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并列连词
1.And、but、or、so
祈使句+and/or+一般将来时
Work hard，and you will succeed.
Work hard，or you will fail.
2.Both... and... 两者都（谓语动词一定要用复数）
Not only... but also... 不仅...而且... （就近原则）
Either... or... 2选1 （就近原则）
Neither... nor... 两者都不 （就近原则）
就近原则：由靠近谓语动词的主语决定谓语动词用单数还是复数
谓语动词：①系动词：be动词、感官动词（look、seem、sound、smell、taste、feel）、表变化类的系动词（get、turn、become）、保持类的系动词（keep、stay、remain） ②实义动词
Both my father and my mother ___enjoy___(enjoy) pop music.
Not only my father but also my mother___enjoys___(enjoy) pop music.
Neither my friends nor I ____am___(be) good at Maths.
Either Amy or her cousins ____get___(get) high marks.
Either Amy or her cousins ___have___ already ____got___(get) high marks.
So+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语 表示肯定（我也是）
Neither+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语 表示否定（我也不）
——I can speak English well.
——So can I.
——I can’t speak English well.
——Neither can I.
——I have been to the Great Wall.
——So have I.
——She/I play(s/ed) the piano very well.
——So do I./So does(did) she.
——He can hardly play the piano.
——Neither can he.
If you don’t go to the party, neither___will___I. (if引导条件状语从句，主将从现)
宾语从句
定义：在从句中充当宾语的句子
连接词：
①that、if、whether
注意：that引导宾语从句无意义，只起到连接主从句的作用。
例：The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 老师告诉我们光比声音传播得快。
②连接代词：who、whom、whose、what、which
I don't believe what he said.（what在从句中作宾语）
I wonder who is talking to him.（who在从句中做主语）
I wonder who/whom he is talking to.（who/whom在从句中作宾语）
I wonder whose parents work in Beijing.（whose在从句中作定语）
③连接副词：when、where、why、how
Can you tell me when the train will leave？
只能用whether不能用if的情况：
①句子中出现or/or not时，只能用whether
②位于句首，只能用whether
③whether+to do，if不可以
时态：
①主句用一般现在时，从句可以用任意时态（即 主现从任意）
②主句用一般过去时，从句用过去相应的时态（即 住主过从过）
注意：从句如果陈述的是客观事实，则仍用一般现在时
语序：从句只能用陈述句语序（即主语+谓语）
例：Can you tell me when the train will leave？
注意连接词做主语的特殊情况
状语从句
时间状语从句：before、after、when、while、whenever、until、till、as soon as(一...
就...)、since(自从)
时间状语从句除since外，均遵循主将从现、主过从过
When、while除主将从现外，一般与过去进行时连用
现在完成时+Since+一般过去时（主完从过）
I have learnt Chinese since I was born.
原因状语从句：because、since（由于、既然）、as
Since you can't solve the problem, why not ask your teacher for help. 既然
结果状语从句：如此...以至于...
①so...that... （so+adj./adv.） The girl is so polite that everyone likes her.
②such...that （such+n.） She is such a polite girl that everyone likes her.
Many/much/little/few 只能用so去修饰
Little作为“小”的时候，也可以用such去修饰：such a little girl
So/such...that=too...to=not...enough to
Eg:The girl is so young that she can’t live alone.
=She is such a young girl that she can’t live alone.
=The girl is too young to live alone.
=The girl is not old enough to live alone.
目的状语从句：so that 为了、以便于、那样的话...=in order that+从句=in order to do
Eg：The girl gets up early so that she can catch the bus.
=The girl gets up early in order that she can catch the bus.
=The girl gets up early (in order) to catch the bus.
定语从句
概念：修饰名词或代词的从句
The girl who won the game.
先行词：名词或代词
连接词：
关系代词(在从句中充当主语、宾语)：who(主/宾)/whom(宾)/whose/that/which
先行词是人：who、whom、whose、that
Eg：The girl who/that won the game.（缺少won的主语）
The girl who/whom/that I met at the party is my neighbour.（met后缺宾语）
先行词是物：whose、that、which
This is the factory which/that my father used to work in.（缺in的宾语）
关系副词：when/where/how/why
This is the factory where my father used to work.
-My father used to work in the factory.
-The factory __which/that__ my father used to work in.
-The factory __in which=where__ my father used to work.
介词+which=关系副词
注意：①定语从句没有what！！！
②介词后不能用that！！！
只能用that，不能用which：
①先行词既有人也有物
②先行词被最高级或序数词修饰时
③先行词为不定代词或被不定代词修饰时
④先行词被the only/the very/the last修饰时
非限制性定语从句 “，”
Peter, whom you met in London, is now back to Paris.
注意：①“，”后不能用that！！！
②介词后面只能用which和whom！！！！
Eg：Mr.Smith, from whom I have learnt a lot, is a famous scientist.(learn from sb.)
③只能用which指代前面的整句话或者一件事
Eg；The girl won the game，which made me very surprised.
As is often the case，。。。情况通常是这样...
时态复习
一般现在时：目前的状态、经常性行为 客观事实/真理
Be：is am are
动词：do（动词原形） does(三单)
时间状语：every、never、seldom、often、sometimes、usually、always
一般过去时：过去的事实、动作
Be：was were
动词：过去式did
时间状语：once、yesterday、just now、..ago、last...、the other day（前几天）、in+时间点（in 1853）、this morning
一般将来时
Is/am/are going to +动原/be原
Will +动原/be原
Tomorrow is going to be rainy.
He will be free next week.
时间状语：Tomorrow、next...、in the future、soon（不久以后）、the coming...、in+一段时间（in two days）、this afternoon\this evening
现在进行时：现在正在做、最近一段时间一直做某事（一直持续的动作）
Is/am/are+doing
时间状语：now、at present\right now\right away、at the moment、these days、Look!Listen！
过去进行时：过去正在做、最近一段时间一直做某事（一直持续的动作）
Was/were + doing
时间状语：过去某个确定的时间点、过去一段时间
一般过去时/过去进行+When+一般过去/过去进行
一般过去时/过去进行时+While+过去进行时
现在完成时：
过去发生在过去但已经完成，对现在产生了影响
动作发生在过去，并且一直持续到现在，可能会继续延续下去
结构：Have/has done
时间状语
与过去不确定的时间连用：recently、already、yet、just、before（句末）
例：I have met her before.
I have already finished my work.
I have=I’ve She has=she
与频率、次数连用：never、ever、twice、three times...
I have never been to Beijing.
Have you ever been to Beijing？
与一段时间连用：since+时间点、for+一段时间、so far（到目前为止）、till now=up to now（直到现在）、over（in） the past（last） few years（在过去的几年里）必须与延续性动词连用
Suning has opened.
SuNing has been open for two years.
Open——be open have/has been open
Close——be closed have/has been closed
Buy——have have/has had
I bought the mobile phone two weeks ago.
I have had the mobile phone for two months.
Borrow/lend——keep have/has kept
Die——be dead have/has been dead
Start/begin——be on have/has been on
Finish/end——be over have/has been over
Marry——be married have/has been married
Join——be a member of have/has been a member of
Leave——be away（from） have/has been away（from）
Fall asleep——be asleep have/has been asleep
Fall ill——be ill have/has been ill
Catch a cold——have a cold have/has had a cold
Have/has gone to 去了未回 ——Where's your father？ —— He has gone to America.
Have/has been to 去了已回（与频率次数连用） I have been to the Great wall twice.
Have/has been in 呆在某地（与一段时间连用） Mary has been in Europe for three months.
It is/has been + 一段时间+ since+从句（只能用一般过去时）
It is/has been 2 years since I left zhenjiang.
主句（现在完成时）+since+从句（一般过去时）
I have learnt the piano since I was 5 years old.
被动语态
Be + done
一般现在时被动语态：is/am/are + done
一般过去时被动语态：was/were + done
一般将来时被动语态：will be + done
现在完成时被动语态：have/has been + done
形式主语（由于真正的主语太长，为了避免头重脚轻，用it去代替真正的主语）
To learn English well is important for us. =It is important for us to learn English well.
To save the boy is kind of you. =It is kind of you to save the boy.
For 修饰事物 of 修饰人
形式宾语（由于真正的宾语太长，为了避免头重脚轻，用it去代替真正的宾语）
Lily found it difficult for her to learn English well.
句子成分
主语S、宾语O（动宾/介宾）、谓语V、表语P、宾补OC（补充说明宾语）
谓语（谓语动词）：
1）系动词：①be动词 ②感官动词：look、seem、sound、smell、taste、feel ③表变化类系动词：turn、get、become ④保持类系动词：stay、keep、remain
2）实义动词
五种基本句型结构
主谓
The sun rises. S+V
主谓宾
He teaches Chinese. S+V+O
特殊情况：双宾语
He teaches me English. =He teaches English to me. S+V+IO+DO （IO间接宾语 DO直接宾语 物直人间）
主系表 S+V+P
The apple tastes delicious. 形容词做表语
She is a student. 名词做表语
She is at home. 介词短语做表语
主谓宾宾补 S+V+O+OC
He watches the girl dancing. 现在分词（动名词）做宾补
I often hear the girl sing. 动词原形做宾补
His parents don't allow him to stay out late. 不定式做宾补
He gave me a flower. 双宾语
We call her Lily. 宾语
介词
In+年份 in 1999 —— 一般过去时
In+一段时间 in two years —— 一般将来时 用how soon 提问
how long提问，用for/about+一段时间
In the past few years —— 现在完成时
In+早/中/晚/年/月/季节
In the morning / in 1997 / in July / in autumn
In+teens：in his twenties 在他二十多岁的时候
On+星期/具体某一天 注意：早中晚前加了修饰词用on
On Monday / On the morning of 23th March / on a hot afternoon / On Christmas Day
At+年纪/具体几点/节日/正午/午夜
At the age of seven / at seven o'clock / At Christmas / at night / at midnight / at noon
特殊疑问词
How long 多长时间 用for/about + 一段时间
How soon 多久以后 用in+一段时间 将来时
How often 频率
How far 距离 用for/about + 一段时间 + 交通方式
How many 提问可数名词数量
How much ①提问不可数名词数量 ②提问价格 ③对动词的提问
形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词
My + 名词 mine=my + 名词
Your + 名词 yours=your + 名词
His + 名词 his=his + 名词
Her + 名词 hers=her + 名词
Its + 名词 /
Our + 名词 ours=our + 名词
Your + 名词 yours=your + 名词
Their + 名词 theirs= + 名词
冠词
定冠词——the
The+形容词表示一类人，谓语动词用复数
The+姓氏复数，表示一家人 The Greens 格林一家人
The+乐器
不定冠词——a/an
The+序数词，表示第几
A+序数词，表示再一、又一
The number of ...的数量，谓语动词用单数
A number of + 可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数，许多
A great deal of + 不可数名词，许多
Plenty of 许多，既可以+可数名词，也可以+不可数名词
零冠词——不加冠词
棋牌类、球类零冠词
一日三餐零冠词 have breakfast
星期/季节/年/月零冠词
Space（太空）、nature（自然）零冠词 go into space 进入太空 be close to nature 亲近自然
祈使句+and/or+一般将来时
Hurry up，or you will be late.
Don't give up，and you will succeed.
Match 物配物
Suit 颜色、款式、风格合适
Fit 尺寸、大小合适
情态动词
Can ①能力：能够 ②许可：可以 ③用于表示将来的可能性
Could ①是can的过去式，用法同can ②作为独立的情态动词，语气比can更加委婉
Can’t ①能力：不能 ②否定猜测：不可能 例子：Is Lily playing the piano？No，It can’t be her.
couldn't 是can的过去式，用法同can
用could提问，用can和can't回答
用could提问表示过去的能力，用could和couldn't
Must ①命令：必须=have to ②肯定猜测：一定 例子：Someone is playing the piano，it must be Lily.
mustn't 禁止
用must（必须）问，肯定用must，否定用needn't/don't have to回答
Do I have to hand in my report today？Yes，you must. No，you needn't或you don't have to.
May ①肯定猜测：也许 ②许可：可以
用may提问，用can和can't回答
May not 也许不
Need 需要①情态动词need do，否定：needn't do
②实义动词 need to do，主语只能是人，否定：don't need to do
主语是物，sth. need doing=sth. need to be done (=require)
例子：I need to repair my computer. = My computer needs repairing.=My computer needs to be repaired.
Should 应该（权利、义务，带有命令的语气）
shouldn't 不应该
Shall 一般用于提建议或者询问别人的意见，主语只能是I和We
出现在情景交际里，通常用Good idea回答
It is great fun to do sth.
Have fun doing sth.
Hundreds/thousands/millions/billions of
Two hundred/thousand/million/billion
Open(V.)打开、开业——open(adj.)开着的(一般表示状态)
Close ①V. 关闭——closed(adj. 关闭的) ②adj. 亲密的（close friends）③adv. 距离上近（sit close）——closely 程度上密切地（work closely）
See/hear/notice/watch sb. do 经常做/全过程
See/hear/notice/watch sb. doing 正在做
Both...and... 两者都 谓语动词必须用复数
Either...or... 二选一 就近原则
Neither...nor... 两者都不 就近原则
Not only...but also... 不仅...而且... 就近原则
就近原则：看靠近谓语动词的主语
例子：Not only I but also my mother ____likes___(like) watching TV.
None 三者及以上，指前面提到过的东西/人没有
Nothing 什么都没有
Have sb. do 让某人做某事=get sb. to do
Have sth. done 使某事被做
Have/has gone to 去了未回
Have/has been to 去了已回（一般与次数/频率连用）
例子：①I have never been to Beijing. ②I have been to Beijing twice.
Have/has been in 待在某地（一般与一段时间连用）
例子：①Lisa has been in Italy for two months. ②Lisa has been in America since she was 5.
Have many advantages over... 相比...有很多优势

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