woman, aware of my vulnerability (脆弱). For example, just going for a walk is never simple. We have to build protective instincts around ourselves. Q: When you started out, did you have any idea of the kind of artist you wanted to be A: I knew I didn’t want to fit a fixed style or be restricted by being female. I wanted to be flexible. I like to think in scale and of more than I can achieve as one person. I like artists with unique identities. Q: What would be your advice to anyone with ambitions to become a musician A: Follow your instincts. Put yourself out there without pressure to be “finished”. Absorb things, experiment, and allow yourself to follow a journey where you don’t know where you will end up. Being successful commercially takes a team and time. You have to love it and be in it for the long journey. Q: Fast forward ten years, where do you want to be A: I would love to carry on following my instincts and making albums. I would like more of a collection of TV and film scores because I enjoy writing scores and cooperative work.
40. Why is Gazelle Twin’s music conceptual
A. Her records are usually about ghosts. B. The album’s structure is a top priority.
C. The word “conceptual” itself is attractive. D. Her music is highly motivated by themes.
41. In the second part of the interview, “this other person” most likely represents __________.
A. spiritual growth B. vivid imagination
C. inner self-awareness D. external intervention
42 Which of the following can be inferred from Gazelle Twin’s response in the interview
A. She tends to take the bigger picture into account.
B. Her future planning is profit-driven to some extent.
C. Black Dog has already become a hit album worldwide.
D. She expresses willingness to help the potential musicians.
【答案】40. D 41. C 42. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章是对作曲家、制作人兼音乐家Gazelle Twin的采访记录。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一个问题的回答中“Conceptual is a good term. I don’t make music just for the sake of making music. My records are inspired by themes.(概念性是一个很好的术语。我不是为了做音乐而做音乐。我的唱片灵感来自于主题。)”可知，Gazelle Twin的音乐是概念性的，因为她的音乐源于主题。故选D项。
【41题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Both. There is the voice of depression and anxiety, and also this other person you know is always there.(两者都有。有抑郁和焦虑的声音，还有你认识的另一个人总是在那里。)”和下文“There is also that sense of being out in the world, as a woman, aware of my vulnerability (脆弱).(还有一种感觉是，作为一个女人，我活在这个世界上，意识到自己的脆弱。)”可推知，Gazelle Twin所谓的“另一个人”就是自己的感觉，是自己的内在自我意识。故选C项。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三个问题的回答中“I like to think in scale and of more than I can achieve as one person.(我喜欢从整体上思考问题，而不是一个人能完成的事情。)”可推知，Gazelle Twin倾向于从整体上思考问题，考虑更广泛或更大的背景(the bigger picture)。故选A项。
(C)
How to Recruit (招聘) with Softer Skills in Mind
Soft skills matter to employers. An analysis of almost 5000 job descriptions showed companies have shifted away from emphasizing financial and operational skills towards social skills—an ability to listen, reflect, communicate and empathise (共情).
The trouble is that soft skills are hard to measure. Worse still, the conventional process for recruiting people is often better at recognizing other qualities. The early phases of recruitment focus on screening candidates based on their experiences and hard skills, criteria that are easiest to assess remotely. The later phases, when candidates and employers engage in actual conversation, are better suited to assessing an applicant’s softer skills. Think of how fundamentally unsocial the situation is! Candidates are expected to talk, not listen; to impress, not empathise. Structured interview scripts enable like-for-like comparisons but they also limit the space for naturalness.
Two recent studies of what makes for a good team member agree on what might be described as an ability to read the room. One research found people who can accurately judge the level of influence held by various team members possess a magic power called “status acuity”. Such room-readers reduce group conflict and enhance team performance. They accordingly designed a test, in which participants watched a video of a group performing a task. The participants then rated members of the group based on how much respect each was perceived to hold. People whose ratings were closest to the assessments of the team members themselves had the quality of status acuity.
The other study found that certain individuals consistently made their groups perform better than expected. Such people are genuine team players, capable of making the whole greater than the sum of the parts. These wonderful creatures did not stand out from their peers on IQ tests. But they did significantly better on the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test, an assessment in which participants are shown pictures of various facial expressions and then have to pick the word that best describes what each person is feeling.
Better tests are not the only way to gather more information about soft skills. Don’t just have people higher up the food chain ask interview questions. Ask the people who interact casually with applicants, from the assistants to the receptionists, what they thought of them.
Undeniably, people may succeed in faking their way through the process. And there may be more room for interviewers’ prejudice to emerge. Finding someone annoying may be a signal that someone lacks social skills. But it may also mean that they are nervous or that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set to change and is unlikely to become less challenging.
43. What makes the recent recruitment process distinct from the traditional one
A. Prioritization of soft skills.
B. Focus on a screening method.
C. Dependence on structured interview scripts.
D. Emphasis upon financial and operational skills.
44. According to the third and fourth paragraph, a person with the ability to read the room is capable of __________.
A. adjusting one’s behavior or attitude swiftly to fit the context
B. understanding the individual’s perspective to respond appropriately
C. resolving group conflict or judging facial expressions in a situation
D. interpreting individual’s role within a team or their mood
45. What is the purpose of the two studies mentioned in the passage
A. To identify ways to perfect structured interview scripts.
B. To discover shortcuts for testing and identifying soft skills.
C. To explore recipes for cultivating a qualified team member.
D. To introduce methods of improving candidates’ non-technical skills.
46. What can be implied from the last two paragraphs
A. Integrating soft skills assessment into a hiring process won’t introduce side effects.
B. Employees in lower positions may provide useless insights into applicants’ soft skills.
C. Interviewers’ prejudice may influence their fair assessments and perceptions of candidates.
D. There is no possibility of individuals successfully deceiving others during the interview.
【答案】43. A 44. D 45. B 46. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何招聘具备软技能的员工。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。由文章第一段“Soft skills matter to employers. An analysis of almost 5000 job descriptions showed companies have shifted away from emphasizing financial and operational skills towards social skills—an ability to listen, reflect, communicate and empathise (共情).(软技能对雇主很重要。一项对近5000个职位描述的分析显示，公司已经从强调财务和操作技能转向强调社交技能——一种倾听、反思、沟通和同情的能力。)”可知，优先考虑软技能使最近的招聘过程不同于传统的招聘过程。故选A。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Such room-readers reduce group conflict and enhance team performance. (这种阅读者减少了群体冲突，提高了团队绩效。)”和第三段中“People whose ratings were closest to the assessments of the team members themselves had the quality of status acuity. (在这项测试中，研究人员向参与者展示了各种面部表情的图片，然后要求他们选出最能描述每个人感受的词。)”可知，有这种能力的人能够解读个人在团队中的角色或情绪。故选D。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。由文章标题“How to Recruit (招聘) with Softer Skills in Mind (如何招聘具备软技能的员工)”和第五段中“Better tests are not the only way to gather more information about soft skills. (更好的测试并不是收集更多软技能信息的唯一方法。)”可知，文章中提到的两项研究的目的是发现测试和识别软技能的快捷方式。故选B。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Undeniably, people may succeed in faking their way through the process. And there may be more room for interviewers’ prejudice to emerge. Finding someone annoying may be a signal that someone lacks social skills. But it may also mean that they are nervous or that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set to change and is unlikely to become less challenging. (不可否认的是，人们可能会通过欺骗的方式成功地通过这个过程。而且面试官的偏见可能会有更大的空间出现。发现某人令人讨厌可能是一个缺乏社交技巧的信号。但这也可能意味着他们很紧张，或者面试官脾气不好。招聘势必会发生变化，而且不太可能变得不那么具有挑战性。)”可知，面试官的偏见可能会影响他们对候选人的公正评价和看法。故选C。
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
The Meaning and Power of Smell
A survey revealed that smell can cause strong emotional responses. A smell connected with a good experience can please us, while an odour (气味) bonded with a bad memory may disgust (使恶心) us. ____47____ Such associations can be so powerful that odours generally labelled unpleasant become agreeable, and those generally considered sweet become disagreeable for particular individuals.
____48____ One respondent believes there is no true emotional bonding without smelling a loved one. Infants recognize their mothers’ odours soon after birth. Individuals were able to distinguish by the smell alone clothing worn by their partners from similar clothing worn by other people.
Despite its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. While our olfactory (嗅觉的) powers are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are remarkably sensitive. ____49____
Odours, unlike colours, can’t be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn’t exist. “It smells like ...,” we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to capture or store them over time. ____50____ Smells considered offensive in some cultures may be acceptable in others. Therefore, our sense of smell is a means of interacting with the world. The study of the cultural history of smell is indeed an investigation into the essence of human culture.
A. Odours are also essential signals in social bonding.
B. Besides, odours are granted different cultural values.
C. Human’s perception of smell facilitates the spread of human culture.
D. Our noses can perceive odours present in extremely small quantities.
E. Many respondents noted many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional links.
F. Some respondents’ preference for a particular odour was influenced by emotional associations.
【答案】47. E 48. A 49. D 50. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一项调查显示，气味可以引起强烈的情绪反应。与美好经历联系在一起的气味会让我们感到愉悦，而与糟糕记忆联系在一起的气味可能会让我们感到厌恶。解释了嗅觉的意义和力量。
【47题详解】
根据后文“Such associations can be so powerful that odours generally labelled unpleasant become agreeable, and those generally considered sweet become disagreeable for particular individuals.(这种联系是如此强大，以至于通常被认为不愉快的气味变得令人愉快，而那些通常被认为是甜的气味对特定的人来说变得不愉快)”可知，后文提到了某种联系的强大影响，可知本句是在说明这种联系是指什么：对嗅觉的好恶有很多是基于情感联系。故E选项“许多受访者指出，他们对嗅觉的好恶有很多是基于情感联系”符合语境，故选E。
【48题详解】
根据后文“One respondent believes there is no true emotional bonding without smelling a loved one. Infants recognize their mothers’ odours soon after birth. Individuals were able to distinguish by the smell alone clothing worn by their partners from similar clothing worn by other people.(一位受访者认为，如果没有闻到爱人的气味，就没有真正的情感联系。婴儿在出生后不久就能认出母亲的气味。个体仅凭气味就能分辨出伴侣穿的衣服和其他人穿的相似的衣服)”可知，本段的主旨是气味可以帮助人分辨社会关系。故A选项“气味也是社会关系的重要信号”符合语境，故选A。
【49题详解】
根据上文“Despite its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. While our olfactory (嗅觉的) powers are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are remarkably sensitive.(尽管嗅觉对我们的情感和感官生活很重要，但在许多文化中，它可能是最被低估的感觉。虽然我们的嗅觉能力远不如某些动物的灵敏，但它们却非常敏感)”可知，本句承接上文具体说明鼻子敏感的表现：可以感知极少量的气味。故D选项“我们的鼻子可以感知极少量的气味”符合语境，故选D。
【50题详解】
根据后文“Smells considered offensive in some cultures may be acceptable in others. Therefore, our sense of smell is a means of interacting with the world. The study of the cultural history of smell is indeed an investigation into the essence of human culture.(在某些文化中被认为令人不快的气味在另一些文化中可能是可以接受的。因此，我们的嗅觉是与世界互动的一种手段。对气味的文化史的研究实际上是对人类文化本质的研究)”可知，后文主要补充说明了气味在某些文化中的价值体现。故B选项“此外，气味被赋予了不同的文化价值”符合语境，故选B。
Ⅳ. Summary Writing
51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Emotional Preparedness: Managing Life’s Challenges
Expecting the worst to avoid feeling bad later is known as “bracing”. It may help people prepare for emotionally challenging situations, particularly in the moments before these situations occur. People brace for the worst while waiting for potentially negative outcomes. Someone might also brace for the worst in anticipation of stressful events like giving a presentation at work.
Some psychological theories suggest that bracing should help. For example, “decision affect theory” proposes that how we feel about a situation is determined partly by comparing what actually happened with what could have happened. Based on this, people should be happy when an event goes beyond their expectations, and disappointed when an event falls behind. Therefore, by anticipating the worst, one can safeguard themselves against future disappointment, because any result will likely surpass (优于) expectations.
However, other psychological theories challenge the idea that bracing will be helpful. It has been theorized and scientifically established—that expectations can powerfully influence reality. There are two key ways that expectations can shape reality. First, people may behave in ways that fit with their expectations. If you expect to fail an upcoming test or interview, then you might not invest efforts in preparation, which in turn reduces your chances of doing well. Second, people may interpret a situation in line with their expectations. Imagine you believe you are insufficiently qualified for a job you’ve applied for. During the job interview, you’re likely to interpret blank expressions from the interviewer in line with this belief, which could negatively affect your performance. In fact, the interviewer did not want to give anything away.
Drawing together the scientific studies, it seems that expecting the worst is not a wise way to prepare for upcoming news or results.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】One possible version:
“Bracing” involves anticipating the worst to prepare for emotional challenges. Psychological theories, such as decision affect theory, propose its benefits in managing expectations. However, other theories caution that expectations can negatively shape reality, influencing behavior and interpretation. Scientific studies suggest holding positive expectations may be wiser than always bracing for the worst.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，“支撑”包括做最坏的打算，为情感挑战做准备。心理学理论，如决策影响理论，提出了它在管理预期方面的好处。然而，其他理论警告说，期望会对现实产生负面影响，影响行为和解释。科学研究表明，保持积极的预期可能比总是做最坏的打算更明智。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Expecting the worst to avoid feeling bad later is known as “bracing”. It may help people prepare for emotionally challenging situations, particularly in the moments before these situations occur.
②Some psychological theories suggest that bracing should help. For example, “decision affect theory” proposes that how we feel about a situation is determined partly by comparing what actually happened with what could have happened.
③However, other psychological theories challenge the idea that bracing will be helpful. It has been theorized and scientifically established—that expectations can powerfully influence reality.
④Drawing together the scientific studies, it seems that expecting the worst is not a wise way to prepare for upcoming news or results.
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
“Bracing” involves anticipating the worst to prepare for emotional challenges.
Psychological theories, such as decision affect theory, propose its benefits in managing expectations.
However, other theories caution that expectations can negatively shape reality, influencing behavior and interpretation.
Scientific studies suggest holding positive expectations may be wiser than always bracing for the worst.
【点睛】[高分句型1] However, other theories caution that expectations can negatively shape reality, influencing behavior and interpretation.运用that引导宾语从句对原文第三段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Scientific studies suggest holding positive expectations may be wiser than always bracing for the worst.运用动名词作宾语对最后一段进行了概括。
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 这道菜趁热吃味道最好。(taste)(汉译英)
【答案】The dish tastes best when (it is) hot.
【解析】
【详解】考查时态，主谓一致，时间状语从句和省略。根据句意可知，句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，“这道菜”是the dish，“趁热吃”是when it is hot，时间状语从句中主语是it且有be动词时，可省略从句中的it is，“味道最好”是taste best，主语dish是单数，taste用第三人称单数，因此整句话翻译为“The dish tastes best when (it is) hot”。故答案为The dish tastes best when (it is) hot.
53. 除了特效之外，这部电影的情节和演员的表演也可圈可点。(worth) (汉译英)
【答案】In addition to (Besides) the special effects, the plot and the acting of the actors in this movie are worth praising.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定短语，时态，主谓一致。根据句意可知，句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，“除了……之外”是in addition to/besides，“特效”是the special effects，“这部电影的”是in this movie，“情节和演员的表演”是the plot and the acting of the actors，“可圈可点”是be worth praising，主语the plot and the acting是复数，因此be动词用are，因此整句话翻译为“In addition to (Besides) the special effects, the plot and the acting of the actors in this movie are worth praising”。故答案为In addition to (Besides) the special effects, the plot and the acting of the actors in this movie are worth praising。
54. 指望他帮助毫无意义，他也束手无策。(count on) (汉译英)
【答案】There’s no point in counting on him (for help/ assistance), because he is helpless (at a loss), too(there was nothing he could do.).
【解析】
【详解】考查固定句型和状语从句。表示“毫无意义”句型为There’s no point in doing sth.；表示“指望他帮助”可用counting on him (for help/ assistance)；because引导原因状语从句，主语为he，表示“束手无策”可用be helpless或at a loss或there was nothing he could do。故翻译为There’s no point in counting on him (for help/ assistance), because he is helpless (at a loss), too(there was nothing he could do.).
55. 她梦想记录祖国的壮丽风景, 这激励她去探索自然中尚未被发现的角落，并通过摄影来保留那份美丽。(which) (汉译英)
【答案】She dreams of capturing the magnificent landscapes of her homeland which motivates her to explore the untouched corners of nature and preserve its beauty through (with) her photography.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词短语、形容词、名词以及定语从句。表示“梦想做某事”应用动词短语dream of doing sth；表示“记录”应用动词capture；表示“壮丽”应用形容词magnificent；表示“激励”应用动词motivate；表示“探索”应用动词explore；表示“摄影”应用名词photography。分析句子可知，表示“这……”应用which引导非限定性定语从句。故翻译为：She dreams of capturing the magnificent landscapes of her homeland, which motivates her to explore the untouched corners of nature and preserve its beauty through (with) her photography.
Ⅵ. Guided Writing
56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 - 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学的李华，你们学校正在开展“花香进校园”活动，一方面开设园艺选修课，让学生了解花的习性； 另一方面人人动手实践，用花装扮校园，创建优美的生活学习环境。请你写一封邮件给你的英国笔友Jim, 介绍此次活动。
你的邮件须包括：
1. 对该活动的简要描述；
2. 举例说明该活动对你的影响。
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Dear Jim,
I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to introduce a unique and fragrant activity happening at my school, the “Flowers and Fragrance into School” activity.
As part of this activity, our school has opened up a gardening optional course that teaches us about the habits and characteristics of different flowers. The course aims to enhance our understanding and appreciation of flowers. Additionally, we are encouraged to participate in hands-on activities by using our creativity to decorate our school campus with flowers, creating a beautiful and fragrant environment for our learning and living.
Personally, this activity has had a profound impact on me. Not only have I learned a lot about flowers and gardening, but also, the activity has taught me the importance of patience, attention to detail, and the appreciation of nature’s beauty.
I hope this activity can also be implemented in your school to enhance the learning and living environment.
Best regards,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。学校正在开展“花香进校园”活动，要求考生给英国笔友Jim写信，介绍此次活动。
【详解】1.词汇积累
选修课：optional course → elective course
增进：enhance → promote
参与：participate in → take part in
影响：impact → influence
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：Additionally, we are encouraged to participate in hands-on activities by using our creativity to decorate our school campus with flowers, creating a beautiful and fragrant environment for our learning and living.
拓展句：Additionally, we are encouraged to participate in hands-on activities where we use creativity to decorate our school campus with flowers, creating a beautiful and fragrant environment for our learning and living.
【点睛】[高分句型1] As part of this activity, our school has opened up a gardening optional course that teaches us about the habits and characteristics of different flowers. (运用了关系代词that引导限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2]I hope this activity can also be implemented in your school to enhance the learning and living environment. (运用了省略连词that的宾语从句)
听力答案：1. C 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. A 11. C 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. B

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