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01-1阅读理解题解题指导——2024年新高考英语题型突破
高考英语阅读理解题所选体裁多种多样，通常以应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文为主；其题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容；不同的体裁有不同的写作手法，不同的题材也有不同的表达方法，在阅读和解题时相应地也有不同的阅读和解题方法。
一、甄别不同的文体，明确体裁(题材)特点，牢记其命题规律
高考英语阅读理解题不同的文体有其体裁、题材方面的不同特点，且命题的规律也有所差异。故阅读的重点也有所不同。
应用文
应用文是在日常工作和生活中使用的文体，通常以实用性为目的、以真实性为基础、以时效性为根本、以规范性为准则。该文体一般可分为两大类：一类是说明性应用文，包括广告、宣传海报、公告(包括行车时刻表)、产品的说明书、旅游信息/指南、征稿启事、招聘启事、失物招领等；另一类是叙述性应用文，如书信、日记、便条、报告、请帖等。目的都是向读者传输信息。高考试题主要为说明性应用文，偶尔也会有叙述性应用文类的文章出现。
应用文一般条理清晰，结构紧凑，重点突出，几乎每一篇在一个大标题下往往有几个小标题，表明文章主题以及每一部分的内容。应用文经常出现以粗体、大写、下划线等方式加以提示的文字，这很可能是文章的重点或某一部分内容的概括，考生阅读文章时，一定要重点注意这些信息，因为它们往往是试题考查重点之所在。此外，应用文还具有简洁、实用的特点，文中常出现大量的省略词和省略句。对于影响语境理解的省略情况，考生应将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解其意思。
应用文阅读理解题的设问一般是按照文章段落的顺序依次设置，主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既考查对特定细节的选取、排除、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查，题目设置相对容易。设问的形式以细节理解题为主，兼有推理判断题(包括对短文出处、写作意图的推断)，偶尔也有主旨大意题和词义猜测题。因此，应用文阅读重点要注意文中具体细节的把握与理解，弄清作者所要传达的实际信息及表达的具体内容。
记叙文
记叙文，顾名思义，是指以“记叙或夹叙夹议”为主的文章，即讲明过去已经发生、当前正在发生亦或是未来可能发生的事情，并发表一定的议论或看法。记叙文按文体分又可以细分为小说、时文/新闻报道、人物传记及奇闻轶事等。记叙文按题材分又分为写人的记叙文和叙事的记叙文，人不离事，事不离人，但写作对象和写作目的有区别。写人的记叙文以人为写作对象，更加注重形容词、外表和心理描寫，主旨便是突出任务的性格特点，而叙事的记叙文以事件为记叙对象，揭示事件对人、对社会的思想意义。
此外，时文/新闻报道类文章一般以记叙文为主，命题文章话题涵盖广泛，有关于政治经济的时文/新闻报道，有社会生活中发生的大小事件，还有个人成长的经历趣闻。文章的特点是用非常简练的语言清楚地向读者阐述一件事，在写作手法上遵循的原则是“keep it short and simple”，简称KISS原则。这类文章的写作思路往往是这样的：简述某个事件(何时、何地、何人、何事、结果)——具体描述该事件(细节内容)——作者或其他人的看法和评价。不过，在表达方式上，作者会运用各种表达方式，如倒叙、插叙等，思维的跳跃性较大。
记叙文阅读理解题的设问一般顺序为：按照文章段落的顺序依次设置。命题的切入点往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的意图和态度、故事的前因和后果等方面入手。故事的开头及结尾的升华(主旨句或文章大意)、人物对话的风趣性，幽默点、文章的“首段”和各段的“段首”(尤其是对新闻报道类的记叙文如此)、故事所蕴含的哲理意义(包括作者写作的意图)等等都是命题的切入点。绝大部分题不能直接从文章中找到答案(几乎没有直接信息题)，需要综合若干信息进行提炼或推理才能选出正确答案；而以what、why、which或how开头的疑问句出现的问题，需要考生对文章深层理解后作出推理。概括的讲，记叙文体裁的阅读理解题题型以(间接信息)细节理解题和推理判断题为主，兼顾考查主旨大意题和词义猜测题。
议论文
议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事情进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或是驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，是文章要表达的主要思想内容；论据是作者所引用的用以证明和支持论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证，或是统计数据等，只要是对证明论点有利的材料都可以为作者所用；确定了论点和论据材料后，作者还需要将这些论据合理地组织在一起，也就是通常所说的论证。
议论文，有论点，有事实。作者往往根据一些很普通的事实，通过严谨的思维，缜密的推理得出一个具有普遍性或指导性的观点。该类文章逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节以及文章的主旨或作者想表达的意图等方面着手，考查思维能力和判定能力。
议论文常见的设题方式有：主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理判断题(包括对作者观点态度以及篇章结构的推断)题、词义猜测题等。主旨大意题主要考查考生对议论文全篇思想内容的理解；细节理解题虽然可以通过直接的查找的方法找出答案，但要注意选项中与文章的细微差别，避免扩大、缩小或误读作者的本意；推理判断题和作者观点态度题的解答一般是建立在对议论文中心立场的基本把握上，在此基础上推断出作者的“言外之意”、未言明的思想内涵以及篇章结构。跟记叙文一样，绝大部分题不能直接从文章中找到答案(几乎没有直接信息题)，需要综合若干信息进行提炼或推理才能选出正确答案。
说明文
说明文是指运用较为朴实的语言来客观地解释某个问题、某种现象类的文章。高考说明文体裁的阅读材料通常多为科普读物(包括介绍最新科技、重大成就等)、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等等。说明文的总体结构通常分为三个部分：说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结；从段落组织方式上分，常见的有以下五种结构：总分式结构(总→分→总；总→分；分→总)；并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)；对照式结构(结构形式是一正一反)；递进式结构(文章各部分内容形成一层更进一层的形式)；连贯式结构(说明的各层次之间是按照事物发张过程来安排层次，前后互相承接)。
说明文常见的说明方法有：定义与诠释、举例与引用、分类与图表、比较与比喻和分析与综合等。了解说明文的写作手法、说明方法，理清文章结构是解题的关键之一。
高考说明文体裁的阅读理解高考阅读中考查的重中之重。主要考查考生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力，以及对特定细节的认知和处理能力，对学生思辨的能力和深度阅读能力提出了更高的要求。其阅读理解题的四种题型都有可能涉及到：细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题，其中以细节理解题和推理判断题为主。这里，需要特别强调的是命题者非常注重在长难句上做文章。跟记叙文一样，绝大部分题不能直接从文章中找到答案(几乎没有直接信息题)，需要综合若干信息进行提炼或推理才能选出正确答案。
二、把握不同的题型，抓住正选项特征，用恰当方法解题
高考英语阅读理解题的题型，也称之为考点，常见的有：细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词/句义猜测题。篇章结构题偶尔也会出现(可以归类于推理判断题)。不同的题型其所提问题呈现的方式不同、备选项中的正选项的特征不同及所考查的重点不同，相应地解题方法也有所不同。
细节理解题
细节理解题所考查的内容主要有：直接信息题和间接信息题。直接信息题的答案几乎可以直接从原文中找出来，考生只要根据题干中的关键词与原文进行对照，就能找到答案；间接信息题也就是语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)。这类题目要求考生能理解原文中某个短语或句子的含义，从而找到与答案意思相同的词语和句子。这种题属于中档层次题，包括数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。
正确选项的主要特征：
1.同义近义替换：把原文中的关键部分在正确选项中进行同义近义替换；
2.词性语态转换：把原文中关键词在正确选项中变换词性；在正确选项中改变了原句的语态；
3.复杂语言简化：把原文中的复杂语言现象在正确选项中进行了简化；
4.正(反)话反(正)说：把原文中的意思反过来表达(正话反说或反话正说)而成为正确选项。
1.题文比对
用“题文比对”法解直接信息题。所谓“题文比对”就是在我们解题时，把题干中的“关键词”与原文中“有关信息”比对后定答案。
从题干中(包括备选项)提取关键词语(题眼)，锁定解题方向；以这些“关键词语”为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在原文中找到与此关键词语相关的信息；仔细比对所给选项与原文中相关信息，与原文信息吻合的选项就是正确答案。
2.“定”章取义
用“定‘章’取义”法解间接信息题。所谓“定‘章’取义”是指在解题时，抓住题干中的关键词先定位到原文相关处或段落处，锁定关键信息，这就是“‘定’章”。然后准确理解每个选项的意思后“取义”(寻找与原文信息相关的同义词、近义词或反义词)，比对选项与原文信息，做好匹配搞定正确选项。
推理判断题
推理判断题阅读理解中对考生推理判断能力的考查要求考生在理解原文字面意又的基础上，通过对文中细节中隐含的信息和语篇逻辑关系的分析作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解作者所要传达的信息、得出文草的深层意义及隐含意义。它主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系系的能力和识别能力。推理判断题是历届高考英语的命题重点，包括判断和推理两个方面。属于深层理解题，一般难度较高，得分率较低；推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的推理判断，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。
正确选项的主要特征：
1.一般其内容的含义比较丰富，更加具有综合性和概括性，尤其当四个选项都符合常识或者题目意思时，意义最丰富的选项往往是正确答案。
2.表述一般比较相对，不会用表示绝对意义的词汇，如only, never, all, absolutely等，而会用一些相对留有余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。
3.有时正确答案反而是与我们通过常识判断得出的结论是相反的。因此，如果四个选项中有三个看上去与常识的判断相符，而余下的那一个却是反常识的，那么那个选项往往是正确答案。
1.顺藤摸瓜
“顺藤摸瓜”，指的是顺着“题干中的关键词”这根“藤”定位到原文相关处，将题干中的一串“瓜(四个备选项)”与原文相关处仔细分析比对，最终摘到那个隐藏的真正的“瓜(即正确答案)”(一般来说这种推理判断题都有弦外之音，需要考生把其中隐含的信息推理出来)。
2.看“裁”吃饭
“看‘裁’吃饭”，指的是根据原文的体裁不同特点来推断作者的观点态度。记叙文的特点是：文章作者不是直接提出观点，但常常有某种倾向性，因而考生在读原文时要非常仔细的捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的单词和短语。说明文的特点是：作者往往采取中立的态度；议论文的特点是：文章的论点往往会直接或间接表明作者的态度立场。另外，考生要对表达观点态度的常见词汇了如指掌。
3.量体裁“意”/量“法”而行
“量体裁‘意’/量‘法’而行”，指的是根据原文写作文体和写作手法，透过字里行间(要关注逻辑关系和细节暗示)，推断出作者的写作意图。
从写作文体上考量：应用文有明显支持倾向的语言，以此说明写作意图是告知、推销还是吸引参观者、读者等；记叙文段首、段尾的高度概括句，或者哲理性的语言都会体现写作意图；说明文把握文章主旨，找准主旨句进而推断出写作意图；议论文提出论点，进行论证，然后得出结论。而写作意图往往就在最后的结论中。
从写作手法上考量：开头提出问题引出主题或写作目的；介绍与主题有关的事情或事物表达作者的观点与写作意图。
4.对号入座
“对号入座”，指的是解文章出处推断题只要考生具备一定的文体常识，然后“对号入座”，就可以搞定答案。比如，对于newspaper/news report(报纸/新闻报道), advertisement(广告), website(网站), travel guide/brochure(旅游指南/手册), magazine/journal/entertainment section(杂志/期刊/娱乐版), science report/study report/research(科学报告/研究报告/研究), biography/autobiography(传记/自传), book/film review(书/演评), course plan(课程计划)等等上面应该刊载/登载什么类别的文章，考生都应该有所了解。
5.条分缕析
“条分缕析”，指的是从“宏观和微观”两个层面有条有理地细细分析文章结构，就能解篇章结构推断题。文章结构题的考查对象无非是整个篇章或其中的某个段落，在解答此类题目之前，有必要对全篇或被考查的段落进行通读以了解其大意。然后：
①了解篇章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的篇章结构有三种：总分式结构(总→分；总→分→总；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反)、递进式结构(几个段落之间属于递进关系)；
②了解文章的论证方法。从论证方法上讲， 常见的议论文结构有以下两类： Put forward a question →Analyze the question→Solve the question 即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；Argument/Idea→ Evidence→Conclusion/Restating the idea 即“由论点到论据到结论/强调论点”的过程。
③了解文章的写作手法。从写作手法上讲，在高考阅读理解中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一，是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好地达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章主题的。
主旨大意题
主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生容易失分的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。此类题型一般在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨或文章的标题。所以，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完读通文章后再做判定，建议考生把此类题放到最后来做。
正确选项的主要特征：
1.选项内容概括性强，最大程度覆盖全段或全文；
2.正确选项标题简洁醒目、针对性强、高度概括。
1.厘清框架归纳主题
段落框架大体可以分成以下三种：
“总——分”式框架：段落首句为主题句。段落的其他各句都是为主题句服务的：举例、论证等；
“分——总”式框架：段落尾句为主题句，段落的其他各句都是为主题句服务的：举例、论证等；
“分——总——分”式框架：主题句在段中。段落开头列举具体事例或现象，通过分析这些事例或现象得出结论(即主题句)，后面的内容只是继续或拓展结论。
另外还有“无主题句式”：段落主题隐含在全段中，没有明确的主题句。尽管如此，但可以通过某些关键词句的解读归纳出段落大意。
2.有的放矢寻找主题
注重首段：开门见山提出了主题或在首段末句给出主题；
注重中段：开头段列举具体事例或现象，中间段通过分析这些事例或现象得出结论(即主题句)，文末段只是继续或拓展结论；
注重末段：文末概括主题；
注重首尾：首段揭示主题，末段再次点题。
另外还有“无主题句”：文章中心主题隐含在全文中，没有明确的主题句。尽管如此，但可以通过删除某些细节、事实、例子后凝练出核心部分，也就是全文主旨大意。
注重“标志”
标志一“转折词”：转折词后的句子可能就是主题句；
标志二“总结词”：总结词后的句子一般就是主题句；
标志三“疑问词”：对疑问句后所回答的内容可能就是主题句；
标志四“复现词”：反复出现的高频词往往是文章的主题词，抓住高频词也就抓住了主题。
3.多重手段提炼标题
手段一“掐住关键词”：要掐住反复出现的词语，多次强调的观点，这些其实就是体现主旨的关键词，也是提炼标题的关键词；
手段二“浓缩主题句”：找准主题句，将主题句进行凝练浓缩，提炼出其中的核心词汇，而这往往就是标题的核心词汇；
手段三“串联诸细节”：分析原文重要细节，找出其中的共同点，串联这些共同点提炼出标题；
手段四“正误皆可试”：一是试“对”法(解题时间少而保险系数低)。用最可能的选项去验证其与原文内容的相似度，最相似者为最佳选项；
二是试“错”法(保险系数大而解题耗时长)。把四个选项与原文内容一一比对，逐一排除错误选项。
词义/句意猜测题
词义/句意猜测题是高考阅读理解考查里面尽管所占比例最小，但它是必考的题型之一。它可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的僻意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不是字面上的意思，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词、短语的意义、句子的隐含意义以及代词的指代。
正确选项的主要特征：
1.生词的本义：对划线超课标词的本义解释；
2.熟词的僻意：对划线熟词作出僻意的解释；
3.句子的含义：对原句隐性意义的显性解释；
4.代词的指代：对划线代词逻辑指代的解释。
1.邻里关系
除了通常所用的构词法来解词义猜测题外，我们还可以借助下列关系来解词义猜测题。划线词与邻里关系主要有方面：
逻辑方面的关系：同义/近义关系、反义关系、因果关系、让步/转折关系、对比关系、相似关系等等(以
上关系都有明显的标志词)；
语法方面的关系：同位关系(同位语及其从句)、限制关系(限制性定语从句)、解释关系(非限制性定语从
句、下定义)等等。注意：同位关系和解释关系有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引
号和括号等表示。
2.文题比对
寻找原句前后的关键信息，细读并分析这些关键信息，推断出原句的大体意思，将其与备选项逐一进行比对，内容契合度最高的就是正确答案。
3.定位代入
先定位，判断被指代的部分是指代上文还是指代下文；再代入，将被指代部分的内容代入原文替换这个代词，核实句意是否符合上下文的语境，符合的就是正确答案。
A
(2023届江西省重点中学盟校高三第二次联考)One of the most beautiful and fantastic destinations to visit is a beach. The tranquility and comfort at the beach are unmatched. It is hard to list the top beaches in the world because tourists have diverse tastes. This article highlights some of the most gorgeous beaches to visit in the world.
Nungwi Beach, Tanzania:
Nungwi is a popular beach location on the Tanzanian island of Zanzibar, located at the island’s northwestern tip. Nungwi Beach has beautiful features such as lovely clean waves from something like the Indian Ocean and smooth whites and. It is also known for its crystal blue waters and exotic flora and fauna. It has amazing sunset views, and all restaurants and clubs on the beach are open until late hours. On the powdery sand, you can take in the ocean scenery while participating in other beach activities.
White-haven Beach, Queensland, Australia:
The largest beach in the Whitsundays is White-haven; this gorgeous beach is incomparable in Australia. This beach has beautiful whites and that is 98 percent pure silica. It makes the sand incredibly smooth and delicate. Even on days when the weather is very hot, walking barefoot is comfortable because it doesn’t absorb heat like other types of sand beaches do. Travelers really do need to take the opportunity to visit this beach.
Pink Sand Beach, Harbour Island, The Bahamas:
On Harbour Island in the Bahamas is the pinks and beach. Because of its pink sands, this beach is very attractive and unique. A microscopic organism with a reddish-pink shell known as a foraminifera(有孔虫类)is the source of the pinks and beach’s color on Harbour Island in the Bahamas. Swimming in this beach is slightly safer because the blue water in this area is usually calm and shallow due to the protection provided by the surrounding beaches.
21.What can we learn about the three beaches
A. Nungwi Beach is famous only for its clean waves.
B. You can enjoy late night activities on White-haven Beach.
C. Among the three beaches, Pink Sand Beach is the most attractive.
D. It still feels good to walk barefoot on White-haven Beach even on hot days.
22.What made the Pink Sand Beach special
A. Its pink sands and cooling weather. B. Its pink and smooth sands.
C. Its pink sands and less dangerous water. D. Its pink sands and blue water.
23.Where can the text be found
A. In an advertisement. B. In a travel brochure.
C. In a geography book. D. In a fashion magazine
【语篇解读】这是一篇应用文，文章主要介绍了世界上一些最美丽的海滩。
21.【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。用“题文比对”法解题。BD选项都提到了White-haven Beach，将在两个选项与White-haven Beach, Queensland, Australia:部分中“Even on days when the weather is very hot, walking barefoot is comfortable because it doesn’t absorb heat like other types of sand beaches do.(即使在天气很热的日子里，赤脚走路也很舒服，因为它不像其他类型的沙滩那样吸收热量)”进行比对，即使在大热天赤脚走在白天堂海滩上也感觉很好，故选D。
22.【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。用“定‘章’取义”法解题。根据题干中的Pink Sand Beach定“章”到Pink Sand Beach, Harbour Island, The Bahamas:部分中“Because of its pink sands, this beach is very attractive and unique.(因为它的粉色沙子，这个海滩非常有吸引力和独特)”和“Swimming in this beach is slightly safer because the blue water in this area is usually calm and shallow due to the protection provided by the surrounding beaches.(在这个海滩游泳稍微安全一些，因为由于周围海滩的保护，这个地区的蓝色海水通常是平静而浅的)”可知，粉红沙滩的特殊之处在于其粉色的沙子和相对安全的水域，故选C。
23.【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。用“对号入座”法解题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“This article highlights some of the most gorgeous beaches to visit in the world.(这篇文章重点介绍了世界上最美丽的海滩)”可知，文章主要介绍了一些世界上最美丽的海滩，是有关旅游的，应是出自一本旅游手册，故选B。
B
(2023届重庆市南开中学高三模拟)When I was 13, I climbed my first mountain--a fairly gentle 3,900-foot peak. I was overweight at the time and out of breath when I reached the summit. But I loved challenging myself. Soon I’d climbed nearly 100 peaks. My parents were happy I’d finally found a hobby.
I often go climbing with my friend Mel Olsen. She and I drove to tackle 11, 240-foot Mount Hood. It’s safer to start winter climbs at night when there’s less risk of the sun melting the snow-pack. That day, we started at 3 a. m. At around 9 a. m., we reached an ice step. It was about three or four feet tall and sloped at a 75-degree angle. I volunteered to go first. I placed my left foot on the ice step.
I gained a sense of the ice when I stuck my ax and crampons(鞋底钉)into it, and it felt good. Confident I was safe, I put my full weight on it. Suddenly, I heard a crack, and as the snow-pack became thinner, a whole piece of ice broke off the step, right under my foot.
In an instant, I fell backward, bouncing off the rock face and rolling down the mountain as if I were a character in a video game. I remember thinking, This is it. You’re done. I stuck out my arms and legs, grabbing at anything. That stopped my rolling down the mountain, but I was still sliding. After 2 few seconds, I came to a stop on a shallow slope.
I asked myself: Where are you Mount Hood. What’s the date December 30. Good. My brain was functioning. Then I checked my body to see where I was hurt. For the most part, I was fine, except that I was suffering from a sharp pain in my left leg. Later I’d learn that I’d broken my femur(大腿骨)and that the bone was sliding into my skin and muscle.
At the bottom of Mount Hood, I was loaded into an ambulance and taken to a hospital. The doctors told me it would be a year before I could climb again, but I was back on the trails within six months.
24.Why did the author and her friend set out at 3 a. m.
A. It was the best time to enjoy scenery.
B. It was more challenging to climb at night.
C. They wanted to finish the climb before sunset.
D. They hoped to avoid some possible dangers.
25.Why is “a character in a video game” mentioned in paragraph 4
A. To show her strong character. B. To make her idea more convincing.
C. To help readers imagine the scene. D. To add to the humor of the description.
26.How did the author make sure she could still think clearly
A. By recalling what had happened. B. By checking whether she was injured.
C. By calling an ambulance for rescue. D. By asking herself some factual questions.
27.What can we learn about the author
A. She is too brave to pay attention to any danger.
B. R She has a strong desire for professional knowledge.
C. Setbacks can’t stop her from challenging herself.
D. The love for nature sets her apart from her friends.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述作者喜欢爬山，喜欢挑战自己，虽然在一次爬山中，出了意外，但是好了以后又重新踏上了登山之路，表明困难和挫折不能阻挡作者挑战自我的脚步。
24.【答案】D
【解析】细节理解断题。用“定‘章’取义”法解题。根据题干中的at 3 a. m.定“章”到前面的那句话“It’s safer to start winter climbs at night when there’s less risk of the sun melting the snow-pack. (在夜间开始冬季攀登比较安全，因为太阳融化积雪的风险较小)”说明相比夜晚，白天爬山时，太阳融化积雪的风险较大，因此作者和朋友选择凌晨3点出发来回避可能的危险，故选D。
25.【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。用“顺藤摸瓜”法解题。题干中已经给出了“藤”，即：a character in a video game。而“瓜”就隐藏在第四段这句话中：“In an instant, I fell backward, bouncing off the rock face and rolling down the mountain as if I were a character in a video game.(刹那间，我向后摔倒，从岩壁上弹回来，滚下了山，就好像我是电子游戏里的一个角色)”，作者使用as if虚拟语气让读者结合自己的经验想象自己当时遭遇的危险状况，故选C。
26.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。用“顺藤摸瓜”法解题。题干中没有明确给出“藤”，但是可以根据“记叙文阅读理解题设问的一般顺序为：按照文章段落的顺序依次设置”来摸到这根“藤”：第五段的两个问题“Where are you ”“What’s the date ”都属于事实类问题，作者用自问自答的方式确定自己的大脑在事故后的意识状况，故选D。
27.【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。用“量‘法’而行”法解题。从第一段作者表明自己喜欢挑战，到最后一段“The doctors told me it would be a year before I could climb again, but I was back on the trails within six months. (医生告诉我，我需要一年的时间才能再次登山，但我在六个月内就重新踏上了登山之路)”中可看出困难和挫折不能阻挡作者挑战自我的脚步，故选C。
C-1
(广东省揭阳市2022-2023学年普通高中高三上学期教学质量测试)In today’s motivational literature, failure is often viewed as something to be celebrated. Inspirational speakers are fond of quoting the words of the novelist Samuel Beckett—“Fail again. Fail better.” It seems that disappointments are an essential stepping stone to success, a turning point in our life story that will ultimately end in victory.
However, psychological researches find most of us struggle to handle failure constructively. In other words, we fail to “fail forward”. We find ways to devalue the task at which we failed, and become less motivated to persevere and reach our goals. This phenomenon is known as the “sour-grape effect”, which was discovered by Professor Hallgeir Sjastad.
Sjastad explains that “sour-grape effect” is a self-protective mechanism. “Most of us picture ourselves as competent people, so when external feedback(反馈)suggests otherwise, it poses a serious threat to that self-image,” he says. “The easiest way out is to deny or explain away the external signal, so we can reduce the inconsistency and preserve a positive sense of self. We do this even without noticing.”
If you have one bad interview for your dream job, you might convince yourself that you don’t really want it at all, and stop applying for similar positions. The same goes if you fail to impress at a sports trial, or if a publisher rejects the first submission of your manuscript(手稿).“We tend to explain away our shortcomings and convince ourselves our ‘Plan C’ is actually our ‘Plan A’,” Sjastad says.
It doesn’t mean we should persevere in goals all the time. It can be healthy to change ambitions if the process is no longer making us happy. But the “sour-grape effect”may lead us to come to this decision prematurely, rather than hanging on a little and seeing whether we might learn and improve.
Failures are unavoidable. By learning to face the disappointment instead of devaluing its importance and pretending nothing happened, you may find it easier to achieve your goals.
28.Why does the author mention the speech of inspirational speakers in paragraph 1
A. To offer an example to handle failure.
B. To describe a shallow understanding of failure.
C. To introduce a common attitude towards failure.
D. To emphasize the importance of experiencing failure.
29.What can we learn from the paragraph 3 about the “sour-grape effect”
A. It protects us from false feedback. B. It pictures us as competitive people.
C. It poses a severe threat to self-image. D. It denies negative feedback to ourselves.
30.What does the underlined word “prematurely” in paragraph 5 mean
A. unhappily B. mistakenly C. hurriedly D. carelessly
31.Which statement would the author most probably agree with
A. Don’t escape when our self-image is broken.
B. Don’t quit when goals no longer make you happy.
C. Never hesitate to replace “Plan A” with “Plan C”.
D. Never forget to maintain a positive sense of self.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了正确的失败观——相比于仅仅把失败当作一种幸运，更多地是要有建设性地“失败”，勇敢面对失望，并从中学习到经验。作者警示我们要警惕“酸葡萄效应”，不要企图通过逃避失败的方式，来避免失败和失望。
28.【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。用“顺藤摸瓜”法解题。题干中明确给出的“藤”是第一段，而“瓜”却隐藏在第二段中。根据第二段“However, psychological researches find most of us struggle to handle failure constructively. In other words, we fail to “fail forward”. We find ways to devalue the task at which we failed, and become less motivated to persevere and reach our goals.(然而，心理学研究发现，我们大多数人都难以做到建设性地处理失败。换句话说，我们没有“向前失败”。我们想办法贬低我们失败的任务，降低坚持和实现目标的动力)”可知，第一段提出了一个看似正确但实则肤浅的观点，以便后文提出作者自已的见解：仅仅把失败当作一种幸运是肤浅的，而要有建设性地“失败”，从中学习经验，故选B。
29.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。用“顺藤摸瓜”法解题。题干中明确给出的“藤”是第三段。“瓜”应该在隐藏在第三段中。根据第三段“Sjastad explains that “sour-grape effect” is a self-protective mechanism. “Most of us picture ourselves as competent people, so when external feedback(反馈)suggests otherwise, it poses a serious threat to that self-image,” he says.(Sjastad解释说，“酸葡萄效应”是一种自我保护机制。“我们大多数人都认为自己是有能力的人，所以当外部反馈不是这样时，它会对自我形象构成严重威胁，”他说)”可知，“酸葡萄效应”是一种自我保护机制，会否认外界对于我们的负面反馈，故选D。
30.【答案】C
【解析】词义猜测题。用“邻里关系”法解题。根据画线词后的“rather than hanging on a little and seeing whether we might learn and improve (而不是坚持一小会儿，再看看是否可以从中学习和提高)”可推知，prematurely意思与“hanging on a little”相反，意为“提前地，过早地”，故选C。
31.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。用“量体裁‘意’”法解题。议论文提出论点，进行论证，然后得出结论。而作者观点、态度就在最后的结论中。根据最后一段“Failures are unavoidable. By learning to face the disappointment instead of devaluing its importance and pretending nothing happened, you may find it easier to achieve your goals.(失败是不可避免的。学会面对失望，而不是贬低失望的重要性，假装什么都没发生，你可能会发现实现目标更容易)”可知，作者通过全文的讨论，呼吁大家树立正确的失败观，警惕“酸葡萄效应”。当我们完美的自我形象受外界负面反馈的影响时，不要逃避，不要贬低失败的价值，而是要勇敢的面对，并从中得到学习和提高，故选A。
C-2
(2023届江西省赣州市高三下学期二模英语试题)Sleep is reparative. Because we need to repair a lot while we sleep, it’s important to get quality sleep.
Most of us function better in the daytime with routines. We also function better at night with a routine because we want to keep pace with our natural body rhythms. Each person’s routine may be different—some people wash their face at night, and some take a bath—just make sure it is a routine. That’s true during the week and on the weekend; consistency matters. Have a winding down, getting ready for sleep routine, and carry that out at the same time every night. Find things that are relaxing and help slow you down for sleep. That may be reading, listening to music, meditating, praying—anything that’s relaxing while also being constructive or healthy.
Typically, people relax and tend to slow everything down at bedtime. As they relax, they take deeper breaths, increasing oxygen flow, which raises their skin temperature. This is one of the key reasons why we sleep better in a cooler environment. If your skin temperature increases and your room is already a bit warm, you will be too hot to sleep well.
The exact temperature is a personal matter. The key is that it’s more toward cool than hot. Many consider 68 degrees an environment that’s neither so cold we shiver nor so hot we sweat. But there’s no scientific evidence for an exact, perfect sleeping temperature.
At the end of the day, sleep is absolutely crucial for so many reasons. It helps us repair and rejuvenate so we can fight infection, concentrate, regulate our moods, show up for ourselves and the people in our lives, and basically function as humans. We can’t make up lost sleep, contrary to what many a night owl might think. So, it’s really high time we should do all we can to foster the best sleep possible, starting with a cool room and relaxing bedtime routine.
28.What can be inferred from Paragraph 2
A. A routine can be helpful in getting quality sleep.
B. It’s best to avoid screens before you go to bed.
C. Higher quality of sleep leads to better mental health.
D. Listening to music makes it difficult to stay asleep.
29.What will happen when people relax during sleep at night
A. They’ll take more regular breaths. B. They’ll feel cooler than in the day.
C. Their skin temperature will rise. D. They will not get enough oxygen.
30.What main point does the author want to make in the last paragraph
A. Good sleep can be made at any time. B. Sleep is important for many reasons.
C. Try to develop good sleep habits now. D. Lost sleep makes no difference to people.
31.What’s the structure of the text
A. B.
C. D.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文，高质量的睡眠至关重要，作者在文章中主要论述了养成良好的睡前让自己放松的习惯并严格执行、保持凉爽的温度有益于提高睡眠质量。
28.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。用“顺藤摸瓜”法解题。题干中明确给出的“藤”是第二段，将题干中的一窜“瓜(四个备选项)”与原文相关处仔细分析比对后发现，选项A中的“routine”一词在第二段中出现了四次，结合第一段的所提出的论点“ it’s important to get quality sleep”可知，养成习惯有助于获得高质量的睡眠，故选A。
29.【答案】C
【解析】从题干上看，本题似乎是推理判断题，而实际上应该是细节理解题。用“定‘章’取义”法解题。根据题干关键词“people relax during sleep at night”定位到第三段中“Typically, people relax and tend to slow everything down at bedtime. As they relax, they take deeper breaths, increasing oxygen flow, which raises their skin temperature. (通常情况下，人们在睡觉时会放松，往往会放慢一切。当他们放松时，他们会深呼吸，增加氧气流量，从而提高皮肤温度)”可知，当人们在晚上睡觉时放松，他们的皮肤温度会升高。故选C。
30.【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。厘清框架归纳段意。最后一段为“分——总”式框架：段落尾句为主题句，段落的其他各句都是为主题句服务的而进行的论证。作者在前面阐述了良好睡眠的诸多益处，并且指出失去的睡眠是无法弥补的，最后得出结论“So, it’s really high time we should do all we can to foster the best sleep possible, starting with a cool room and relaxing bedtime routine. (所以，现在真的是时候了，我们应该尽我们所能来促进最好的睡眠，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝时间开始)”可知，从现在开始，尽我们所能来促进最好的睡眠，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝时间开始；由此可知，作者在最后一段要阐述的主要观点是现在就努力养成良好的睡眠习惯，故选C。
31.【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题(篇章结构推断)。用“条分缕析”法解题。文章第一段提出论点：高质量睡眠的重要性；第二段至第四段进行了论证：第二段阐述了养成良好的睡前让自己放松的一些习惯并严格执行有助于提高睡眠质量；第三、四两段阐述了凉爽的温度有助于提高睡眠质量；最后一段阐述了良好睡眠的诸多益处，并且指出失去的睡眠是无法弥补的；并对自己的观点进行总结：从现在开始养成良好的习惯，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝习惯开始；由此可知，本文为总——分——总的结构，故选D。
D
(2023浙江台州二模)Alarming levels of dangerous chemicals known as Perfluorinated Alkylated Substances(PFAS)were discovered in food packaging at a number of well-known fast-food restaurants and grocery store chains, a new report found. The report comes more than two years into the Covid-19 pandemic, when the public has relied heavily on takeout and grocery deliveries.
Often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down in the environment, PFAS are used in food packaging to prevent grease(油脂)and water from soaking through food wrappers and cups. PFAS can also be found in the ink used to print logos and instructions on food containers.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls exposure to PFAS a “public health concern”, citing that the human-made chemicals can harm the immune system and reduce a person’s resistance to infectious diseases.
Regulatory limits for how much PFAS food packaging should contain can vary greatly. For instance, a new law in California set the limit at less than 100 ppm. “Compared to America, Denmark sets a much lower regulatory limit of 20 ppm with great success,” said Xenia Trier, an expert at the European Environment Agency. “It does work to set limits and enforce them. PFAS do migrate from the paper into the food. Even though it was not 100%, we still saw considerable transmission. In general, transmission from packaging to food is increased as the temperature of the food rises. It is the same with the time spent in wrapping materials.” Trier told NBS, one of the major American mass-media companies.
In response to the issue, Whole Foods became the first grocery chain to publicly commit to remove PFAS from takeout containers and bakery paper. Many other companies followed suit. Experts say people who want to avoid PFAS in their takeout and food delivery packaging should favor companies that have promised to remove the chemicals. “As soon as you receive your takeout, you’d better take food out of the container immediately, and never reheat food in its original container. Instead, remove your food and heat it in ceramic(陶瓷的)or glass containers.” Trier said.
32.What can we learn about PFAS in food packaging
A. They have been used for two years. B. They do little harm to consumers’ health.
C. They are used to break down the chemicals. D. They can make wrappers resistant to grease and water.
33.What is Xenia Trier’s attitude to setting a lower limit of PFAS
A. Favorable. B. Neutral. C. Ambiguous. D. Opposed.
34.What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4
A. Considerable migration of grease and water. B. PFAS transmission from packaging to food.
C. Wrapper exposure to high food temperature. D. Regulatory limits concerning food packaging.
35.What is the main idea of the text
A. Food packaging contains dangerous chemicals.
B. Consumers are recommended to have PFAS-free products.
C. PFAS found in food packaging has become a great concern.
D. The government has taken measures to reduce PFAS exposure.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了食品包装中发现全氟烷基化物质，这已经成为一个备受关
注的问题。
32.【答案】D
【解析】从题干上看，本题似乎是推理判断题，而实际上应该是细节理解题。用“定‘章’取义”法解题。根据第二段“Often called ‘forever chemicals’ because they do not break down in the environment, PFAS are used in food packaging to prevent grease and water from soaking through food wrappers and cups.(PFAS通常被称为“永久化学品”，因为它们在环境中不会分解，它被用于食品包装，以防止油脂和水渗入食品包装纸和杯子)”可知，食品包装中的PFAS可以使包装物耐油脂和水，故选D。
33.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。用“看‘裁’吃饭”法解题。说明文的特点是：作者往往采取中立的态度，偶尔也会持支持或反对的态度。根据第四段“Compared to America, Denmark sets a much lower regulatory limit of 20 ppm with great success,” said Xenia Trier, an expert at the European Environment Agency.(欧洲环境署的专家Xenia Trier说：“与美国相比，丹麦设定了低得多的20 ppm的监管限制，取得了巨大成功”)可知，对于设定更低的PFAS下限，Xenia Trier持有支持态度，故选A。
34.【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题(代词的指代)。利用“定位代入”法解题：判断被指代的部分是指代上文还是指代下文，将被指代部分的内容代入原文替换这个代词，核实句意是否符合上下文的语境，符合的就是正确答案。根据第四段“PFAS do migrate from the paper into the food. Even though it was not 100%, we still saw considerable transmission.(PFAS确实从纸张迁移到了食品中。尽管它(PFAS从纸张迁移到食品中)不是100%，但我们仍然看到了相当大的传播)”可知，句中it指代上文提及的“PFAS从纸张迁移到食品中”，故选B。
35.【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。有的放矢寻找主题。根据第一段“Alarming levels of dangerous chemicals known as Perfluorinated Alkylated Substances(PFAS)were discovered in food packaging at a number of well-known fast-food restaurants and grocery store chains, a new report found.(一份新的报告发现，在一些知名快餐店和连锁杂货店的食品包装中发现了令人震惊的全氟烷基化物质)”以及第三段“The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls exposure to PFAS a “public health concern”, citing that the human-made chemicals can harm the immune system and reduce a person’s resistance to infectious diseases.(美国疾病控制和预防中心称接触PFAS是一种“公共卫生问题”，理由是人造化学物质会损害免疫系统，降低人对传染病的抵抗力)”可知，本文主要介绍了食品包装中发现全氟烷基化物质，这已经成为一个备受关注的问题，故选C。
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01-1阅读理解题解题指导——2024年新高考英语题型突破
高考英语阅读理解题所选体裁多种多样，通常以应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文为主；其题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容；不同的体裁有不同的写作手法，不同的题材也有不同的表达方法，在阅读和解题时相应地也有不同的阅读和解题方法。
一、甄别不同的文体，明确体裁(题材)特点，牢记其命题规律
高考英语阅读理解题不同的文体有其体裁、题材方面的不同特点，且命题的规律也有所差异。故阅读的重点也有所不同。
应用文
应用文是在日常工作和生活中使用的文体，通常以实用性为目的、以真实性为基础、以时效性为根本、以规范性为准则。该文体一般可分为两大类：一类是说明性应用文，包括广告、宣传海报、公告(包括行车时刻表)、产品的说明书、旅游信息/指南、征稿启事、招聘启事、失物招领等；另一类是叙述性应用文，如书信、日记、便条、报告、请帖等。目的都是向读者传输信息。高考试题主要为说明性应用文，偶尔也会有叙述性应用文类的文章出现。
应用文一般条理清晰，结构紧凑，重点突出，几乎每一篇在一个大标题下往往有几个小标题，表明文章主题以及每一部分的内容。应用文经常出现以粗体、大写、下划线等方式加以提示的文字，这很可能是文章的重点或某一部分内容的概括，考生阅读文章时，一定要重点注意这些信息，因为它们往往是试题考查重点之所在。此外，应用文还具有简洁、实用的特点，文中常出现大量的省略词和省略句。对于影响语境理解的省略情况，考生应将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解其意思。
记叙文
记叙文，顾名思义，是指以“记叙或夹叙夹议”为主的文章，即讲明过去已经发生、当前正在发生亦或是未来可能发生的事情，并发表一定的议论或看法。记叙文按文体分又可以细分为小说、时文/新闻报道、人物传记及奇闻轶事等。记叙文按题材分又分为写人的记叙文和叙事的记叙文，人不离事，事不离人，但写作对象和写作目的有区别。写人的记叙文以人为写作对象，更加注重形容词、外表和心理描寫，主旨便是突出任务的性格特点，而叙事的记叙文以事件为记叙对象，揭示事件对人、对社会的思想意义。
此外，时文/新闻报道类文章一般以记叙文为主，命题文章话题涵盖广泛，有关于政治经济的时文/新闻报道，有社会生活中发生的大小事件，还有个人成长的经历趣闻。文章的特点是用非常简练的语言清楚地向读者阐述一件事，在写作手法上遵循的原则是“keep it short and simple”，简称KISS原则。这类文章的写作思路往往是这样的：简述某个事件(何时、何地、何人、何事、结果)——具体描述该事件(细节内容)——作者或其他人的看法和评价。不过，在表达方式上，作者会运用各种表达方式，如倒叙、插叙等，思维的跳跃性较大。
议论文
议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事情进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或是驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，是文章要表达的主要思想内容；论据是作者所引用的用以证明和支持论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证，或是统计数据等，只要是对证明论点有利的材料都可以为作者所用；确定了论点和论据材料后，作者还需要将这些论据合理地组织在一起，也就是通常所说的论证。
说明文
说明文是指运用较为朴实的语言来客观地解释某个问题、某种现象类的文章。高考说明文体裁的阅读材料通常多为科普读物(包括介绍最新科技、重大成就等)、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等等。说明文的总体结构通常分为三个部分：说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结；从段落组织方式上分，常见的有以下五种结构：总分式结构(总→分→总；总→分；分→总)；并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)；对照式结构(结构形式是一正一反)；递进式结构(文章各部分内容形成一层更进一层的形式)；连贯式结构(说明的各层次之间是按照事物发张过程来安排层次，前后互相承接)。
说明文常见的说明方法有：定义与诠释、举例与引用、分类与图表、比较与比喻和分析与综合等。了解说明文的写作手法、说明方法，理清文章结构是解题的关键之一。
二、把握不同的题型，抓住正选项特征，用恰当方法解题
高考英语阅读理解题的题型，也称之为考点，常见的有：细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词/句义猜测题。篇章结构题偶尔也会出现(可以归类于推理判断题)。不同的题型其所提问题呈现的方式不同、备选项中的正选项的特征不同及所考查的重点不同，相应地解题方法也有所不同。
细节理解题
细节理解题所考查的内容主要有：直接信息题和间接信息题。直接信息题的答案几乎可以直接从原文中找出来，考生只要根据题干中的关键词与原文进行对照，就能找到答案；间接信息题也就是语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)。这类题目要求考生能理解原文中某个短语或句子的含义，从而找到与答案意思相同的词语和句子。这种题属于中档层次题，包括数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。
正确选项的主要特征：
1.同义近义替换：把原文中的关键部分在正确选项中进行同义近义替换；
2.词性语态转换：把原文中关键词在正确选项中变换词性；在正确选项中改变了原句的语态；
3.复杂语言简化：把原文中的复杂语言现象在正确选项中进行了简化；
4.正(反)话反(正)说：把原文中的意思反过来表达(正话反说或反话正说)而成为正确选项。
1.题文比对
2.“定”章取义
推理判断题
推理判断题阅读理解中对考生推理判断能力的考查要求考生在理解原文字面意又的基础上，通过对文中细节中隐含的信息和语篇逻辑关系的分析作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解作者所要传达的信息、得出文草的深层意义及隐含意义。它主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系系的能力和识别能力。推理判断题是历届高考英语的命题重点，包括判断和推理两个方面。属于深层理解题，一般难度较高，得分率较低；推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定的推理判断，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。
正确选项的主要特征：
1.一般其内容的含义比较丰富，更加具有综合性和概括性，尤其当四个选项都符合常识或者题目意思时，意义最丰富的选项往往是正确答案。
2.表述一般比较相对，不会用表示绝对意义的词汇，如only, never, all, absolutely等，而会用一些相对留有余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。
3.有时正确答案反而是与我们通过常识判断得出的结论是相反的。因此，如果四个选项中有三个看上去与常识的判断相符，而余下的那一个却是反常识的，那么那个选项往往是正确答案。
1.顺藤摸瓜
2.看“裁”吃饭
3.量体裁“意”/量“法”而行
从写作文体上考量：
从写作手法上考量：
4.对号入座
5.条分缕析
主旨大意题
主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生容易失分的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。此类题型一般在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨或文章的标题。所以，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完读通文章后再做判定，建议考生把此类题放到最后来做。
正确选项的主要特征：
1.选项内容概括性强，最大程度覆盖全段或全文；
2.正确选项标题简洁醒目、针对性强、高度概括。
1.厘清框架归纳主题
段落框架大体可以分成以下三种：
2.有的放矢寻找主题
3.多重手段提炼标题
词义/句意猜测题
词义/句意猜测题是高考阅读理解考查里面尽管所占比例最小，但它是必考的题型之一。它可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的僻意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不是字面上的意思，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词、短语的意义、句子的隐含意义以及代词的指代。
正确选项的主要特征：
1.生词的本义：对划线超课标词的本义解释；
2.熟词的僻意：对划线熟词作出僻意的解释；
3.句子的含义：对原句隐性意义的显性解释；
4.代词的指代：对划线代词逻辑指代的解释。
1.邻里关系
2.文题比对
3.定位代入
A
(2023届江西省重点中学盟校高三第二次联考)One of the most beautiful and fantastic destinations to visit is a beach. The tranquility and comfort at the beach are unmatched. It is hard to list the top beaches in the world because tourists have diverse tastes. This article highlights some of the most gorgeous beaches to visit in the world.
Nungwi Beach, Tanzania:
Nungwi is a popular beach location on the Tanzanian island of Zanzibar, located at the island’s northwestern tip. Nungwi Beach has beautiful features such as lovely clean waves from something like the Indian Ocean and smooth whites and. It is also known for its crystal blue waters and exotic flora and fauna. It has amazing sunset views, and all restaurants and clubs on the beach are open until late hours. On the powdery sand, you can take in the ocean scenery while participating in other beach activities.
White-haven Beach, Queensland, Australia:
The largest beach in the Whitsundays is White-haven; this gorgeous beach is incomparable in Australia. This beach has beautiful whites and that is 98 percent pure silica. It makes the sand incredibly smooth and delicate. Even on days when the weather is very hot, walking barefoot is comfortable because it doesn’t absorb heat like other types of sand beaches do. Travelers really do need to take the opportunity to visit this beach.
Pink Sand Beach, Harbour Island, The Bahamas:
On Harbour Island in the Bahamas is the pinks and beach. Because of its pink sands, this beach is very attractive and unique. A microscopic organism with a reddish-pink shell known as a foraminifera(有孔虫类)is the source of the pinks and beach’s color on Harbour Island in the Bahamas. Swimming in this beach is slightly safer because the blue water in this area is usually calm and shallow due to the protection provided by the surrounding beaches.
21.What can we learn about the three beaches
A. Nungwi Beach is famous only for its clean waves.
B. You can enjoy late night activities on White-haven Beach.
C. Among the three beaches, Pink Sand Beach is the most attractive.
D. It still feels good to walk barefoot on White-haven Beach even on hot days.
22.What made the Pink Sand Beach special
A. Its pink sands and cooling weather. B. Its pink and smooth sands.
C. Its pink sands and less dangerous water. D. Its pink sands and blue water.
23.Where can the text be found
A. In an advertisement. B. In a travel brochure.
C. In a geography book. D. In a fashion magazine
B
(2023届重庆市南开中学高三模拟)When I was 13, I climbed my first mountain--a fairly gentle 3,900-foot peak. I was overweight at the time and out of breath when I reached the summit. But I loved challenging myself. Soon I’d climbed nearly 100 peaks. My parents were happy I’d finally found a hobby.
I often go climbing with my friend Mel Olsen. She and I drove to tackle 11, 240-foot Mount Hood. It’s safer to start winter climbs at night when there’s less risk of the sun melting the snow-pack. That day, we started at 3 a. m. At around 9 a. m., we reached an ice step. It was about three or four feet tall and sloped at a 75-degree angle. I volunteered to go first. I placed my left foot on the ice step.
I gained a sense of the ice when I stuck my ax and crampons(鞋底钉)into it, and it felt good. Confident I was safe, I put my full weight on it. Suddenly, I heard a crack, and as the snow-pack became thinner, a whole piece of ice broke off the step, right under my foot.
In an instant, I fell backward, bouncing off the rock face and rolling down the mountain as if I were a character in a video game. I remember thinking, This is it. You’re done. I stuck out my arms and legs, grabbing at anything. That stopped my rolling down the mountain, but I was still sliding. After 2 few seconds, I came to a stop on a shallow slope.
I asked myself: Where are you Mount Hood. What’s the date December 30. Good. My brain was functioning. Then I checked my body to see where I was hurt. For the most part, I was fine, except that I was suffering from a sharp pain in my left leg. Later I’d learn that I’d broken my femur(大腿骨)and that the bone was sliding into my skin and muscle.
At the bottom of Mount Hood, I was loaded into an ambulance and taken to a hospital. The doctors told me it would be a year before I could climb again, but I was back on the trails within six months.
24.Why did the author and her friend set out at 3 a. m.
A. It was the best time to enjoy scenery.
B. It was more challenging to climb at night.
C. They wanted to finish the climb before sunset.
D. They hoped to avoid some possible dangers.
25.Why is “a character in a video game” mentioned in paragraph 4
A. To show her strong character. B. To make her idea more convincing.
C. To help readers imagine the scene. D. To add to the humor of the description.
26.How did the author make sure she could still think clearly
A. By recalling what had happened. B. By checking whether she was injured.
C. By calling an ambulance for rescue. D. By asking herself some factual questions.
27.What can we learn about the author
A. She is too brave to pay attention to any danger.
B. R She has a strong desire for professional knowledge.
C. Setbacks can’t stop her from challenging herself.
D. The love for nature sets her apart from her friends.
C-1
(广东省揭阳市2022-2023学年普通高中高三上学期教学质量测试)In today’s motivational literature, failure is often viewed as something to be celebrated. Inspirational speakers are fond of quoting the words of the novelist Samuel Beckett—“Fail again. Fail better.” It seems that disappointments are an essential stepping stone to success, a turning point in our life story that will ultimately end in victory.
However, psychological researches find most of us struggle to handle failure constructively. In other words, we fail to “fail forward”. We find ways to devalue the task at which we failed, and become less motivated to persevere and reach our goals. This phenomenon is known as the “sour-grape effect”, which was discovered by Professor Hallgeir Sjastad.
Sjastad explains that “sour-grape effect” is a self-protective mechanism. “Most of us picture ourselves as competent people, so when external feedback(反馈)suggests otherwise, it poses a serious threat to that self-image,” he says. “The easiest way out is to deny or explain away the external signal, so we can reduce the inconsistency and preserve a positive sense of self. We do this even without noticing.”
If you have one bad interview for your dream job, you might convince yourself that you don’t really want it at all, and stop applying for similar positions. The same goes if you fail to impress at a sports trial, or if a publisher rejects the first submission of your manuscript(手稿).“We tend to explain away our shortcomings and convince ourselves our ‘Plan C’ is actually our ‘Plan A’,” Sjastad says.
It doesn’t mean we should persevere in goals all the time. It can be healthy to change ambitions if the process is no longer making us happy. But the “sour-grape effect”may lead us to come to this decision prematurely, rather than hanging on a little and seeing whether we might learn and improve.
Failures are unavoidable. By learning to face the disappointment instead of devaluing its importance and pretending nothing happened, you may find it easier to achieve your goals.
28.Why does the author mention the speech of inspirational speakers in paragraph 1
A. To offer an example to handle failure.
B. To describe a shallow understanding of failure.
C. To introduce a common attitude towards failure.
D. To emphasize the importance of experiencing failure.
29.What can we learn from the paragraph 3 about the “sour-grape effect”
A. It protects us from false feedback. B. It pictures us as competitive people.
C. It poses a severe threat to self-image. D. It denies negative feedback to ourselves.
30.What does the underlined word “prematurely” in paragraph 5 mean
A. unhappily B. mistakenly C. hurriedly D. carelessly
31.Which statement would the author most probably agree with
A. Don’t escape when our self-image is broken.
B. Don’t quit when goals no longer make you happy.
C. Never hesitate to replace “Plan A” with “Plan C”.
D. Never forget to maintain a positive sense of self.
C-2
(2023届江西省赣州市高三下学期二模英语试题)Sleep is reparative. Because we need to repair a lot while we sleep, it’s important to get quality sleep.
Most of us function better in the daytime with routines. We also function better at night with a routine because we want to keep pace with our natural body rhythms. Each person’s routine may be different—some people wash their face at night, and some take a bath—just make sure it is a routine. That’s true during the week and on the weekend; consistency matters. Have a winding down, getting ready for sleep routine, and carry that out at the same time every night. Find things that are relaxing and help slow you down for sleep. That may be reading, listening to music, meditating, praying—anything that’s relaxing while also being constructive or healthy.
Typically, people relax and tend to slow everything down at bedtime. As they relax, they take deeper breaths, increasing oxygen flow, which raises their skin temperature. This is one of the key reasons why we sleep better in a cooler environment. If your skin temperature increases and your room is already a bit warm, you will be too hot to sleep well.
The exact temperature is a personal matter. The key is that it’s more toward cool than hot. Many consider 68 degrees an environment that’s neither so cold we shiver nor so hot we sweat. But there’s no scientific evidence for an exact, perfect sleeping temperature.
At the end of the day, sleep is absolutely crucial for so many reasons. It helps us repair and rejuvenate so we can fight infection, concentrate, regulate our moods, show up for ourselves and the people in our lives, and basically function as humans. We can’t make up lost sleep, contrary to what many a night owl might think. So, it’s really high time we should do all we can to foster the best sleep possible, starting with a cool room and relaxing bedtime routine.
28.What can be inferred from Paragraph 2
A. A routine can be helpful in getting quality sleep.
B. It’s best to avoid screens before you go to bed.
C. Higher quality of sleep leads to better mental health.
D. Listening to music makes it difficult to stay asleep.
29.What will happen when people relax during sleep at night
A. They’ll take more regular breaths. B. They’ll feel cooler than in the day.
C. Their skin temperature will rise. D. They will not get enough oxygen.
30.What main point does the author want to make in the last paragraph
A. Good sleep can be made at any time. B. Sleep is important for many reasons.
C. Try to develop good sleep habits now. D. Lost sleep makes no difference to people.
31.What’s the structure of the text
A. B.
C. D.
D
(2023浙江台州二模)Alarming levels of dangerous chemicals known as Perfluorinated Alkylated Substances(PFAS)were discovered in food packaging at a number of well-known fast-food restaurants and grocery store chains, a new report found. The report comes more than two years into the Covid-19 pandemic, when the public has relied heavily on takeout and grocery deliveries.
Often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down in the environment, PFAS are used in food packaging to prevent grease(油脂)and water from soaking through food wrappers and cups. PFAS can also be found in the ink used to print logos and instructions on food containers.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls exposure to PFAS a “public health concern”, citing that the human-made chemicals can harm the immune system and reduce a person’s resistance to infectious diseases.
Regulatory limits for how much PFAS food packaging should contain can vary greatly. For instance, a new law in California set the limit at less than 100 ppm. “Compared to America, Denmark sets a much lower regulatory limit of 20 ppm with great success,” said Xenia Trier, an expert at the European Environment Agency. “It does work to set limits and enforce them. PFAS do migrate from the paper into the food. Even though it was not 100%, we still saw considerable transmission. In general, transmission from packaging to food is increased as the temperature of the food rises. It is the same with the time spent in wrapping materials.” Trier told NBS, one of the major American mass-media companies.
In response to the issue, Whole Foods became the first grocery chain to publicly commit to remove PFAS from takeout containers and bakery paper. Many other companies followed suit. Experts say people who want to avoid PFAS in their takeout and food delivery packaging should favor companies that have promised to remove the chemicals. “As soon as you receive your takeout, you’d better take food out of the container immediately, and never reheat food in its original container. Instead, remove your food and heat it in ceramic(陶瓷的)or glass containers.” Trier said.
32.What can we learn about PFAS in food packaging
A. They have been used for two years. B. They do little harm to consumers’ health.
C. They are used to break down the chemicals. D. They can make wrappers resistant to grease and water.
33.What is Xenia Trier’s attitude to setting a lower limit of PFAS
A. Favorable. B. Neutral. C. Ambiguous. D. Opposed.
34.What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4
A. Considerable migration of grease and water. B. PFAS transmission from packaging to food.
C. Wrapper exposure to high food temperature. D. Regulatory limits concerning food packaging.
35.What is the main idea of the text
A. Food packaging contains dangerous chemicals.
B. Consumers are recommended to have PFAS-free products.
C. PFAS found in food packaging has become a great concern.
D. The government has taken measures to reduce PFAS exposure.
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