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选修二Unit 1 课文语法填空和翻译
第一篇
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “ KING CHOLERA”
约输 斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
Cholera used to be one of the most feared ____1_____(disease) in the world, until a British doctor. John Snow, showed how it could _____2____(overcome). This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even____3_____(die). In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became ____4_____(frustrate) because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended ____5____ Queen Victoria when she gave birth.
However, he never lost his desire ____6____ (destroy) cholera once and for all.
In general, doctors in those days had two ____7_____(contradict) theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an ____8_____(infect) from germs in food or water. Snow subscribed ____9_____ the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed ____10____(prove). _____11_____(Consequent), when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered ____12_____ in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined_____13_____(find) out why.
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places ____14_____ all those ____15____ died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). ____16____, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected ____17____the water pump was ____18____ blame. What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after ____19____(move) away from Broad Street. It seemed ____20____the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it ____21____(deliver) to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce ____22_____the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease ____23____(stop) in its tracks.
The truth was____24____the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show ___25____link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames ____26____was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much ____27____ (likely) to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.
Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. ___28____(Fortunate), we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks ___29____ the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow ____30____(consider) the father of modern epidemiology.
在英国医生约翰 斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰 斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医。甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。
然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。
关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。
斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)，但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。
事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。
经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。
然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰 斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。
答案：
diseases (one of+名词复数）
be overcome （此处是how引导的宾语从句，所以overcome做谓语，表示被动关系。）
death （and 前面并列名词，所以应用die的名词形式）
frustrated（ “感到沮丧的”。用-ed形容词修饰人。）
to （attend to sb. 照顾某人）
to destroy (the desire to do sth. 做某事的渴望）
contradictory（形容词修饰名词theory）
infection ( an+名词，“感染”)
to ( subscribe to 赞同，同意）
proof （但是需要政局，此处应用名词形式。）
Consequently（用副词修饰句子）
that （that引导的宾语从句，做discover的宾语）
to find（be determined to do sth. 下定决心做某事)
where（where引导的定语从句，修饰先行词places，从句句子完整）
who（who引导的定从，修饰those，从句中缺主语）
However（表示转折关系）
that （that引导的宾从，做suspect的宾语，从句句子完整）
to（be to blame 把...归咎于）
moving （after为介词，介词后面+doing）
that （that 引导表语从句，做seem的表语，从句句子完整）
delivered （had sth.done 让某物被......）
that （that引导的宾从，做announce的宾语，从句句子完整）
was stopped （此处做谓语，表示被动）
that （that 引导表语从句，做was的表语，从句句子完整）
a （展示了一种联系）
that （that 引导定语从句，从句句子缺主语）
more likely（由后面的than推出用比较级）
Fortunately（用副词修饰整个句子）
to （thanks to “幸亏，由于”）
is considered (be considered to do 被认为是.....)
第二篇
THE FATHER OF CHINA’S AEROSPACE
中国航天之父
Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact____1____China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. ____2____(Describe) by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen as a man with "great scientific thought and scientific spirit" ____3____ was patriotic and served his homeland with effort, achievement, and ____4____(devote), Qian was an extremely well-respected man.
Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering. However， after the Songhu Battle broke____5____in 1932，Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised____6____ China needed its own powerful air force____7____(protect) and defend the country.
Qian went to the United States in 1935 to pursue his graduate studies. Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology. ____8_____a graduate assistant at the California institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion, and in the 1940s, he and several other people founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, now one of NASA'S ____9____(lead) space-exploration centres.
After overcoming some difficulties during his final few years in the US Qian returned to China in 1955. He received a hero’s welcome____10_____his homeland and was put in charge ____11_____not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped. No institute or university in China___12____(offer) rocket science as a major, and there were no talents or experts in this field in China. Nevertheless, Qian did not let that discourage him ____13____taking on the challenge. When ___14____(ask) "Can we Chinese ___15____(possible) make missiles ” his reply was a determined "Why not We Chinese are able to make the same things ____16____other people make.”
Under Qian’s leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, ___17____ (follow) by the first generation of Long March rockets. In 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made satellite, Dong Fang Hong I, from a Long March rocket. Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can also ____18____ (trace) back to Qian's research, Qian earned the name of "the father of China’s aerospace.”
Qian read a lot and was _____19_____(extreme) knowledgeable, especially in the area of frontier science research. However, ____20____might have made him such an outstanding and ____21____(create) scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep ____22____(appreciate) for art often gave him ____23____(inspire) in his scientific research.
On 31 October 2009, the whole country was saddened by Qian’s death, and people honoured and remembered him in different ways.
也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。钱学森备受人们的尊敬，《钱学森的故事》一书的作者称他是一位具有“伟大科学思想和科学精神”的人，并且热爱祖国、勤勉努力、甘于奉献成就斐然。
钱学森1911年生于杭州，在北京上学，后来考入上海交通大学，学习铁道机械工程。不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。
1935年，钱学森前往美国读研究生。二十世纪三四十年代，钱学森成为美国喷气式飞机和火箭技术的先驱人物。二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的重要研究工作。二十世纪四十年代，钱学森与其他几人成立了喷气推进实验室，该实验室现已成为美国宇航局领先的太空探素中心之一
留学美国的最后几年，钱学森克服困难，于1955年回到中国。他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。那时候，中国还很贫穷，火箭科学尚不发达。中国没有一所学院或大学开设火箭科学专业，而且没有该领域的人才或专家。然而，钱学森并不气馁，而是接受挑战。有人问他:“我们中国人有可能制造出导弹吗 他的回答十分坚定:“有什么不能的，外国人能造出来的，我们中国人同样能造得出来。”
在钱学森的领导下，中国研制出了“东风”导弹，紧接着又研制出第一代“长征”系列火箭。1970年，中国使用“长征”火箭成功发射本国第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”。由于“神舟”系列火箭的大部分技术也可追根溯源到钱学森的研究，因此钱学森被誉为“中国航天之父
钱学森博览群书，尤其在前沿科学研究领域知识极其渊博。然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。他深厚的艺术鉴赏力时常给科研工作带来灵感。
2009年10月31日，钱学森逝世，举国哀痛，人们以各种方式纪念他缅怀他。
答案：
on (have an impact on sth. 对.....有影响）
Described（此处做非谓语，钱学森被描述为......，所以用过去分词表示被动）
who（who引导的定语从句，从句缺主语，指人）
devotion (and前面并列名词，所以用devote的名词形式）
out (break out 爆发）
that （that引导的宾语从句，做realize的宾语，从句完整。）
to protect（不定式表目的）
as (作为助教）
leading （形容词修饰名词centers）
from (受到“来自祖国的欢迎”）
of (in charge of 负责，掌管)
offered （此处做谓语，表示过去）
from （discourage sb.from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事）
asked （状语从句省略，当被问到.....）
possibly（副词修饰动词make）
that（that引导的定从，修饰先行词thing）
followed （非谓语表被动）
be traced（追溯到.....，此处做谓语，表被动）
extremely （副词修饰形容词knowledgeable)
what（what引导的主从，缺主语，指事物）
creative（and前后并列形容词，修饰scientist）
appreciation （his+名词）
inspiration (give sb,sth, 给某人某物，此处应用名词)
A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT
一个纯思维的世界
Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and ___1____(gift) scientists in physics. Most people are familiar _____2____images of him in his wheelchair unable to move and using a computer____3___(talk). Since he came down with a disease ____4____caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles, his world became one of abstract thought.
Hawking first achieved fame when he was still healthy enough to walk, as a graduate student in physics at Cambridge University in 1964. In general there were two main ____5____(theory) on the origin of the universe. The first was the steady state theory, which holds that the universe has no beginning ___6____ end. The other was the big bang theory, which holds that the universe began at a single point in time and space. The ____7____(big) champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle, a professor at Cambridge. During the question and answer period after one of Hoyle’s lectures, Hawking stood up and pointed out ____8____ Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths. Once the maths ____9____(correct), it showed that the big bang theory—and not the steady state theory—was true. Hawking’s own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes. A star was born.
So, ___10____made Stephen Hawking a genius Besides___11___(be) brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in ___12___ he said or did. He was willing to say ___13____ others were afraid to say, and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about. Furthermore, he was quite ____14___(determine). This had helped him as a scientist, and had helped him even more in his fight ___15____ his disease. Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. This odd ____16____(combine) of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries.
史蒂芬 霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。大多数人都很熟悉他坐在轮椅上无法动弹、只能通过电脑来说话的样子。他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界
霍金最早成名于1964年，当时他身体健康，行动自如，是剑桥大学物理学研究生。总的来说，宇宙起源有两大理论:第一个是稳恒态理论，认为宇宙无始无终;另一个是大爆炸理论，认为宇宙始于时空中的一个点。稳恒态概念的最大拥护者是剑桥大学的弗雷德 霍伊尔教授。在霍伊尔的一次讲座中，霍金在问答环节站了起来，指出霍伊尔教授计算有误。错误纠正之后显示大爆炸理论而非稳恒态理论是正确的。不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。一位明星就此诞生。
那么，是什么使得史蒂芬 霍金成为一名天才呢 除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人，尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。他敢说别人不敢说的话，做别人不敢做的梦。此外，他意志坚定。无论是作为一位科学家，还是与病魔作斗争，这种品质对他都大有帮助，最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。
答案：
gifted （-ed形容词修饰人，有天赋的）
with （be familiar with 对......熟悉)
to talk(use sth.to do 用.....来做.....)
which（which引导的定从，修饰先行词disease，从句缺主语）
theories（此处用名词复数）
or （没有开始或结束)
biggest (the后面+最高级，最大的支持者）
that（that引导的宾语从句，做point out的宾语，从句句子完整）
was corrected(once 引导的从句，correct在此做谓语，表示被动),
what（what引导的主从，缺主语，指事物）
being （besides是介词，介词+doing)
what（what引导的宾从，做in的宾语，从句缺宾语，指事物）
what (引导的宾从，做say的宾语，从句缺宾语，指事物）
determined（-ed 形容词修饰人）)
against (fight against 与......作斗争)
combination （the combination of... ......的结合）

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