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2024英语寒假作业·高一年级
第2周 第5天
【外刊精读】
原文
Whether it’s a tricky maths problem or an unexpected bill, daily life is full of stressful experiences. Now researchers have found that humans produce a different odour when under pressure — and dogs can sniff it out. While previous studies have suggested canines might pick up on human emotions, possibly through smell, questions remained over whether they could detect stress and if this could be done through scent.
Wilson added the findings could prove useful when training service dogs, such as those that support people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). “They’re often trained to look at someone either crouching down on the floor, or starting to do self-injurious behaviours,” said Wilson. The latest study, she said, offers another potential cue. “There is definitely a smell component, and that might be valuable in the training of these dogs in addition to all of the visual stuff,” said Wilson.
The researchers report they were able to train four dogs to indicate the container holding a particular breath and sweat sample, even when the line-up included unused gauze, samples from another person, or samples from the same person taken at a different time of day. With the team confident the dogs understood the approach, they turned to breath and sweat samples collected from 36 people asked to count backwards from 9,000 in units of 17. The participants reported feeling stressed by the task and, for the 27 who carried it out in the laboratory, their blood pressure and heart rate rose.
The dogs were taught to pick out samples taken just after the task from a line-up that included two containers holding unused gauze. The researchers then tested whether the dogs could do the same when the line-up included not only unused gauze but samples taken from the same participant just before the task, when they were more relaxed. Each set of samples was shown to a single dog in 20 trials.
The results reveal that the dogs chose the “stressed” sample in 675 out of the 720 trials. “It was pretty amazing to see them be so confident in telling me ‘nope, these two things definitely smell different’,” said Wilson. The team say while it was unclear what chemicals the dogs were picking up on, the study shows humans produce a different odour when stressed — confirming previous research that used instruments to analyse samples.
（节选自The Guardian）
文本精读
Whether it’s a tricky maths problem or an unexpected bill, daily life is full of stressful experiences. Now researchers have found that humans produce a different odour when under pressure — and dogs can sniff it out. While previous studies have suggested canines might pick up on human emotions, possibly through smell, questions remained over whether they could detect stress and if this could be done through scent.
tricky adj. 难办的，难对付的；狡猾的，诡计多端的
an unexpected bill 表面意思是“意外出现的账单”，文中指“意外出现的压力”
odour n. （尤指难闻的）气味，臭味
sniff out 嗅出；看出，觉察出
canine n. 犬
pick up on 领略，意会，意识到
scent n. （人的）气味，气息；香味
请翻译上文：
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Wilson added the findings could prove useful when training service dogs, such as those that support people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). “They’re often trained to look at someone either crouching down on the floor, or starting to do self-injurious behaviours,” said Wilson. The latest study, she said, offers another potential cue. “There is definitely a smell component, and that might be valuable in the training of these dogs in addition to all of the visual stuff,” said Wilson.
add v. 补充说，继续说
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 创伤后应激障碍
crouch down 蹲下，蹲伏
component n. 成分，部分，组成部分
请翻译上文：
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The researchers report they were able to train four dogs to indicate the container holding a particular breath and sweat sample, even when the line-up included unused gauze, samples from another person, or samples from the same person taken at a different time of day. With the team confident the dogs understood the approach, they turned to breath and sweat samples collected from 36 people asked to count backwards from 9,000 in units of 17. The participants reported feeling stressed by the task and, for the 27 who carried it out in the laboratory, their blood pressure and heart rate rose.
container n. 容器
line-up 一排，一队
gauze n. 纱布；网纱，网
请翻译上文：
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The dogs were taught to pick out samples taken just after the task from a line-up that included two containers holding unused gauze. The researchers then tested whether the dogs could do the same when the line-up included not only unused gauze but samples taken from the same participant just before the task, when they were more relaxed. Each set of samples was shown to a single dog in 20 trials.
pick out 认出来，辨别出；精心挑选
unused adj. 未用过的，没用着的，闲着的
trial n. 试验，试用
请翻译上文：
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The results reveal that the dogs chose the “stressed” sample in 675 out of the 720 trials. “It was pretty amazing to see them be so confident in telling me ‘nope, these two things definitely smell different’,” said Wilson. The team say while it was unclear what chemicals the dogs were picking up on, the study shows humans produce a different odour when stressed — confirming previous research that used instruments to analyse samples.
请翻译上文：
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参考答案：
无论是棘手的数学问题还是突如其来的账单，日常生活都充满了压力。现在，研究人员发现，人类在压力下会产生不同的气味，而狗可以嗅出这种气味。虽然以前的研究表明，犬科动物可能会通过气味来感受人类的情绪，但关于它们是否能检测到压力以及这是否可以通过气味来检测的问题仍然存在。
威尔逊补充说，这些发现在训练服务犬时可能被证明是有用的，例如那些支持创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）患者的服务犬。威尔逊说：“他们经常被训练去看要么蹲在地板上，要么开始做自残行为的某个人。”最新的研究提供了另一个潜在的线索。她说：“除了所有视觉因素之外，肯定有气味成分，这可能在这些狗的训练中很有价值。”
研究人员报告说，他们能够训练四只狗去指出装有特定呼吸和汗液样本的容器，即使辨认行列中包括未使用的纱布、来自另一个人的样本或来自同一个人在一天中不同时间采集的样本。由于该团队相信这些狗理解这种方法，他们还从36人身上收集的呼吸和汗液样本，这些人被要求以17为单位从9,000开始倒数。参与者报告说，他们对这项任务感到压力很大，在实验室执行这项任务的27人，他们的血压和心率都上升了。
这些狗被教导从辨认行列中挑选出参与者任务结束后立即采集的样本，行列中包括两个装有未使用的纱布的容器。然后，研究人员测试了当辨认行列中不仅包括未使用的纱布，还包括从同一参与者在任务开始前，他们更放松时采集的样本时，这些狗是否可以做到同样的事情。在20次试验中，每组样本都向每一条狗一一展示。
结果显示，在720次试验中，狗有675次选择了“压力”样本。威尔逊说：“看到他们如此自信地告诉我‘不，这两样东西闻起来肯定不一样’，真是太神奇了。”该团队表示，虽然目前还不清楚这些狗感受到哪些化学物质，但该研究表明，人类在受到压力时会产生不同的气味——证实了之前使用仪器分析样本的研究。

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