资源简介

应用文写作---中国元素素材积累二
一、 四大名著（一）
Journey to the West was written in the 16th century during the Ming Dynasty(1368 AD-1644 AD)by Wu Cheng'en.The novel tells a series of the legends of the Buddhist monk Xuanzang who travelled to India and Central Asia during the Tang Dynasty (618 AD-907 AD)to obtain sacred texts. Monkey King, Zhu Baje and Sha Wujing,together with a dragon prince helped Xuanzang along the road.
《西游记》是16世纪明朝（公元1368年－公元1644年）的吴承恩所著。这部小说讲述了唐朝（公元618年－公元907年）僧人玄奘去印度和中亚取经途中所经历的一系列的传奇故事。孙悟空、猪八戒和沙悟净，还有一位龙太子，一路上帮助玄奘。
Written in the latter half of the 18th century, A Dream of Red Mansions is a semi-autobiographical work which is based on the financial decay of author Cao Xueqin's family. Recognized for its formal beauty and innovation, A Dream of Red Mansions has spawned a scholarly field of its own, 'Redology', which is still a thriving academic subject in China. The novel offers an incredibly detailed rendering of the life of 18th century Chinese aristocracy.
创作于18世纪下半叶的《红楼梦》是一部半自传体的作品，主要讲述了作者曹雪芹家族的经济衰败。《红楼梦》因其形式之美和创新而被认可，它催生了一个自己的学术领域，“红学”，在中国仍然是一个蓬勃发展的学术研究。这部小说对18世纪中国贵族的生活进行了非常详细的描述。
The Water Margin was written based on historical events and folklore by Shi Nai'an. In the novel the heroes gathered in the Liangshan Mountain to start an uprising. The Water Margin describes a total of 787 characters,who have complicated characteristics and there is a detailed description.The novel has created a common, concise, vivid and expressive literary language on the basis of the folk spoken language.
《水浒传》是施耐庵根据历史事件和民间传说写成的。小说中的主人公聚集在梁山发动起义。《水浒传》共描写了787个人物，这些人物性格复杂，描写细致。这部小说在民间口头语言的基础上，创造了一种通用的、简洁的、生动的、富于表现力的文学语言。
Words and Expressions
① legend n.传说；传奇故事
② sacred adj.神的；神圣的
③ semi-autobiographical adj.半自传体的
④ decay n.衰退；衰败
⑤ spawn vt.引发；引起；导致；造成
⑥rendering n.演绎；表演
⑦ aristocracy n.贵族
⑧ folklore n.民间传说
⑨ uprising n.起义；造反
⑩ concise adj.简洁的；简练的
expressive dj.有表现力的；意味深长的
三国鼎立 the Three Kingdoms
中华文化瑰宝 Chinese cultural treasures
二、四大名著（二）
The Four Great Classical Novels of China are usually thought to be the best novels in Chinese literature. What all four have in common is that they were wrilten in a spoken language of their times unlike most ancient literature that was written in the classical literary language.
中国四大名著通常被认为是中国文学上最优秀的小说。这四部作品的共同之处在于，它们都是用当时的口语化语言写成的，而大多数古代文学作品是用古典文学语言写成的。
The Four Great Classical Novels are the four novels commonly regarded by Chinese literary critics to be the greatest and most influential of pre-modern Chinese fiction. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368 AD-1912 AD),they have been well-known to most Chinese either directly or through their many adaptations to opera and various popular culture media. They are among the world's longest and oldest novels and are considered to be the pinnacle of China's achievement in classical novels.
四大名著是中国文学评论界公认的中国前现代小说中最伟大、最具影响力的四部小说。从明清时期（公元1368年－公元1912年）开始，四大名著就直接以书本或通过改编戏剧以及各类流行文化媒介而被人们所熟知。它们是世界上最长、最古老的小说之一，代表了中国古典小说的最高成就。
The Four Great Classical Novels had a significant influence on the development of Chinese societies in past eras. They were widely read by people and contained philosophical ideas, history and ideas about human society,family life and politics that defined part of the world view of the scholars and of the politicians.
四大名著对中国历代社会发展产生了重大的影响。人们广泛阅读四大名著，它们包含了哲学思想、历史，以及关于人类社会、家庭生活和政治的理念，这些理念对学者和政治家世界观也产生了部分影响。
Luo Guanzhong, author of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, based his novel on both folk tales and the historical records of the conflicts among the kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu. The three kingdoms were established by Cao Pi, Liu Bei and Sun Quan respectively.
罗贯中的《三国演义》取材于民间故事和历史记载的魏、蜀、吴三国之间的冲突。三国分别由曹丕、刘备和孙权建立。
Words and Expressions
① have sth.in common 有相同的特点
② critic n.批评家
③influential adj.有很大影响的
④ pinnacle n.顶点；顶峰
⑤ philosophical adj.哲学的
⑥ define vt.解释；给·····下定义
⑦ respectively adv.分别；各自
⑧四大名著 the Four Great Classical Novels
⑨《三国演义》 Romance of the Three Kingdoms
⑩《红楼梦》 A Dream of Red Mansions/ The Story of the Stone
《水浒传》 Water Margin
《西游记》 Journey to the West/Pilgrimage to the West
三、 宋词
Ci poetry came into being in the Tang Dynasty (618 AD-907 AD) and it was in the Song Dynasty (960 AD-1279 AD) that Ci poetry reached its greatest height, becoming the major genre of the dynasty.
宋词形成于唐朝（公元618年－公元907年），在宋朝（公元960年－公元1279年）达到鼎盛时期，成为当时主要的文学体裁。
Ci, depending upon its length, can be divided into Xiaoling （less than 58 characters), Zhongdiao (59-90 characters) and Changdiao (more than 91 characters). Some of them have only one verse, some have two and some have three or four, each of which has its own appellation.
词按其长度可分为小令（58字以内），中调（59字至90字）和长调（91字以上）。有的词只有一节，有的有两节，有的有三节或四节，每一节都有自己的名称。
Each Ci has a title as well as Cipai,which is the name of the tonal pattern and decides the rhythm and form of a verse. The names of Cipai,such as “The Beautiful Lady Yu”，“Partridge Sky” and “Midnight Song”， are derived from historical figures or events, verses and former musical names.
每首词都有标题和词牌，词牌是音调模式的名称，决定词的节奏和形式。词牌名，如“虞美人”、“鹧鸪天”和“子夜歌”，源自历史人物或事件、诗句和以前的乐曲名。
Generally speaking,Song Ci has two main schools-Wanyue and Haofang. Wanyue school endows delicate things with exquisite feelings and elegance. Haofang school began to be popular since the creation by Su Shi who changed Ci into a lyric art. He took splendid landscapes and a lofty ambition to dedicate himself to his motherland into his works, which was greatly accepted.
一般来说，宋词有两种主要的派别：婉约派和豪放派。婉约派赋予精致的事物细腻的情感和典雅的气质。自从苏轼创造性地把词变成抒情艺术，豪放派就开始流行。他把壮丽的风景和为国献身的豪情壮志融入他写的词中，并得到了广泛的认可。
Words and Expressions
① height n.最佳点；最强点
② verse n.诗节
③appellation n.名称；称呼
④ tonal adj.音调的；声调的
⑤ rhythm n.节奏；韵律
⑥ derive vt.起源于；来自
⑦ endow vt.赋予
⑧ exquisite adj.雅致的；敏感的
⑨lyric adj.抒情的
⑩ lofty adj.崇高的；高尚的
dedicate vt.致力；献身
宋词 Song poetry;Song poems; Ci poetry;Ci poems
婉约派 Wanyue school
豪放派 Haofang school
四、 唐诗
The Tang Dynasty (618 AD-907 AD) was the golden age of Chinese poetry,Tang poetry refers to poetry written during the Tang Dynasty.It is a precious cultural heritage of China and occupies a significant place in the field of Chinese literature and Chinese poetry,
唐朝（公元618年一公元907年）是中国诗歌的黄金时代。唐诗指的是唐朝的诗歌。它是中国宝贵的文化遗产，在中国文学和诗歌领域占有重要地位。
The language of Tang poetry has changed so liue that they remain easy for modern Chinese people to read. When it comes to authors, Tang poets exist in all walks of life, ranging from emperors, officials, monks, farmers, fishermen to even children. In terms of themes,it tells politics, military affairs, history,landscapes,street scenes,love and so on.
唐诗的语言几乎没有什么变化，现代中国人很容易读懂。说到作家，唐朝诗人存在于各行各业，从皇帝、官员、僧侣、农民、渔民乃至儿童。从主题上讲，唐诗讲述了政治、军事、历史、风景、街头轶事和爱情等。
The two best-known poets of the period were Li Bai and Du Fu.Every Chinese person learns poems of Li Bai and Du Fu from childhood.They are as important in Chinese literary history as Shakespeare is to people in Britain. Li Bai is known for the romanticism of his poetry; Du Fu is seen as a Confucian defender with a strict sense of duty toward society.
唐朝最著名的两位诗人是李白和杜甫。每个中国人从小就学习李白和杜甫的诗歌。他们在中国文学史上的地位就如同莎士比亚对于英国人一样重要。李白以其诗歌的浪漫主义著称；杜甫是儒家思想的捍卫者，有着强烈的社会责任感。
"Three Hundred Tang Poems" is a collection of poems from Tang period made around 1765 by Sun Zhu of the Qing Dynasty （1636 AD-1912 AD). It has been used in China for centuries to teach elementary students to read and write, and also to cultivate the character.
《唐诗三百首》是清朝（公元1636年－公元1912年）的孙洙于1765年左右所编纂的唐朝诗集。数百年来，人们一直用《唐诗三百首》来教小学生读写和陶冶性情。
Words and Expressions
① heritage n.遗产；传统
② monk n.僧侣
③ military adj.军事的
④landscape n.风景；景色
⑤ romanticism n.浪漫主义
⑥ Confucian adj.儒家的
⑦ elementary adj.初级的
⑧ cultivate vt.培养
⑨唐诗 Tang poetry;Tang poems
⑩文化遗产 cultural heritage
《唐诗三百首》 Three Hundred Tang Poems
《全唐诗》 Complete Tang Poems
中国诗歌的黄金时期 the golden age of Chinese poetry
五、 围棋
Weiqi(Go),together with zither playing, calligraphy and painting,is one of the four supreme artistic genres in Chinese culture. It is believed that a strong Go skill is an indication of great wisdom. As the oldest game still played in its original form, Go today is popular among men and women internationally at all ages.
围棋同琴、书、画齐名，是中国文化四大艺术流派之一。人们认为，围棋技艺高超是智慧的体现。作为一种仍以原始形式存在的最古老的游戏，围棋在今天深受世界各地男女老少的欢迎。
Weiqi originated in China and was called “围棋”（pronounced as “weiqi”）， which means “encircling game”。 But Japanese players later presented the game internationally.Consequently,the Japanese name いご（pronounced as igo) became the first associated with the game by the Western world. To simplify pronunciation, Go was then settled on as the game's accepted English name. That's why the now famous game-playing artificial intelligence（AI) program was given the name AlphaGo by its developers.
围棋起源于中国，被称为围棋（发音weiqi),意思是“包围的游戏”。但后来日本棋手将这项游戏推向了国际舞台。因此，日本名字いご（发音为igo)成为西方世界对这项游戏的第一个称呼。为了简化发音，Go被定为该游戏的英文名。这就是现在著名的人工智能围棋程序被其开发者命名为AlphaGo的原因。
In Weiqi, two players take turns placing their stones on the intersections of lines on the board. The idea is to fence off more space than your opponent, outlining your “territory” with your stones. When stones are surrounded by stones of the opposite color, they are “dead” and can be “captured”。 At the end of the game,the players figure out the amount of space they have claimed, and the one who has the most spaces wins.
在围棋中，两名棋手轮流把自己的棋子放在棋盘线的交叉点上。这样做的目的是比对手隔开更多空间，用棋子勾勒出自己的“领地”。当棋子被相反颜色的棋子包围时，它们就“死”了，可以被“吃掉”。在游戏的最后，棋手计算出自己所占空间的大小，拥有最多空间的棋手获胜。
Words and Expressions
① zither n.齐特琴；扁琴
② genre n.(文学、艺术、电影或音乐的）体裁；类型
③ indication n.表明；标示；显示；象征
④ originate vi.起源；发源
⑤ encircle vt.包围
⑥ settle on 选定
⑦ take turns 轮流；依次
⑧ intersection n.交点
⑨ fence off （用栅栏、篱笆、围栏）隔开
⑩ outline vt.显示······的轮廓；勾勒······的外形
territory n.领土；版图；领地
围棋 weiqi;Go
手谈 the hand conversation
围棋盘 a weiqi board
围棋子 a weiqi stone/piece
和棋 a drawn game
六、 书法
Chinese calligraphy is a traditional form of writing Chinese characters through the use of ink and a brush,which has been rooted in China through centuries of practice.
中国书法是一种用墨和毛笔书写汉字的传统形式,它经过数百年实践,已经植根于中国。
Chinese calligraphy is an art of turning Chinese characters into images through pressure and speed ariations of the pointed Chinese brush. It emphasizes the expression of emotions while being a mental exercise to an artist which coordinates the body and the mind to select the best style for the presentation of the content of Chinese characters.
中国书法是一种通过毛笔尖的压力和速度变化把汉字变成图像的艺术。它强调情感的表达,同时也是艺术家的一种心理锻炼,它需要协调身体和心灵,从而选择最佳的风格来呈现汉字的内容。
Chinese calligraphy contains the essence of Chinese culture. Calligraphy is one of four noble arts in China. It is a connective dimension where the Chinese language,history,philosophy,and aesthetics merge.
中国书法蕴含着中国文化的精髓。书法是中国四大艺术之一。它融合了汉语、历史、哲学和美学。
During their long history of development,Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms,such as the seal script,official script,regular script,running script and cursive script.
汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化成了许多不同的书写形式,如篆书、隶书、楷书、行书和草书。
The greatest exponents of Chinese calligraphy were Wang Xizhi and his son Wang Xianzhi in the 4th century.Few of their original works have survived,but a number of their writings were engraved on stone tablets or made into woodblocks,and rubbings were made from them.
中国书法最伟大的倡导者是公元4世纪的王義之和他的儿子王献之。他们的原作保存下来的很少,但他们的许多书法作品被刻在石碑上或制成木刻印版,并拓印成拓本。
Words and Expressions
① calligraphy n.书法；书法艺术
② variation n.变化
③ coordinate vt.使协调；使相配合
④ aesthetics n.美学
⑤ merge vi.合并；融合
⑥ evolve vi.逐步发展；逐步演变
⑦ script n.笔迹
⑧ exponent n.倡导者
⑨ engrave vt.在······上雕刻
⑩ woodblock n.木刻印版
rubbing n.拓本
文房四宝 the Four Treasures of the Study
宣纸 xuan paper;rice paper
砚台 the inkstone

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