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定语从句
引导词表
形容词性从句 关系代词 主 宾 表 定 关系副词 状
定语从句 限制性 that 表人或物 Who whom 表人 Which 表物 Whose 表所属 谁的 as When表时间 Where 表地点 Why 表原因
非限制性
结构
主句（先行词）+引导词（关系代词/关系副词）+从句（成分）
定语从句三要素
①先行词
②引导词
③引导词代替先行词在从句中做成分
如何判定是定语从句：
先行词一般是名词性的词（名代数 不定式及短语 动名词及短语）和句子
引导词必须代替先行词在从句中做成分
初级水平
一、定语从句的概念
定语从句是用来修饰一个名词或代词的从句，在句子中处于定语的位置，故又叫定语从句。定语从句起形容词的作用，对先行词或句子起限制作用。定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词两大类。
学习定语从句 要学会逆向拆分 即把主句和从句分别列开
二、出现条件
定语从句的出现条件必须有两个：一要有先行词，也就是要有被修饰的对象；二要有关系词引出。如：
Do you know the man who is standing there 你认识站在那里的那个人吗？
句中的先行词是 man，who 是关系代词，引出定语从句，同时在定语从句中兼做主语。
三、定语从句的先行词
这里所说的先行词并不一定只是一个词（名词或代词），它还可以是一个词组，甚至还可以是一个句子。
如：
The novel which was written by Mr. White is very interesting. （先行词是名词）怀特先生写的那部小说非常有趣。
Those who are for the plan put up your hands. （先行词是指示代词）那些赞成这计划的人举手。
I’m ringing about the job vacancy which you advertised in yesterday’s Xinmin Evening News. （先行词是词组）
我打电话问一下关于你们昨天在《新民晚报》上所登的一个职位的空缺之事。
As might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed. （先行词是一个句子，关系代词 as 置于句首）
The response to the question was very mixed. It might be expected. 就如所料，那个问题的答案非常复杂。
主句 the response to the question was very mixed
从句 As might be expected
四、限制性定语从句这种从句与被修饰的先行词之间没有逗号分开，它是整个句子不可分割的一部分，因此也不能省略，
不然句子意思就不完整。
限制性定语从句的关系代词有 who、whom、whose、that、but、which 等；关系副词有 when、where、
why、as、that 等。它们在定语从句中分别可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语等。如：
He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑到最后，谁笑的最好。
God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。
Under everyone’s hard shell is someone who wants to be appreciated and loved. 人人都渴求被欣赏和关爱。 He that cannot ask cannot live. 万事不求人，哪里能生存。
All’s well that ends well. 结果好就一切都好。（that 指前面的 All，在从句中作主语）
特别说明：形容词做表语的主系表中 由于被修饰的主语过短 定语从句过长 那么为了美观会把从句至于句尾
Everyone (that) you meet deserves to be greeted with a smile. （关系代词 that 省略，因为它在句中做 meet 的宾语。）
每一个与你相见的人都值得你笑脸相迎。
He is not the man that he was. （that 指前面的 man，在从句中作表语）他不再是以前的他了。
五、非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句是对先行词或句子进行修饰的定语从句。它与限制性定语从句最明显的区别，是与被修饰的先行词或句子之间有逗号分开，这是其一；其二是它与被修饰成分之间的关系不紧密，因此省去它后，句子意思仍完整。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有 which（不能用 that）、as、who、whose；关系副词有 where、when、why、as，还有“名词/代词 + of + which/whom”结构形式的非限制性定语从句。例如：
I have a beautiful pencil-box, which my sister bought me for my eleventh birthday present.
I have a beautiful pencil-box. My sister bought a beautiful pencil-box for me for my eleventh birthday present. 我有一个漂亮的铅笔盒，那是我姐姐买我的十一岁生日礼物。
There are thirty students in his class, most of whom are from the south.
There are thirty students in his class. Most of thirty students in his class are from the south.
30 个学生，其中大多数是南方人。
定语从句的结构和功能总述
一、关系代词的用法
1. 关系代词的作用和分类
（1）关系代词的作用有三个：
①连接作用：关系代词引导从句，把它和主句连接起来；
②替代作用：关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词；
③成分作用：关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。
（2）关系代词的用法分类
关系代词 用于限制性和非限制性定语从句 只用于限制性定语从句
代词格 指人 指物 既指人又指物
主格 who which that
宾格 Who/whom
所属格 Whose/of whom Whose/of which whose
关系代词的用法分类有三点依据：
①根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性；
②根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物；
③根据它在从句中所充当的成分——主语、宾语、表语或定语。
为何that不能用于非现 因为that有特指含义 那 那个 如果出现在非现中 就会出现到底that是发挥引导定语从句功能还是特别指代前面的东西 进而引起混乱歧义
2. 易混关系代词辨析
（1）关系代词 that 和 which 先行词是物时，关系代词 that，which 可以通用，但有区别。
1）只能用 that 的情况
①先行词为不定代词（all，nothing，the one，much 等）或被不定代词修饰时
本质：不定代词既可以指人也可以指物 或 同时指人和物 为了避免出现混乱歧义 用that 最为妥当
You can take any seat that is free. Tell us all that you know.
I never have taken anything that didn’t belong to me. 我从没拿过不属于我的东西。 All is fish that comes to net. 来者不拒。（抓到篮里便是菜。） He did the little that he could. 他已尽了自己的微薄力量。
②先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时
本质：特指 表强调
That is the first composition that I’ve written in English.
The first step that he should take was to get a job in the city. 他的第一步应该是在城里找份工作。
③先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时
本质：特指 表强调
That is the best that has been used against pollution.
I will never forget the last French lesson that I had. 我永远忘不了我最后那堂法语课。
You are the prettiest girl that I’ve ever seen. 你是我所见到的过的最漂亮的女孩。
④当人和物同为先行词时
Everyone wants to see the spaceship and the spaceman that made the flight around the earth.
We talked of things and persons that we remembered at school. 我们谈到了我们记得起来的学校中的人和事。
⑤先行词是 be 的表语或关系词在从句中作表语时
本质：特指 表强调
It’s a book that will help you a lot.
He is no longer the man (that) he used to be.
⑥先行词被 the only（唯一），the very（正是）修饰时
本质：特指 表强调
That is the very pen (that) I am looking for.
Any person that has the money can join the group. 任何有钱的人都可参加那个小组。
⑦当先行词是 which 或 who 时，为避免重复，如：
Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk
Which of the two cows produces more milk You keep the two cows.
Who is the woman that is singing in the garden 在花园里唱歌的女人是谁？
⑧先行词为 the way/the time/the moment/the first time/the last time 等名词时
本质：特指 表强调
I don’t like the way (that) he talks.
This is the third time (that) he has been late this week.
注意：此时 that 为关系副词，先行词没有被 the first/the last time 等修饰时
The time (that)/(when) I saw you was 8:00.
⑨定语从句中套定语从句，其中一个关系词已用 which 时，如：
He built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
2）只用 which 的情况
①关系代词前有介词或介词短语时，（当关系代词 which 和 that 都指物时，都可做介词的宾语，但它们之间有差别。which 作介词宾语时，在从句中可分可合；但 that 在从句中作介词宾语时只可分不可合。如要合，那么必须把 that 换成 which。这里还需说明的是，这些介词与动词是自然搭配，不包括那些固定的动介搭配的短语动词。）
Here is the book about which I told you yesterday. →Here is the book which I told you about yesterday.
The ancient town which we arrived at last night is famous for its gardens and towers. →The ancient town at which we arrived last night is famous for its gardens and towers. 我们昨晚到达的那个古镇以它的楼台园林而闻名。
This is the house that I used to live in when live when I was a child.
→This the house in which I used to live when I was a child. 这就是我孩童时曾住过的房子。
再看下面的句子：
Who is the woman (that) you were talking to 你刚才与之交谈的女人是谁？
显然，上句中的 that 指前面的 woman，在从句中作介词 to 的宾语，that 可省略。同理，如把介词 to 移
至关系代词前，那么也要把 that 换成相应的宾格关系代词 whom。
总之，要记住关系代词 that 是不能作介词的宾语的，而作介词宾语的关系代词只能是 which（指物）或
whom（指人），而且关系代词做介词宾语时不能省略。
②非限制性定语从句中
The weather turned out to be very good, which was better than we could expect.
③先行词后有插入语
Here is the English grammar book which, as I’ve told you, will help improve your English.
④为避免重复时
I told them a story last night, which that had been made up by me was very interesting.
⑤which 有时是 this 或 that 的意思，如：
He was fined $500, which we all thought served him right. 他被罚了 500 美元，我们都认为那是他活该。
All the guests invited had come to the party, which made him so happy. 邀请的客人都来参加派对，这让他很高兴。
The speaker paused to examine his notes, at which point a loud crash was heard. 演讲者停下来查阅他的笔记，就在这时，听到砰的一声巨响。
I may have to work late, in which case I’ll phone. 我可能得晚点下班，那样我会打电话的。
（2）关系代词 as 和 which
as 既可指人又可指物，主要用于 as...；as...as；the same...as...；such...as...等结构中，在从句中作主语、
宾语。引导的从句可位于句中，句首，句末。如：
As is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.
Talks between the two countries, as is reported in the newspaper, are making progress.
Mary was late for school, as is often the case.
as 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子，而 which 不仅可修饰整个句子还可以修饰单个名词；引导限制和非限制性从句，从句要放在句末。如：
The meeting, which was held in the park, was a success.
The meeting was a success, as was expected.
The meeting is very important, as indeed it is. 那个会议的确很重要，的确是的。
当 as 代替一句话，引导限制性定语从句时，其意思是“这一点”，引出的从句位置很灵活，可以放在主
句之前、之后或中间。
放在主句之前时，as 通常作主语
As is known to all, she is the youngest and prettiest girl in our class. 众所周知，她是我们班里最年轻漂亮的女孩。
放在其他位置时，as 在从句中可作主语或宾语；
He made a long speech, as was expected. 他做了个长报告，不出所料。
而 which 引导非限制性定语从句时不但可以代替全句内容，也可以代替某个词或短语，在从句中除了可作主语外，还可作宾语、表语等成分，其位置是尽量靠近被说明的先行词、先行句，决不能置于句前。如果 as 有“正如”之类的意思，它所引导的就不是定语从句，而是状语从句。
另外，非限制性从句若是肯定句，用 which，as 均可，若是否定句式或意思是否定的句子，则多用 which。
如：
She has married again, as was expected. 她又结婚了，这是大家意料之中的事。
She has married again, which was unexpected. 她又结婚了，真是没想到。
结论：当which指代整句话而引导的非限制性定语从句时，which可被as替代，并且as引导的从句可位于句首，中间与主句隔开（这属于高级的写法）
（3）who 和 that 的区别先行词是人时，关系代词可用 who(m)，that 引导定语从句，但下列情况一般用 who，而不用 that。
①先行词是 one，ones，anyone 或 anybody，those 时，如：
Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
②一个句子中带有两个定语从句其中一个的关系词是 that 时，如：
The student that won the first prize is the monitor who speaks English best in our class.
③在 there be 句型中和非限制性句型中，如：
There is a person who wants to see you.
I met an old classmate yesterday, who is now a manager of a big company.
（4）who，whom 和 whose who 指人，在定语从句中作主语； whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语；
口语和非正式文体中，常用 who 代替 whom，但不能位于动词或介词之后。
Take your problem to the person who you think can help you.
She is the girl (who/whom) I will go to Shanghai with.
whose 既可指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。
George Orwell, whose real name was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels.
The librarian refused to accept the book, whose cover was gone when it was returned.
3. 关系词的省略 原则：能不省就不省 除非你很熟练并且准确使用
①作宾语的关系代词（who /that/which）可以省略，但前面不能有介词。如：
This is the man (whom/that) we have talked about. (口语中 who 和 whom 一般不做区分。)
He is the man (whom) I saw at the park this morning. 他就是我今天早晨在公园里看见的那个人。
关系代词直接跟在介词后作其宾语时不可省略，但分开时可省略。
It sounds like the trip on which I’m really keen. 听起来好像是我想去的旅游。
It sounds like the trip (which) I’m really keen on.
This is the village in which I was born. 这是我出生的村庄。
This is the village (which) I was born in.
②关系代词作表语时，也可以省略
Beijing is no longer the city (that) is used to be.
③口语中，关系副词可以省略（尤其是先行词为 time，way，reason 等时）。如：
This is the reason (why) I did it.
I don’t know the time (that) he arrived.
4. 限制性和非限制性定语从句
①限制性定语从句起修饰限制的作用，是主句不可少的一部分，与先行词无逗号隔开，翻译成中文常译成前置定语。
Those who want to go, sign their names on the paper. 那些想去的人把他们的名词签在纸上。
②非限制性的定语从句对先行词起补充说明的作用，省去不影响句子意思，常用逗号隔开，翻译成中文时，常译成并列分句。如：
This is not was left by John, who was here a moment ago. 这便条是约翰留的，他刚才还在这儿。
注意：why 和 that 不能引导非限制性定语从句
③限制性和非限制性定语从句的比较
He has a daughter who is at school. 他有一个上学的女儿。（不可能还有一个女儿或儿子。）
He has a daughter, who is at school. 他有个女儿，还在上学。（可能还有一个女儿或儿子。）
He wears a red shirt which makes him like a girl.
他穿着一件女性化的红色衬衫。（说明衬衫）（强调局部）
He wears a red shirt, which makes him like a girl.
他穿着一件红色衬衫，使得他像一个女孩。（说明主句）（强调整体）
说明：在汉译意义上，限制性定语从句常译成“……的”，而非限制性定语从句常另译成一句，与主句并列。
定语从句中的主谓一致
诀窍：只需把先行词代入从句，就自然明白谓语用何种形式
①关系词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。
I, who am your friend, will leave for Beijing tomorrow。
He who makes no mistakes makes nothing. 从不犯错的人一事无成。
which 和 as 指代词一个句子时，从句谓语动词用单数。如：
Mary is often late for class, which makes our teacher very unhappy.
②当先行词被 the only/the very/the exact one of 修饰时，从句谓语动词用单数，若仅有 one of 修饰时则从句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：
He is one of the students who want to be a doctor in the future. 他是想要在未来成为医生的众多学生中的一个。
He is the only one of the students who wants to be a doctor in the future. 他是学生中唯一一个想在未来当医生的。
He is one of the students who are from the north. 他是来自北方的学生之一。
He is the only one of the students who is from the north. 他是唯一来自北方的学生之一。
6. “介词/介词短语 + which/whom”中介词的选择
关系代词前面的介词使用是根据与名词前面的动词搭配关系和介词的搭配关系及句子结构上的需要而
定的。
诀窍：拆分句子
We’ll never forget the day on which we went camping. (on the day)
He always remembered a lot of something interesting at school, where he could play any sports with his classmates.
We’ll never forget the day when we went camping.
The woman to whom we spoke is from the USA. (speak to sb.)
His glasses, without which he was (=who was not) like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.（由句意决
定）
*7. 特别讲解：关系代词 but
由 but 引导的定语从句。 but 作关系代词引出定语从句，对此一般书上很少讲。把 but 作为关系代词用时，有四点要注意： 第一：but 引出的是限定性定语从句，其意思是“无、不”（=who not，which not）； 第二：but 的先行词可以是人，也可以是物； 第三：but 在从句中只做主语； 第四：but 的主句（也可称先行项）中常带有否定词或含有否定意义的词（如 few、little、no、not），所以这种复合句（双重否定表肯定）表示的往往是肯定意思。如： There are few of us but admire your determination. 我们中间很少有人不佩服你的决心。 There is no rule but has exception. 没有无例外的规则。 There is not one of us but wishes to help you. 我们没有一个不想帮助你。 Nobody knew him but respected him. 认识他的人都尊敬他。 None sought his aid but were helped. 请求他帮助的人总能得到帮助。 Hardly a man came to the exhibition but was deeply impressed by the originality of his works. 来参观展览的人几乎没有一个不对他作品的新颖风格印象深刻。
关系副词的用法
准确判定关系副词代替先行词在从句中作何种状语
用关系副词 where、when、why、as、that 引导定语从句（as，that 一般不用）。
当先行词是表示地点的名词（如 house、place、town、village 等），而且从句中的谓语动词是不及物的，
那就用 where 引出定语从句；当先行词是表示是时间的名词（如 day、occasion（时机）、season 等）而且从句里的谓语动词是不及物的，那就用关系副词 when 引出定语从句；当先行词是表示原因的方面的名词（如 reason），而且从句里的谓语动词是不及物的，那就用关系副词why 引出定语从句；如果从句里的谓语动词是及物的，那就要用 which 或 that 引出定语从句；试比较下面两组句子：
第一组：This is the house where he lived last term. 这是他上学期住过的房子。
This is the house in which he lived last term.
This is the house which/that they visited last term. 这是他们上学期看过的房子。
第二组：We will never forget the happy days when we lived and worked together.
我们永远也不会忘记我们一起生活、工作的那些快乐日子。
We will never forget the happy days that/which we spent together.
我们永远也不会忘记我们一起生活、工作的那些快乐日子。
解析：从第一组可见，两句的先行词都是 house，但第一句是用关系副词 where 引出定语从句，在从句中作地点状语，这是因为从句中的谓语动词是不及物动词 lived。而第二句却用了关系代词 which/that 引出定语从句，在从句中作宾语，因为从句中的谓语动词 visited 是及物动词。
再说第二组，两句的先行词也一样，是表示时间的 days，但第一句用关系副词 when 引出定语从句，在从句中作时间状语，这是因为从句的谓语动词 lived 和 worked 是不及物动词。而第二句却用了关系代词 that/which 引出定语从句，在从句中作宾语，这是因为从句中的谓语动词 spent 是及物动词。
She came the same day as I left. 她在我离开的那天来的。
The day that she got there was Wednesday. 她达到的那天是星期三。这两句中的 as 和 that 的先行词都是 day，它们在从句中都做状语。
（1）当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。其中：
when=表示时间的介词（如：in，at，during 等）+which；
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (when = on which)
where=表示地点的介词（如：in，at，on，under 等）+which；
Can you tell me the office where he works (where = in which)
why=表示原因的介词（如：for）+which。由关系副词 why 引出的定语从句在其先行词 reason 名词之后。
Do you know the reason why he is absent（缺席） (why = for which)
That’s the reason why she was late was that her car broke down on the half way. 她迟到的原因是她的汽车在半路上抛锚了。
That’s the reason why he disliked me. 这就是他不喜欢我的理由。
Do you know the reason why I left 你知道我为什么要离开吗？
介词+关系代词（which）=where/when。有时为表达清楚，还可以在关系副词 where/when 前加介词 from，to 等。
China is the birth place of kites, from where kite flying spreads to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
总结：当从句谓语动词是不及物动词进行变换时 关键是把隐藏的介词准确的重新加上
特别提示
介词+关系代词的用法
如何确定介词
1.在从句中找固定搭配
Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands.
从句和某人握手应该是shakehandswithsb,shakehands后面的介词with提到关系代词前面。
2.跟先行词搞固定搭配
I will never forget the day on which I first meet you.
先行词day那一天，在那一天的固定搭配是on the day,故介词用on
3.当关系代词作“动词+介词”常见的固定搭配的宾语时,此时固定搭配中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前
This is the pet which you are looking for.
look for寻找是常见的国定搭配，故不能移到关系代词which之前
高考对关系副词 where 的考查
高考试题中对于 where 的考查趋于复杂，从先行词由“明显的地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上，对于where 这个词，不能只理解为表示地点。当先行词表示某人/物的处境，或某事所发展的阶段，或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where 这个关系副词。
The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called .
The accident had reached to a point. Both their parents are to be called in the point.
事情发展到如此程度，不得不请双方家长来一趟了。
这种用法不仅仅限于定语从句，特殊疑问句中的 where，名词性从句中的 where 都有这种用法。
Where will all this trouble lead 这件麻烦事会惹出什么结果？
That is where you are mistaken. 这就是你的错误所在。（表语从句）
如何判断用关系代词还是关系副词
We ' ll never forget the day when we work (不及物动词) in the village .
We ' ll never forget the day( that/which) we spent (及物动词) in the village .
This is the place where she worked (不及物动词).
The city (that/which) we visited (及物动词) is well-known .
That is the reason why he is leaving(不及物动词).
That is the reason that he told (及物动词) me .
高级水平
一、定语从句的其他要点
（1）关系副词和关系代词的比较
引导定语从句的关系代词及关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的作用外，它们还有一个最重要的作用，
那就是它们分别在定语从句中充当成分。具体地说，关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此，在选择引导词时，最重要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分，若从句中缺主语、宾语或表语，那么必须用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语、宾语或表语，那么必须用关系副词。
试比较下面的句子：
①Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao
你还记得我们一起在青岛度过的日子吗？
②Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao
你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗？
在句①中，定语从句中缺宾语，因此须用关系代词 that/which 来引导从句，而在句②中，定语从句不缺
主语，也不缺宾语，因此须用关系副词 when 来引导从句。
如何判断用关系代词还是关系副词
We ' ll never forget the day when we work (不及物动词) in the village .
We ' ll never forget the day( that/which) we spent (及物动词) in the village .
This is the place where she worked (不及物动词).
The city (that/which) we visited (及物动词) is well-known .
That is the reason why he is leaving(不及物动词).
That is the reason that he told (及物动词) me .
（2）特殊关系代词 than，but 和 where 了解即可 不必深究
如：He gave more money than was needed. 他给的钱比需要的多。
There was no one in my family but was glad to hear the good news. 我家里没有人听到这个好消息不高兴的。
（3）定语从句与其他句式的比较
It is such a heavy box that he can’t lift it. （状语从句）
It is such a heavy box as he can’t lift. （定语从句）
Is this factory the one in which/where we lived three years ago （定语从句）
Is this factory where we lived three years ago （表语从句）
As is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer. （定语从句）
It is known to the world that Mark Twain is a great American writer. （主语从句）
That Mark Twain is a great American writer is known to the world. （主语从句）
The reason why he didn’t come was unknown. （定语从句）
The reason that he gave was not right. （定语从句）
She did all she could do to help him. （定语从句）
She is not the girl she used to be. （定语从句）
She did what she could to help him. （宾语从句）
She is not what she used to be. （表语从句）
总结：由以可以看出，分清定语从句与其他复合句的关键是要掌握先行词及其后的关系词，要看其是否在从句中做成分，是否有意义。
（4）注意 way 和 time 后接定语从句的情况 高级高分写法
①当先行词是 way 意为“方式、方法”时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。如：
What surprise me was not what he said but the way (in which/that/省略) he said it. 使我感到惊奇的不是他说了什么，而是他说话的方式。
注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同，试比较：
The way (that/which/不填) he explained to us was quite simple. 他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。
The way (that/in which/不填) he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. 他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解。
②先行词是 time 时，若 time 作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词 That 引导定语从句，That 可省略；
若 time 作“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词 when 或介词 at/during + which 引导定语从句。如：
This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country. 这是总统第二次访问那个国家。
I could hardly remember how many times (that) I’ve failed. 我几乎记不清我失败多少次了。
This was at a time when/during which there were no radio, no telephones or no TV sets. 这是一段没有收音机，没有电话，没有电视机的时间。
二、定语从句的变换 高级高分写法
1.定语从句缩写成“同位语” 这时定语从句结构必须是主系（be）表结构才可以进行这样的变换
在新闻媒体中，常见把定语从句缩写成“同位语”。也就是把两个名词短语并列，中间用逗号分开，这样，第二个短语是对第一个短语加以补充说明，这也就是以同位语的形式缩写了原来的非限制性定语从句
Mr. Watkins, a neighbour of mine, never missed the opportunity to tell me the latest news.
(=Mr. Watkins, who is a neighbour of mine, never missed the opportunity to tell me the latest news.) 沃特金斯先生，我的一个邻居，从不放过对我讲述最近消息的机会。
D. H. Lawrence, the author of Sons and Lovers, died in 1930.
(=D. H. Lawrence, who was the author of Sons and Lovers, died in 1930.)
D. H. 劳伦斯，《儿子与情人》的作者，与 1930 年逝世。
2. 定语从句与其他句型的变换
有时，一个同样的意思可以用不同的方法来表达，如用同义词、同义词组和短语，有时也可以用不同的句子结构表示，这就叫句型转换。定语从句也一样，它们可以通过用不同的词、词组、短语、不同的句子结构表示定语的意思。下面是定语从句与其他一些句型的转换形式。
2.1与不定式的转换 变换成非谓语动词先确定其逻辑主语
It is time we (you, they) started. 该动身了。
→It is time to start.
He was the first that arrived and the last that left. 他来的最早，走的最晚。
→He was the first to arrive and the last to leave.
He had a large family that he must support. 他有一大家子人要他负担。
→He had a large family to support.
2.2与介词短语的转换
The student that is from U.S.A. speaks Chinese. 从美国来的那位学生讲中文。
→The students from U.S.A. speaks Chinese.
变换特点：定语从句是主系（be）表结构且表语是介词短语来做
Milton was the greatest poet that lived in King Charles’s reign. 弥尔顿是查理士王时代的最伟大的诗人。
→Milton was the greatest poet in King Charles’s reign.
变换特点：定语从句的主干含义本身可以略去，不会整体含义产生影响，那么定语从句可以直接变换为介短
He read us a poem which he had composed himself. 他给我们朗诵他自己作的诗。
→He read us a poem of his own composing.
变换特点：定语从句与先行词拥有所属关系 即先行词所属于定语从句 相当于 B of A (A的B)
There is no man but has his faults. 人皆有过。
→There is no man without faults.
The book that is on the desk is expensive. 办公桌上的那本书很贵。
→The book on the desk is expensive.
2.3与形容词短语的转换 本质 定语从句就是一个很长的形容词
He, who was selfless and anxious to help others, led a simple life and studied perseveringly.
→Selfless and anxious to help others, he led a simple life and studied perseveringly. 他大公无私，热心助人，生活简朴，坚持学习。
They, who are cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.
→Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. 他们乐观、能干、热情，总会想方设法让你一路上顺利舒适。
She, who was conscientious and eager, took down what was said, carefully not to do miss a word.
→Conscientious and eager, she took down what was said, carefully not to miss a word. 她认真热情，把说的话一字不漏地记了下来。
2.3与分词短语的转换 变换时具体要参照从句的时态
定语从句与分词短语的转换分为与现在分词及其短语的转换和与过去分词及其短语的转换。
①与现在分词短语的转换
The train which is arriving at platform 8 is the 17:50 from Crewe.
→The train arriving at platform 8 is the 17:50 from Crewe. 即将在 8 号站台进站的列车是 17:50 从克鲁开来的。
The man who is talking with Mary is my brother. 与玛丽谈话的人是我哥哥。
→The man talking with Mary is my brother.
②与过去分词短语的转换
The system which is used in this school is very successful. 这个学校所施行的制度是非常成功的。
→The system used in this school is very successful.
He posted me a dictionary which was compiled by him last year. 他邮给我一部他去年编的词典。
→He posted me a dictionary compiled by him last year.
This was a freighter that was built in China and was fitted entirely with Chinese-made equipment.
→This was a freighter built in China and was fitted entirely with Chinese-made equipment. 这是中国制造的并且完全是中国装备的一搜货轮。
变换特点：定语从句变换为非谓语动词短语，只需要直接将非谓语动词短语跟在逻辑主语之后
2.4与状语从句的转换 必须明确定语从句与主句的是否有逻辑关系 有逻辑关系然后才可以变换为状语从句
He who looks not forward finds himself behind. 不进则退。
→If he does look forward, he will find himself behind. （条件状语从句）
Nothing is hard in this world for anyone who dares to scale the height. 世上无难事，只要肯登攀。
→Nothing is hard in this world for anyone if he dares to scale the height. Dr. Bethune, who was very tired on his arrival, set to work at once.
→Dr. Bethune set to work at once though he was very tired on his arrival. （让步状语从句）
白求恩大夫虽然到达时很累，但还是立即开始工作
2.5含定语从句的复合句与并列句的转换
I will lend you this book, which is both easy and interesting. 我愿借给你这本书，它既浅显又有趣。
→I will lend you this book, and it is both easy and interesting.
I have a friend, whose father is a famous doctor. 我有个朋友，他的父亲是个有名的医生。
→I have a friend, and his father is a famous doctor.
On May 5 we arrived in Beijing, where we stayed a fortnight. 5 月 5 日我们到达北京，在那里停留了两周。
→On May 5 we arrived in Beijing, and we stayed a fortnight.
定语从句与同位语从句的比较定语从句与同位语从句最大的不同点有两个：一是作用不同；二是引导词不同。
第一点：定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的从句,定语从句起形容词的作用,对先行词或句子起限制作用;同位语从句常跟在中心词后,对名词及其短语进行补充说明.
第二点引导定有从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词两大类;而引出同位语从句的只有连词,当然其连词有单纯连词、连接代词、连接限定词、连接副词。还有，定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种，同位语从句只有一种，是名词性从句中的一种。
The woman who was here just now is Tom’s mother. 刚才在这里的女人是汤姆的母亲。
She gave me a useful book, which was written by her last year. 她给了我一本有用的书，那本书是她去年写的。
Your original question, why he didn’t attend the important meeting, has not yet been answered. 你最先的问题，他为什么不参加那个重要的会议，还没有回答呢。
There is no doubt that (=but) he is the best student in this class. 毫无疑问，他是他班上最好的学生。
显而易见，上面的例句中第一、二句是定语从句（限制性和非限制性），第三、四句为同位语从句。无论从英语字面上看，还是从汉语译文上看，都能辨出他们的不同作用，觉察出它们的引导词的不同，也许，从本专题的内容里你还会悟出定语从句的先行词一般没有约束，而同位语从句的中心词常是 feeling、doubt、question、reason 等词。
特别提示
定语丛句考点一
直接看先行词在定语从句里做什么成分 (这也是考试最常见的最基础的考点)
做主语宾语定语一就选关系代词:
that先行词人或者物
which先行词是物
who先行词是人
whom先行词是人(但是在从句里只能作宾语)
whose先行词人或物(只作定语)
做状语一选关系副词:
when先行词是时间类名词
where先行词是地点类名词
why先行词一般是reason
定语从句考点二
关系代词whom或者which前的介词选择:
选项中若出现那种A.about whom B. to whom C.in whom的情况，基本都可以从后面动词中找到依据:
若后面有pay attention, 前面一定选B.to whom。这是因为定语从句中的介词可以前置到关系代词(whom,which)之前。
例如
The man( ) I was just talking is called Jim.刚刚我与之交谈的男人叫做Jim。
A. to whom B. in whom
C. at whom D. on whom
根据后面的talk可知，前面一定有个介词和他搭配，跟某人交谈talk to,故答案是A。
定语从句考点三:
非限制性定语从句的引导词
非限制性定从最大的特点就与主句用逗号隔开，做题逻辑完全可以参考考点一，但是绝对不能选that, 因为that不能引导非限。 其中,which能够代指前面一整句话，正确概率较大。
定语从句考点四:
只能用that不能用其他的情况:
①先行词既有人也有物:people and things that I remember
②先行词前面有序数词或者最高级修饰 the tallest building that I have seen
③先行词是不定代词somebody that stole my wallet

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