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英语语法讲解-名词短语，形容词短语和副词短语
(一)名词短语：是以名词为中心词的单词群
1.名词短语中修饰名词的有：形容词、数词、代词、名词(所有格)、分词(短语)、介词短语、不定式(短语)或副词。
(1)形容词修饰名词
The little boy needs a blue shirt.
小男孩需要一件蓝色的衬衣。
(2)数词修饰名词
There are two boys in the room.
房间里有两个男孩。
(3)代词修饰名词
His name is Tom.
他的名字是汤姆。
(4)名词(所有格)修饰名词
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.
这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
There are two boys of Tom's there.
那里有汤姆家的两个男孩。
(5)分词(短语)修饰名词
The smiling boy needs a book bought by his mother.
那个微笑的男孩需要一本他妈妈买的书。
(6)介词短语修饰名词
The boy in blue is Bob.
穿蓝色衣服的孩子是鲍勃。
(7)不定式(短语)修饰名词
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.
写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
(8)副词修饰名词
The best boy here is Eric.
这里最棒的男孩是埃里克。
2．名词短语中修饰名词的词或短语其位置一般有两种：用在名词之前的叫前置定语，用在名词之后的叫后置定语。
(1)前置定语
在英语里，一般定语前置时的次序为：限定词、形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语，但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前，应注意其次序，其形容词遵循的次序为：限观形龄色国材，其指：限定词(一般指数量)；外观(美丽等)；形状(大小，高矮，肥瘦)；年龄；颜色；国籍；材料；用途。如：
an interesting little red French oil painting
一幅小的有趣的法国红色油画
(2)后置定语
①短语作定语一般在名词之后
He gave me a basket full of eggs.
他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。
②副词作定语一般在名词之后
The people here are very friendly.
这里的人很友好。
(1)单句语法填空
①The other day, a friend of ________ (I) came to visit me.
②It's about an ________ (hour) drive from here.
③I could see a girl ________ red playing on the playground.
答案：①mine　②hour's　③in
(2)完成句子
①This is __________________________ (教我们英语的老师). She is friendly.
②Three ______________ (男医生) and two ______________ (女护士) made up a medical team.
③He painted the wall a______________ (更鲜艳的颜色)．
④Everyone wants to read their______________ (最喜欢的书)．
⑤We Chinese people are ________________________________ (勤劳勇敢的人民)．
答案：①the teacher teaching us English　②men doctors; women nurses　③brighter colour　④favorite book　⑤hardworking and brave people
(二)形容词短语：是以形容词为中心词的单词群
1.形容词短语，可以修饰名词或代词，还可以用作表语或宾语补足语；通常用副词修饰形容词，副词修饰形容词主要表示程度。
I was rather angry at what he said.
我对他说的话相当生气。
Mary and Jane are quite different.
玛丽与简大不一样。
The music is too loud; please turn it down.
这音乐太吵了，请把音量关小一点。
It's difficult enough, but it could have been worse.
这事情够困难的了，本来可能会更糟呢。
Let's go shopping now. The shops should be fairly empty.
现在我们去购物吧。商店里人不会太多。
2．副词修饰形容词，有时也表示方面或方式等。
I am economically independent.
我在经济方面是独立的。
The book is historically inaccurate.
这本书从历史上说不准确。
(1)单句语法填空
①They felt very happy when they heard the very ________ (excite) news.
②The students were required to see a film both ________ (interest) and instructive.
③________ (cheer) and warm hearted, she will do everything she can to help others.
答案：①exciting　②interesting　③Cheerful
(2)完成句子
①I feel ________________ (有点饿). Would you like to give me something to eat
②Tom was the only boy__________________ (当时醒着的)．
③Is there____________ (新的内容) in today's newspaper
④The teacher asked me a question ________________________ (很难回答的)．
⑤I'm ____________ (极其失望) in him.
答案：①a little hungry　②awake at that time　③anything new　④too difficult to answer　⑤extremely disappointed
(三)副词短语：是以副词为中心词的单词群
副词短语，通常用副词修饰副词，主要表示程度。此时，起修饰作用的副词常见的有almost, fairly, pretty, rather, quite, very, much, too, greatly, nearly, half, highly, awfully, deeply, partly, perfectly, really 等。
He was back quite quickly.
他很快就回来了。
They thought very highly of him.
他们对他评价很高。
She fell and hurt her leg rather badly.
她跌倒了，腿伤得相当重。
He spoke too quickly for me to understand.
他说得太快了，我听不懂。
I'm going to have to find a new apartment pretty soon.
我很快就得找个新住处了。
(1)单句语法填空
①The chairman spoke quite ________ (wonderful)．
②________ (hopeful), tomorrow will turn out fine.
③Please walk more ________ (slow) so that we can follow you.
答案：①wonderfully　②Hopefully　③slowly
(2)完成句子
①She drives ______________ (相当快) than she ought to.
②He looked down at the traffic ______________ (远在下方)．
③This matter has been handled ______________ (很糟糕)．
④Helen came late, but her sister came ______________ (更晚)．
⑤You will get there ____________ (快得多) if you go by high speed train.
答案：①rather faster　②far below　③very badly
④still later　⑤more quickly
Ⅰ.根据语境及汉语提示完成句子
1．This voyage was the most exciting ________ (冒险) of their lives.
答案：adventure
2．Many of these people had used smartphones in their ________ (青年时期)．
答案：youth
3．(朗文当代)The ________ (盘子) were piled high with rice.
答案：plates
4．(牛津高阶)We employ an ________ (专家) to advise on new technology.
答案：expert
5．(2022·全国甲卷)Presenting the best of the West End along with the pick of the UK's touring shows, the New Theatre is Cardiff's oldest ________ (幸存的) traditional theatre.
答案：surviving
Ⅱ.写出下列句子中黑体部分的短语类型
1．The lesson will be given from 3 pm to 5 pm on the afternoon of next Tuesday in the classroom 502.________
答案：名词短语
2．He is inexperienced, but he is quite clever.________
答案：形容词短语
3．She will explain quite clearly what she intends to do in future.________
答案：副词短语
4．On weekends, he would join in some school activities.________
答案：名词短语
5．Jim jumps far too high and no one can match him.________
答案：副词短语
Ⅲ.选词填空
be expert in; do well in; survival skill; try out for; youth
1．She decided to ____________ a volunteer after school reading program.
答案：try out for
2．He was a couple of months overage for the ____________ team.
答案：youth
3．They not only studied all the subjects required to be an astronaut but also learned ____________．
答案：survival skills
4．She should ____________ her studies this year—she's very focused.
答案：do well in
5．He has a large vocabulary and he ____________ American slang, which results from his love of movies.
答案：is expert in
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．我已经把10岁的儿子送到探险训练营去过期中假了。
I have sent my 10 year old son off to an ________________ for the half term holiday.
答案：adventure camp
2．夏天比秋天下雨更频繁。
It rains ______________ in summer than in autumn.
答案：more often
3．我过去是一个青年俱乐部的成员。
I used to belong to a ____________.
答案：youth club
4．首先，我计划改善我的英语口语。
Firstly, I plan to improve my ______________．
答案：spoken English
5．加入我们学校的拉拉队相当难。
To join our school's cheerleading team is ____________．
答案：quite hard

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