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专题一　阅读理解
高考阅读理解从语言能力、文化意识、思维品质、学习能力四个方面对考生的英语学科核心素养进行综合考查，包含了《课程标准》里的全部主题语境(人与自我、人与社会、人与自然)，其中涉及“人与社会”主题语境较多。考生不仅要能正确理解语篇的表层意思，还要能通过表层意思推断出语篇中的隐含意义。 近几年阅读理解的命题已从对传统知识掌握情况的考查转向对能力的考查，即用英语获取信息的能力和处理相关信息的能力。
3年考情分析
年份 卷别 文体 题型
A篇 B篇 C篇 D篇 细节理解 推理判断 主旨大意 词句猜测
2023 新高考Ⅰ卷 应用文 记叙文 说明文 说明文 6 7 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 应用文 记叙文 说明文 说明文 6 7 1 1
全国甲卷 应用文 记叙文 说明文 说明文 9 5 0 1
全国乙卷 说明文 记叙文 说明文 议论文 5 8 1 1
2022 新高考Ⅰ卷 说明文 说明文 说明文 说明文 6 7 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 应用文 记叙文 说明文 说明文 8 4 1 2
全国甲卷 应用文 说明文 说明文 夹叙夹议文 8 3 3 1
全国乙卷 应用文 书评 说明文 说明文 8 5 1 1
2021 新高考Ⅰ卷 应用文 记叙文 说明文 说明文 8 5 1 1
全国甲卷 应用文 说明文 记叙文 议论文 5 8 1 1
全国乙卷 说明文 说明文 说明文 说明文 6 7 1 1
由以上统计可看出，全国卷对阅读理解的考查文体上以应用文、说明文为主，记叙文、议论文为辅；题型以细节理解题、 推理判断题为主，词句猜测题、主旨大意题较难，所占比例较少，命题很好地体现了“注重基础，体现层次，有利于选拔人才”的高考命题思想。
一、常用阅读步骤
1．文章→问题→文章
速读文章掌握大意，然后看题目，再细读问题所在文章的部分来答题。这种方式有利于整体把握文章主旨及作者的观点意图，对文章理解度较深，适合于大多数语篇。
2．问题→文章→问题
先看问题，然后带着问题去读文章的某些部分，再答题。这种方式能够节省答题时间，针对性强，但只适用于较简单的文章，解答细节性和事实性的题目。缺点是先看问题会干扰对文章主旨大意的理解把握。
二、解题三步法
第一步：速读全文，抓住主旨
1．速读全文，重点读
(1)文章第一段。文章的主题、核心概念一般在首段出现。
(2)其他各段的段首和段尾句。其他部分略读。
2．读后掌握两点
(1)文章的主旨大意。
(2)作者的大致态度。
第二步：细审题干，定位原文
1．仔细审明题干内容，把每道题和原文的信息所在处建立联系，定好位
(1)信息词定位原则：通常是由题干出发，去原文中寻找可靠信息词：有大写字母的专有名词(如人名、地名等)、时间、数字等。
(2)自然段定位原则：出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。
平时训练时要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。
2．重点关注点
(1)首尾处
高考中的阅读理解文章一般结构层次清晰，逻辑性强，这类文章的首尾段经常是文章的主旨要义，而每段的首尾句经常又是该段落的主题句。
(2)转折处
文章中的转折处经常是体现作者观点或文章主题的地方，考生看到这些地方要重点关注并做上标记，以便做题时查找。常见的转折词语有：but, however, yet, still, in fact, as a matter of fact, on the contrary等。
(3)对比处
文章中作者经常将两个事物、事实或观点进行对比，以论证自己观点的正确性，而命题者常将针对双方的属性进行设题，此类试题多是推理判断题。常见的表示对比的标志性词语有：unlike, by contrast, (be) compared with, in comparison等。
(4)举例处
一般情况下在议论文和说明文中，作者都会通过例证的方式来说明某事物的功能作用或论证某种观点，这些地方通常是设题的热点区域。考生要牢记一般举例的前后处即为该例子的论点所在。常见的标志性词语有：like, such as, for example, for instance, take．．．as an example等。
(5)因果处
因果关系阐明了两事物的内在联系，是作者进行分析或得出结论的地方。常见的词语有：because, for, since, as, so, thus, therefore, consequently, cause, because of, due to, thanks to, as a result (of), result in/from, lead to等。需要注意的是，有时候文章中虽未出现表示因果关系的词语，但在逻辑上存在此种关系，此时考生就要根据实际情况去进行推理判断，理清逻辑。
(6)特殊标点处
文章的特殊标点符号处通常是作者表达特殊意图的地方，也是命题者经常设题处。
①破折号。其后的内容通常为对前面内容的解释说明或补充，用来表明此处信息至关重要。但两个破折号的作用通常为插入语，一般不会是重点信息所在；
②冒号。主要用来对前面内容进行解释或总结。一般情况下，出现冒号考生重点关注冒号后的内容即可；
③括号。英文中的括号不同于中文的用法，因为英文括号里的内容通常用来解释或强调括号前的内容，是重点信息所在处。
(7)结论处
文章中the research/study indicates, the report suggests, in short, in brief, in conclusion等都是表达结果或结论的所在。
(8)观点处
文章的作者及文章中提到的相关人员对某人或事物表达的观点态度通常会是命题的重点区域。做题时要注意doubt, appreciate, hate, be against/for, in favor of等词语。
第三步：仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案
通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较重叠选项，选出答案。
(2023 ●新高考全国 I卷C)
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world．The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being．In artists' representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time．
In this “book of books”， artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures．We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations．Adults are portrayed(描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure．These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to．
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智), wealth or faith of the subject．Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right．More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures．
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated．From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader．To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined．And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity．
28．Where is the text most probably taken from？
A．An introduction to a book．
B．An essay on the art of writing．
C．A guidebook to a museum．
D．A review of modern paintings．
29．What are the selected artworks about？
A．Wealth and intellect．　 B．Home and school．
C．Books and reading． D．Work and leisure．
30．What do the underlined words “relate to” in Paragraph 2 mean？
A．Understand． B．Paint．
C．Seize． D．Transform．
31．What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader？
A．The printed book is not totally out of date．
B．Technology has changed the way we read．
C．Our lives in the 21st century are networked．
D．People now rarely have the patience to read．
【解题导引】
第一步：速读全文，抓住主旨；
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
第二步：细审题干，定位原文；
第28小题是关于这篇文章最有可能取自哪里，通读全文可把握文章的体裁特点。
第29小题可以根据题干中的the selected artworks迅速定位第二段。
第30小题根据画线短语的前后文寻找答案。
第31小题可以根据题干中的e-reader可定位到最后一段从而确定答案。
第三步：仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。
在文中找到信息区间后，再仔细对比各选项，确定答案。
28．语篇出处题。通读全文，再根据第一段“Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world．(Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术品。)”以及倒数第二段“Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right．(在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品。)”可知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures．We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations．(艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点。)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
30．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures．We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations．”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments ”可知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带。故选A。
31．推理判断题。通过最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader (它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, ‘off-line’ activity (印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的‘离线’活动的机会)”可知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。
第1讲　题型破解——细节理解题
细节理解题考查考生对阅读材料中的某一-具体事实和细节的理解,特点是题干针对原文提到的某事物、现象或理论进行发问。细节理解题有时比较直接,理
解字面意思即可答题;有时则较为间接,需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右,是最重要的得分点。
考点1　直接细节题
辨 明 题 类
直接细节题常以应用文的形式出现在考题中，涉及的话题有：广告类、活动安排类、书籍电影介绍类、演出信息类等。题目一般就文中的某一具体事实细节设题，设问方式多为以5W1H(what, who, when, where, why和how)等开头的特殊疑问句，在原文中可直接找到答案。
技 法 点 拨
直接细节题主要考查对某句话或某几句话的理解，“题干定位法”是做事实细节题最基本的也是最常用的方法：
第一步：根据题干内容提取关键信息定位词。定位词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词等，即问题的核心信息。在原文中查找定位词或定位词的近义词，找出相关的句子；
第二步：运用跳读、略读技巧快速在原文中查找定位词或定位词的近义词，迅速定位原文，找出相关的句子；
第三步：分析对比选项与文中细节，得出正确答案。
真 题 体 验
(2023·全国乙卷A)
PRACTITIONERS
Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c．1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced．Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery．In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully．In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine． James Barry (c．1789—1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine．She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas．Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man．
Tan Yunxian (1461—1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents．Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors．However, Tan passed the official exam．Tan treated women from all walks of life．In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician． Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831—1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860．Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree．She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves．
23．Who was the first African American with a medical degree？
A．Jacqueline Felice de Almania．
B．Tan Yunxian．
C．James Barry．
D．Rebecca Lee Crumpler．
【解题示范】　第一步：阅读题干，找出题干关键词：the first African American with a medical degree；
第二步：迅速定位段落：根据第四部分“Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree．(四年后，她成为第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国女性。)”可知，Rebecca Lee Crumpler是第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国人。故选D。考点2　间接细节题
辨 明 题 类
考查间接信息题时，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。常用方式是同义词替换或释义，即把文中语言(词汇和句式结构)改头换面，或者把文中信息整合归纳，来表达相同的意思。
技 法 点 拨
在做间接细节理解题时，要根据所找信息，分析选项，对比其中所用词汇，以及表达方式，最后确定选项。
第一步：阅读题干，确定关键词；
第二步：定位题干关键词的转换形式(同义词、近义词、释义等)，或者对原文的概括归纳，锁定原文相关信息；
第三步：利用正确选项特征，确定答案。
正确选项特征：
(1)用同义或近义词(组)复现。
(2)同根词或原词复现。
(3)语言简化或对原文概括归纳。简化原文中的复杂语言现象，或者用一句话概括归纳原文的某一部分，并设置为答案。
(4)反义词复现。把原文中的意思反过来表达。
真 题 体 验
(2023·全国乙卷C)
What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables．But is British food really so uninteresting Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists．
It's thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits．It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain's consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way．There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges．It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking．
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food．Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before．One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking．The UK's obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling．Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before．With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it's no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking．
28．What do people usually think of British food？
A．It is simple and plain．
B．It is rich in nutrition．
C．It lacks authentic tastes．
D．It deserves a high reputation．
【解题示范】　第一步：阅读题干，找出题干关键词：people usually think of British food；
第二步：辨别选项定位到段落：根据第一段“What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables．But is British food really so uninteresting？(当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此无趣吗？)”可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物平平无奇。uninteresting和simple and plain可为语义上的转换。故选A。考点3　数字计算题
辨 明 题 类
既然是阅读理解题，数字计算题并不是真正考查考生的数学计算能力，主要仍是考查考生对文中涉及一些数字的某部分和题干的理解能力，数学计算方面是很基础的，简单的。
技 法 点 拨
1．审明题干要求，提取题干中的关键词寻读原文，同时标记数字、时间、年代等相关信息。
2．弄清题干询问数据与原文数据的逻辑关系，并进行加减乘除计算。
3．特殊信息词应注意：
(1)特殊数字：decade十年；fortnight两周；double两倍；couple两个；score二十；dozen十二。
(2)特殊词汇：off削价，减价；discount折扣。
真 题 体 验
(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷A)
Bike Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike．You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights．You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam．
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam．With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you．We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children's bikes．
Prices
Hand Brake, Three Gears Foot Brake, No Gears
1 hour 7．50 5．00
3 hours 11．00 7．50
1 day (24 hours) 14．75 9．75
Each additional day 8．00 6．00
Guided City Tours
The 2．5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more．The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1?00 pm every day．You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online．
22．How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days？
A．15．75．　　　　　 B．19．50．
C．22．75． D．29．50．
【解题示范】　第一步：阅读题干，找出题干关键词：pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days；
第二步：根据文中信息源：Prices。根据定价表可知，租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车一天需要14．75欧元，额外增加天数每天8欧元。所以租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车两天需要14．75＋8＝22．75欧元。故选C。第2讲　题型破解——推理判断题
推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题,一般在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。
考点1　细节推断题
辨 明 题 类
细节推断题要求考生根据语篇内容，就某具体细节进行推断，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。一般题干中经常会出现六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(得出结论，推断出)和assume(假定，设想)。
该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
(1)It can be inferred/concluded from the text that ．
(2)What can we infer/learn from．．．
(3)We can learn from the passage that ．
(4)The passage/story．．．indicates/suggests/implies that ．
技 法 点 拨
第一步：定位关键细节——根据题干提供的信息，抓住某一段话的关键信息，即推理的依据；
第二步：正确理解推断——对原文中的信息细读理解其字面意义，然后结合语境，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维和正向推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
【特别提醒】　(1)如果某个选项是文章中的一个细节内容，则不能作为推理的结论。
(2)切勿把脱离原文的个人看法、主观臆断作为答案。
真 题 体 验
(2022·全国乙卷B)
In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N．Y．—Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood—traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse．The girls had gone to Smith College．They wore expensive clothes．So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo．to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise．Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff's granddaughter．
Why did they go then Well, they wanted to do something useful．Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken．
They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning．Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold．In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice．
In Wickenden's book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead．A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms．The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn．
Wickenden is a very good storyteller．The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing．Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them．Then a full moon rose．The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter．”
25．What can we learn about the girls from Paragraph 3？
A．They enjoyed much respect．
B．They had a room with a bathtub．
C．They lived with the local kids．
D．They suffered severe hardships．
【解题示范】　第一步：确定题干中的关键信息：learn about，Paragraph 3；
第二步：在确定推理依据的位置或范围第三段之后，再进行推理判断：根据“They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning．(她们和一个当地家庭，哈里森一家一起搬进去，并且和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上覆盖着一层雪。)”以及“In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice．(在春天，覆盖在冰上的雪被泥替代。)”可知，女孩们的生活条件非常艰苦，她们饱受磨难。故选D。考点2　观点态度题
辨 明 题 类
所谓作者的观点和态度，就是表达作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观、悲观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词或副词。此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事所持的态度、观点或看法，或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。设问形式常有：
(1)What's the writer's attitude towards．．．
(2)What is the author's opinion on．．．
(3)What does the author think/feel about．．．
技 法 点 拨
1．文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中，注意文中作者或人物的措辞。
(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切忌用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。
(2)留意那些描写所处氛围及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。
(3)关注首段首尾句，推断文章主题，确定作者观点。
2．要分清选项中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反对或否定的词语，再以此对照文章内容。下面是一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：
(1)表示支持或肯定的词语
favorable赞同的，有利的；positive积极的，肯定的，确实的；supportive支持的；approval赞成，正式批准；reasonable合理的；enthusiastic热情的等。
(2)表示反对或否定的词语
critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；disapproval不赞成；impractical不实际的；radical激进的；prejudiced有成见的，偏颇的等。
(3)表示中立或客观的态度的词语
objective 客观的；neutral 中立的；indifferent 漠然的等。
真 题 体 验
(2023·全国乙卷B)
Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape(风景) can be quite a challenge, mainly because the corn state lacks geographical variation．
Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar, either farm fields or highways, sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes．To make some of my landscape shots, I have traveled up to four hours away to shoot within a 10-minute time frame．I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way．
Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography．I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment I am attempting to photograph．I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment．
One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil's Lake, Wisconsin, to climb the purple quartz (石英) rock around the lake．After we found a crazy-looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks, we decided to photograph the scene at sunset．The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background．We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset．However, we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely．Once we found the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time．Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely．
27．How does the author find his photos taken at Devil's Lake？
A．Amusing．　　　　　 B．Satisfying．
C．Encouraging． D．Comforting．
【解题示范】　第一步：根据题干确定题型：由题干中的How does the author find可知本题是考查作者的观点态度；
第二步：确定答案，定位到原文，寻找相关信息：根据最后一段“Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely．(尽管如此，回顾这些照片，它们仍然是我最好的一些照片，尽管如果我能明智地准备和管理我的时间，它们本可以拍得更好。)”可知，作者认为自己在魔鬼湖拍摄的照片是令人满意的。故选B。考点3　写作意图题
辨 明 题 类
通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。设问形式常有：
1．整篇文章的写作目的/意图
(1)The writer writes this passage in order to ．
(2)The purpose of the text is to ．
(3)What is the main purpose of the passage
(4)The writer of the story wants/intends to tell us that ．
2．某处细节的写作目的/意图
(1)The writer uses．．．in the first paragraph to ．
(2)The writer uses the example of．．．to ．
(3)The author writes the last paragraph in order to ．
技 法 点 拨
通常可依据文体特点来推断作者写作意图：
1．记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开。
2．应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言。
3．说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，故应找准主题句。
4．议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。
真 题 体 验
(2021·全国乙卷C)
You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans—between 4．8 and 12．7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year．But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does．He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products．
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse，” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash．Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam．
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled．Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源)of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled．Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes．Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear．
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明)a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean．For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic，” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped (倾倒)from a truck all at once．
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint．
29．Why does the author discuss plastic straws in Paragraph 3？
A．To show the difficulty of their recycling．
B．To explain why they are useful．
C．To voice his views on modern art．
D．To find a substitute for them．
【解题示范】　第一步：阅读题干，把握出题意图：Why discuss，plastic straws；
第二步：通过题干中的Paragraph 3迅速定位第三段，该段讲的是“全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源，但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利用。冯·王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能来自只喝了几分钟的饮料。一旦饮料消失了，吸管也要几个世纪才能消失。”吸管由于体积小，重量轻，无法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论吸管是为了展示它们回收的困难。故选A。考点4　语篇出处或读者对象题
辨 明 题 类
文章来源题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象，即作者针对的读者对象是什么人。设问形式常有：
(1)This passage would probably/most likely be found in ．
(2)The passage is probably taken from/out of ．
(3)The passage is probably intended for ．
技 法 点 拨
1．利用内容判断文章出处
(1)文章前面有日期、地点或通讯社名称：newspaper。
(2)推销介绍新产品：advertisement。
(3)文章中有click here, download, upload, link, mouse, surf等网络标志语等网络用语：website。
(4)旅游胜地方面的介绍：travel guide。
(5)时尚、名人或娱乐方面的介绍：magazine/journal/entertainment section。
(6)科普知识：science report。
(7)文化教育类文章：education section。
2．利用内容判断文章类别
(1)旅游景点方面的介绍：travel guide。
(2)新产品/新书/新影片/演出介绍：advertisement。
(3)活动介绍：notice/announcement。
(4)文章前面有日期、地点或通讯社名称：news。
(5)科普知识/研究介绍：science report/study report。
3．确定读者对象
先确定文章主题，再根据文章具体细节内容判断读者对象。
真 题 体 验
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷A)
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90－100, A; 80－89, B; 70－79, C; 60－69, D; Below 60, E．
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1＝10%; Essay 2＝15%; Essay 3＝15%; Essay 4＝20%．
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments(作业) during the course．All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system．
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class．Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded．
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late．If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero．Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero．Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted．
21．Where is this text probably taken from？
A．A textbook． B．An exam paper．
C．A course plan． D．An academic article．
【解题示范】　第一步：阅读题干，把握关键词Where，is taken from；
第二步：快速浏览全文，特别是黑体部分，确定体裁为说明文。根据标题“Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature (文学入门课程评分政策)”和“Essays (60%)(论文(60%))”部分的“Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course (你的四篇主要文章将构成本课程评分的主要部分)”可知，文章介绍了文学入门课程评分政策，可得出本文是出自一个课程计划。故选C。第3讲　题型破解——词句猜测题
词句猜测题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力,既可以考查生词的意义,也可以考查熟词的新意,还可以考查对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解文章中,常常有一些单词或短语超出了考试大纲，但又没有附加注释,需要考生猜测词义才能准确理解文章。
考点1　词语猜测题
辨 明 题 类
词语猜测题是基本上每年必考的阅读理解题型。词义判断是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速判断所指定的某一个生词或短语含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。
词语猜测题的命题方式有：
(1)The underlined word “．．．” in Paragraph．．．is closest in meaning to ．
(2)What does the underlined word “．．．” probably mean
(3)The underlined word “．．．” could best be replaced by “ ”．
(4)Which of the following words can take the place of the word “．．．”？
(5)By saying “．．．”， the author means ．
(6)“．．．” used in the passage can best be defined as ．
技 法 点 拨
1．根据定义、释义或同位语进行猜测
(1)科技说明文等文章中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语下定义，通过阅读定义和解释部分，考生便可理解该词或短语的意思。
(2)需要猜测的单词或短语后面有时会紧跟一个同位语，作为对前面的词或短语的解释说明。
(3)文章下文中常以某种特定方式对前文进行解释，如利用or, that is (to say), in other words, namely等词语。
(4)用冒号、破折号、括号等对某个词或短语加以解释说明。
例如：Taylor's swift action helped her teammates calm down．One girl called 911．Two more ran to get the school nurse，who brought a defibrillator，an electronic device (器械) that can shock the heart back into work．Luck stayed with them：Paris's heartbeat returned．
分析：所猜测单词defibrillator后面出现了同位语“an electronic device (器械) that can shock the heart back into work(一个可以电击心脏使其重新工作的电子器械)”来进行解释说明，我们可推知其词义应为“(心脏)除颤器”。
2．根据构词法进行猜测
英语中通过词根加词缀或合成两个单词的方式可以构成新词。因此，掌握了一定的构词知识，再结合上下文语境，也可以快速猜测词义。
例如：A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry．
分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
3．根据因果关系进行猜测
在阅读理解文章的句子或段落中，若两个事物或两种现象之间构成因果关系，这时我们可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推断词或短语的含义。表示因果关系的标志词有because, so, thus, therefore, as a result of, since, so that, so/such．．．that．．．等。
例如：My son could not follow the teacher's directions, he told me, and thus, Scola was disrupting the class．Didn't he know my son did not speak English yet
试题：What does the underlined word “disrupting” probably mean？
A．Breaking．　　　　　 B．Following．
C．Attending．　　 D．Disturbing．
分析：画线单词所在的句子出现了因果关系标志词thus，由前面的原因“我儿子听不懂老师的指示”可以推知，“他因此认为我儿子斯科拉干扰了课堂”，符合这一因果逻辑关系。故选D。
4．根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该词或该短语的含义，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词或短语的含义。常见的表示相同或相近意义的词和短语有and，or，like，as well，similarly，too，also，either等。
例如：The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St．Petersburg, Florida．
试题：What does the underlined word “contributions” refer to？
A．Artworks．　　 B．Projects．
C．Donations．　　 D．Documents．
分析：画线单词contributions前出现了and，可利用同义或近义关系进行猜测。and前面提到了“The fine selection of the major works(精选的重要作品)”，后面说contributions来自其他机构，由并列关系可以推断出contributions应该属于works的范畴，同时文中明确表示contributions是来自museum的。故选A。
5．根据转折、对比或反义关系进行猜测
有些需要猜测词义的词或短语前后会出现表示转折或对比的词语，运用这些词语也可以帮助猜测词义。能体现转折、对比关系的词汇很多，常见的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead (of)，on the other hand，rather than，on the contrary等。
例如：In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink．Sedate though they are, rides at this time of day are still very impressive．
试题：What does the underlined word “Sedate” probably mean
A．Wild and romantic． B．Slow and peaceful．
C．Hungry and thirsty． D．Active and excited．
分析：画线词语所在句子的句意为“虽然它们 ，但是在一天的这个时候骑马观赏仍然令人印象非常深刻。”由though可知，前后两句是转折关系，再结合前一句中提到的“at a more relaxed and unhurried pace”可知，应选B项，Sedate意为“不慌不忙的”。故选B。
6．根据上下文进行猜测
有些词语猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。
真 题 体 验
一、(2022·全国乙卷C)
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis．
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines．They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points．The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved．Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board．
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety．It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure．That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts．
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems．To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead．Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future．They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously．Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot．With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time．
29．What does “maintenance” underlined in Paragraph 3 refer to？
A．Personnel safety．
B．Assistance from drones．
C．Inspection and repair．
D．Construction of infrastructure．
【解题示范】　第一步：迅速扫读文章，在文章中的第三段找出画线词；
第二步：利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。根据下文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure．(据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施。)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety．”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全。故选C。
二、(2023·全国甲卷B)
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself)．Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself．
She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd．From the age of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays．A day's work was rewarded with ￡5 in pocket money．She says, “I'm sure I wasn't much of a help to start with painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house．It took weeks and it was backbreaking work, but I know he was proud of my skills．”
Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London, says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy (租期) comes to an end．She adds, “I've moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures．So, it's been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I've moved out．”
With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over that coming weeks, new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long, warm summer days to get jobs done．The average spend per project will be around ￡823．Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home．Two fifth wish to increase the value of their house．Though DIY has traditionally been seen as male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge．
24．Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in Paragraph 1？
A．An artist． B．A winner．
C．A specialist． D．A pioneer．
【解题示范】　第一步：找出画线短语所在文章中的位置；
第二步：利用下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测含义：根据画线短语下文“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself．(她擅长摆架子和拼接家具，从不付钱给别人做她自己能做的工作。)”可知，Terri Bolton是一位DIY高手。故选C。考点2　代词指代题
辨 明 题 类
判断替代词的指代内容，要求考生判断代词(it，one，they，this，that，these，those，which等)或代动词(do，does，did等)具体替代什么。
技 法 点 拨
1．代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。
2．代动词do, does, did一般用来替代前文中出现的一个动词短语，以避免重复。
3．设问形式常有：
(1)What does the underlined word “this/it/them/which．．．” refer to
(2)The underlined part “it/that/they/which．．．” in Paragraph．．．refers to “ ”．
(3)What does the underlined word “do/does/did”in Paragraph．．．mean/refer to
判定指代三步法
第一步：确定代词在文中所指代的内容；
弄清代词指代的是前文中的人、物还是一件事，要用单数还是复数。
第二步：掌握代词的含义、用法；
(1)it/this/that可指代一件事。
(2)it/he/them/they/one/those指上文提到的人或物。
(3)which/that/who等关系代词指代其所修饰的先行词，非限制性定语从句中which可指代前面整句话的内容。
第三步：替换核实再比较。
(1)用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。
(2)比较所代部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。
真 题 体 验
(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷C)
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel．
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse．Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos．Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply．
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted (分心)driving was “only increasing, unfortunately．”
“Big change requires big ideas．” he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety．So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving．
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer．It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity．The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws．
“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior，” said Félix W．Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers．If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone．”
30．What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to？
A．Advice． B．Data．
C．Tests． D．Laws．
【解题示范】　第一步：根据题干中的the last paragraph，确定画线代词在文章中的段落；
第二步：迅速扫读文章的最后一段，特别是画线代词所在句“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior(我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西)”可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, ‘people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone．’(他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，‘人们会更害怕拿起手机。’)”可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。受到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。考点3　句意猜测题
辨 明 题 类
句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中，要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句前后，寻找意义吻合是解题的关键。
技 法 点 拨
第一步：在原文中定位画线句；
第二步：查找画线句前后的关键信息句；
第三步：仔细阅读与画线句有意义关联的信息句，合理推断画线句的句意；
第四步：归纳总结，仔细比对选项，确定答案。
真 题 体 验
(2021·全国甲卷C)
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing．I loved it．I soon made friends with the local skaters．We spoke our own language．And my favorite：Safe．Safe meant cool．It meant hello．It meant don't worry about it．Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam(横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up：Safe, man．Safe．A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting：“Safe! Safe! Safe！” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater．
9．What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe！” probably mean？
A．Be careful！　 B．Well done!
C．No way！　 D．Don't worry!
【解题示范】　第一步：定位画线句，在原文第二段；
第二步：查找画线句后面的关键信息句：“And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater．”；
第三步：仔细阅读与画线句有意义关联的信息句，合理推断画线句的句意：根据画线词下文“And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater．(那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家。)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼，因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义。结合选项，故选B。

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