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连词
一、连词的含义及分类
①连词是用来连接单词、短语、从句或句子的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分;
②按性质分为:并列连词和从属连词;
③并列连词连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子，有（并列、选择、转折、因果四大类）
④从属连词主要引导三大从句(名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句)
二、并列连词
1.表示并列关系的
and (和)
both..and (....都)[(V.用复数)
not only ..but also (不...而且..(V就近原则)]
neither ..nor (既不..也不..(V.就近原则)
as well as (也，又)(V.就远原则)
Go along the street andyou'll find the library.(沿着这条街走，你就会找到图书馆。)
Both my father and my mother are workers.(我的爸爸和妈妈都是工人。)
Not only you but also he wants to go hiking.(不仅你，而且他也想去徒步旅行。)
NeitherI nor he has been to Bejing before.(我和他以前都没去过北京。)
He as well as I is responsible for it.(不只是我，他对此事也有责任。)
2.表示选择关系的
or (或者:否则)
eiter..Or..(要么..要么..) (V.就近原则)
rather than (而不是)
whether...or..(是...还..)
not..but...(不是..而是...)
Which do you prefer, white or black (你更喜欢哪一个，白色还是黑色 )
Put on your coat,or you'll catch a cold.(穿上你的外套，否则你会感冒的。)
Either you or I am right. (要么你是对的，要么我是对的。)
please tell us whether to go or stay. (请告诉我们是去还是留下。)
He is an explorer rather than a sailor.(与其说他是个海员，不如说他是个探险家。)
she is not a teacher but a nurse. (她不是一名教师，而是一名护士。)
特别提示
祈使句和If引导的条件状语从句可以互相转换
Study hard，or you won't pass the exam.努力学习，否则你通不过考试。（祈使句+or+陈述句前 后是对立的）
Study hard， and you will pass the exam.你就会通过考试。（祈使句+and+ 陈述句 前后是顺承的）
If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exam.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
3.表示转折关系的
but(但是)(常用于口语)
while(然而)连接内容或结构对称的句子，对比两件事物)
however(然而，但是)(较正式的说法)
I want to help you, but I really don't know what to do.(我想帮你，但我真不知道该做些什么。)
Tina didn't pass the final exam. However, she didn't lose heart.(蒂娜没有通过期末考试。然而，她没有灰心。)
Jane is hard-working while her sister is quite lazy.(简工作很努力，然而她的妹妹却相当懒。)
4.表示因果关系的
so (因此)(表示结果，后接表结果的句子)
for(因为，由于)(补充说明理由，不用于句首)
He is not at school today, for he had a bad cold.(他今天没去上学，因为他得了严重的感冒。)
I am very tired, so I want to have a rest.(我很累了，所以我想休息一下。)
三、从属连词
1.引导时间状语从句的
as soon as (一...就.)
until (直到)
since (自从)
before (在..之前)
after (在..之后)
when (当...的时候)
while (当...的时候)
as (当...的时候)
when:从句中谓语动词可以是延续性，也可以是非延续性
while :从句中谓语动词只能是延续性，侧重主从句动作同时发生
as:引导延续性动作，主从句动作同时发生，强调”一边....一边.
When l got to the cinema, I found that they had sold out all the tickets.(当我到达电影院时，我发现票已售完。)
While l was watching TV, my sister was doing her homework.(当我正在看电视的时候，我妹妹正在做作业。)
I read the letter as I walked along the river.(我一边治着河走，一边读这封信。)
As soon as he arrives,'ll call you. (他一到我就给你打电话。)
Mr.Green waited until his children came back.
(格林先生一直等到孩子们回来。)
I didn't go to bed untill my mother came back.
(直到妈妈回来我才去睡觉。)
引导条件状语从句的
if (如果)
unless (除非)
as long as (只要)
主将从现主情从现主祈从现
If you go to the party, you will have a great time.(如果你去参加聚会，你将会玩得很高兴。） unless = if..not....
You will miss the bus unless you hurry up.
= If you don't hurry up, you will miss the bus.
(如果你不快点，就会错过公交车。)
As long as you work hard,you will succeed.
(只要你好好工作，你就会成功。)
if也可以引导宾语从句，意为"是否‘
If条件状语从句中,意为"如果"
3.引导原因状语从句的
because (因为)(语气最强，表值接原因，回答why的问句)
as(由于)(语气最弱，说明比较明显的原因)
since (既然)(语气较because弱，引导的从句常位于主句前)
Because﹥since﹥as
I was late for school, because I didn't catch the early bus.(因为我没有赶上早班车，所以我上学迟到了。)
As it is cold outside, we will put on our coats.(因为外面冷，所以我们要穿上大衣。)
Since everyone is here, let's begin our class.(既然大家都来了，我们上课吧。)
4.引导结果状语从句的
so(因此， 所以)
He studied hard, so he passed the exam.(他努力学习,因此他通过了考试。)
so...that/such.....at.. (如此..以至于...)
(1) so+adj./adv.+that从句
The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.(这个箱子太重了，我搬不动。)
(2) so+adj.+a/an+单数名词+that从句
= such+a/an+adj.+单数名+that从句
She is so polite a girl that we all like her.
= She is sucha polite girl that we all like her.
such+adj.+复数名词/不可数名词十that从句
It's such good advice that I'll accept it.
(这是一个如此好的建议以至于我会接受它。)
(4)当名词前有many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so,不能用such
She has so many books that I can't count them.
(他有很多书，我数也数不清。)
引导目的状语从句的
so that (为了，以便)
in order that (以便，为了)
He worked day and night so that /in order that he could succeed. =He worked day and night so as to/in order to succeed.
(他夜以继日地工作，为的是取得成功。)
引导让步状语从句的
though/although (虽然，尽管)
even if/even though (即使)
Although ! Though it is a very small country, it is very rich.(尽管它是个很小的国家，但是它却很富有。)
Even if/ though you were here yesterday, you couldn't help him.(即使昨天你在这里，你也帮不了他。)
although/though不能和but出现在同一个句子里，只能用其中一个，但是能和yet,(stil)用在同一个句子里
引导宾语从句的
that (无意义)
whether/if (是否)
其他特殊疑问词:
疑问代词 what, who, whose, which, whatever, whichever ,whoever
疑问副词 when where why how Whenever,wherever,however
We know that the earth goes around the sun(我们知道地球绕着太阳转。)
Can you tell me if /whether he will come tomorrow (你能告诉我他明天是否会来吗 )
I want to know why he was late for school yesterday.(我想知道昨天他为什么迟到。)
8.引导定语从句的
关系代词:who、which、 that、 whom、whose
关系副词:when、where、 why
I prefer the music that I can dance to.
(我更喜欢我能随之跳舞的音乐。)
This is the village where he was born. (这就是他出生的村庄。 )
The man whose hair is white is his grandfather.(那个头发花白的人是他的爷爷。)
Is he the man who wants to see you (他就是想见你的那个人吗 )

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