牛津译林版八年级下册Unit 4 A good readreading1知识点讲义

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牛津译林版八年级下册Unit 4 A good readreading1知识点讲义

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8B U4 A good read
【Reading】重点单词
1.against prep.紧靠,碰,撞;撞;对抗,与……相反;违反
2.tie vt.捆,绑 →tie n.领带 →(现在分词)tying →(过去式/过去分词)tied
tie up 拴住 tie…to…把……捆在……
3.over prep.从一边到另一边;在……上方;遍及;超过 →over adj.结束的;完结的 →over adv.越过;结束
4.stomach n.腹部;胃 →stomach n.食欲,胃口;欲望,志趣(常用于否定句)
turn sb's stomach 使某人反胃/恶心
5.until conj.直到……为止 →until prep.到……为止 not...until... 直到……才
6.finger n.手指
7.tiny adj.极小的 →(近义词)little adj.小的 →(反义词)large adj.大的
8.continue vt.&vi.继续
9.either adv.(否定句中)也 →either det.二者之一;要么 →either pron.任一
10.manage vt.&vi.设法完成;管理 →manager n.经理;管理人 →management n.经营;管理
11.lift vt.举起,抬高;提高 →lift n.电梯 →(近义词)raise v.举起
12.army n.大批,大群 →army n.军队
13.must modal v.应该,必须;一定
14.unable adj.不能的,不会的 →(反义词)able adj.可能的;有能力的
15.shoulder n.肩膀
【Reading】重点短语
1.crash against the rocks 撞到礁石
2.by the time 直到……的时候/到……的时候
3.swim as far as I can 尽我所能游得远
4.as...as one can 尽可能......地
5.as…as… 和……一样……
6.be tired out 筋疲力尽
7.fall down on the beach 倒在沙滩上
8. fall down 倒下,跌倒
9. go to sleep 睡着了
10.wake up 醒来
11. be tied to the ground 被拴在地上/被捆绑到地
12.be tied to 被系到/绑在……上
13.move up over my stomach and neck 在我的肚子和脖子上移动
14.look down 向下看;俯瞰
15.the same size as 像……一样的尺寸/大小
16. the same as ...... 一样/与……一样……
17. start doing/to do sth. 开始做某事
18. all over 遍及
19. shout at sb. 朝某人喊/对/冲……大喊
20. make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
21.fall over 跌倒,摔倒,倒下
22.continue doing sth. 继续做某事
23. one of + adj. + [C] n. 复数 ......之一
24.begin doing/to do sth. 开始做某事
25.try to pull one hand free 试着挣脱一只手
26. try to do sth. 尽力做某事
27.manage to do sth. 设法做成某事
28.a huge army of 一大群…
29.an army of… 一群……
30. an army of 一大群
31.come straight towards me 径直向我走过来
32.run away from 逃离……
33.run away 逃跑
34.get away 离开;逃脱
35.how to do sth. 怎样做某事
36. keep doing sth. 一直做某事
37. find+宾语+形容词... 发现......怎么样
38.be unable to do sth. 不能做某事
39.want to run away 想要逃走
40. want to do sth. 想要做某事
41.stand on one’s shoulder 站在某人的肩膀上
42. talk to/with sb. 和某人交谈
municate with sb. 和某人交流/沟通
【Reading】重点句型
1.After our ship crashed against the rocks, I swam as far as I could. 当我们的船触礁之后,我尽可能地游远点。
2.By the time I finally felt the land under my feet,I was tired out. 在我终于感觉到脚下有陆地时,我已经筋疲力尽了。
3.I fell down on the beach and went to sleep. 我倒在沙滩上并且睡着了。
4.I woke up as the sun was rising,but I found I could not move. 当太阳升起来时我醒了,但我发现自己动不了了。
5.My arms,legs and hair were tied to the ground! 我的胳膊、腿和头发都被绑在地上!
6.It moved up over my stomach and neck until it was standing near my face. 它在我的肚子和脖子上移动,直到它站在我的脸旁。
7.I looked down and saw a very small man. 我往下看,看到了一个非常小的人。
8.He was the same size as my little finger! 他不过就我小手指那么点大!
9.I shouted at them—the loud noise made them all fall over. 我朝他们大喊——巨大的声音让他们全部摔倒了。
10.However, they soon got up again and continued moving across my body. 然而,他们很快再次站起来,并继续在我身上走过。
11.I did not know what to say either. 我也不知道说什么。
12.I tried to pull one hand free and finally managed to break the ropes. 我试着挣脱一只手,最后终于弄断了绳索。
13.When I lifted my left hand into the air,the small men began to shout. 当我把我的左手举向空中时,小人儿们开始大叫。
14.I looked down and saw a huge army of tiny people. 我向下望去,看见一大群小人儿。
15.Gulliver found himself unable to move. 格列佛发现自己不能动了。
Reading:Gulliver in Lilliput
After our ship crashed against the rocks,I swam as far as I could.By the time I finally felt the land under my feet,I was tired out.I fell down on the beach and went to sleep.
I woke up as the sun was rising,but I found I could not move.My arms,legs and hair were tied to the ground!
Then I felt something on my leg.It moved up over my stomach and neck until it was standing near my face.I looked down and saw a very small
man.He was the same size as my little finger !Where was I Who was this tiny person
Soon more small men started climbing all over me.There were around 40 of them.I shouted at them—the loud noise made the mall fall over.However,they soon got up again and continued moving across my body.
One of these small men began talking to me,but I could not understand him.I did not know what to say either.I tried to pull one hand free and finally managed to break the ropes.When I lifted my left hand into the air,he small men began to shout. I looked down and saw a huge army of tiny people.They were coming straight towards me.“I must run away from them,”I thought,but I did not know how to get away.
在我们的船撞到岩石损坏之后,我奋力前游。当我最终感到大地在我的脚下时,我已经筋疲力尽了。我倒在沙滩上并且睡着了。
当太阳升起时我醒来了,但是我发现我动弹不得。我的胳膊、腿和头发被拴在地上了!
然后,我感觉有东西在我的腿上。它在我的肚子和脖子上移动直到它站在离我的脸很近的地方。我向下看并且看到一个很小的人。他不过就我的小手指那么点大!我在哪里 这个小人儿是谁
很快更多的小人儿开始在我身上到处爬。他们大约40个。我朝他们大叫——巨大的声音把他们全都震倒了。然而,他们很快又起身,并继续在我身上走过。
这些小人儿中的一个开始和我谈话,但是我不明白他的话。我也不知道说什么。我尽力挣脱一只手,最后终于成功地弄断了绳索。当我把我的左手举向空中时,小人儿们开始大叫。我向下望去,看到一大群小人儿。他们径直向我走来。“我必须逃离他们,”我想,但是我不知道如何离开。
Reading:Gulliver in Lilliput——Key points
01.过去分词短语作后置定语
[教材原句] She is reading a book called Gulliver's Travels,by Jonathan Swift(1667—1745).
她正在读一本由乔纳森·斯威夫特(1667—1745)写的叫作《格列佛游记》的书。
[考点精析] 过去分词短语作后置定语
句中的called Gulliver's Travels是过去分词短语,在句中作定语,修饰前面的book。
▲①过去分词短语作定语时,一般位于所修饰的名词之后,多表示已完成的动作或与被修饰的词构成被动关系。
▲②单个的过去分词作定语时,常置于被修饰词之前。
◆fallen leaves 落叶
02.against prep.紧靠;碰;撞
[教材原句] After our ship crashed against the rocks,I swam as far as I could. 在我们的船撞到礁石之后,我游得尽可能远。
[考点精析] against prep.紧靠,碰,撞;对抗,与……相反;违反
▲be against + 名词/代词/动名词Ving
◆crash against the rocks 撞到礁石 ◆crash against 撞击 ◆guard against sth. 防范,防止;提防(某事)
◆be against 对抗;反对 →(反义词组)be for 赞成;支持 ◆be against doing sth. 反对做某事
◆fight against 同......打仗 ◆play against 与......比赛/对抗 ◆against one's will 违背某人的意愿
[against 用法总结]
易混词汇 词性及含义 用法及常见搭配
against prep.倚 ◆against the wall 倚着墙
prep.碰;撞 ◆the rain beats against the windows 雨水拍打着窗户
prep.反对;违反;违背 →(反义词)for ◆fight/play against... 与......对抗
◆be against the law/rules 违法/违规
◆go against 违背
prep.与......(方向)相反;逆着 ◆against the wind 逆风
[联想拓展] against prep.,有多种含义,现将其常见含义和用法归纳如下:
▲①against 反对;违背,其反义词为for;若表示“强烈反对”,一般与副词strongly搭配。
◆be strongly against sth. 强烈反对某事
▲②against 反对;对抗 ,经常同一些与之含义相关的动词连用(如fight,argue,play)。
◆fight against 同......打仗 ◆play against 与......比赛/对抗
▲③against表示位置,意为“靠着;倚着;顶着”。
◆against the wall 靠墙放着
▲④against表示“逆;逆着“时,常与river,wind,current等搭配。
03.as far as I could
[教材原句] After our ship crashed against the rocks,I swam as far as I could. 在我们的船撞到礁石之后,我游得尽可能远。
[考点精析] as +adj./adv. 原级+ as sb. can/could = as +adj./adv. 原级+ as possible 尽某人所能地
◆as soon as possible 尽可能快地 ◆as often as possible 尽可能经常地
[复习回顾—as soon as possible—8A U8]
[教材原句] Try to get out as soon as possible. 努力尽可能快地出去。
[考点精析] ▲①as +形容词或副词原级+ as possible 尽可能..... = as...as one can/could
▲②as +形容词或副词原级+ as possible 可以与as...as one can/could 互换,sb. 与句中的主语保持一致。
04.by the time…
[教材原句] By the time I finally felt the land under my feet,I was tired out. 当我终于感觉到陆地在我脚下时,我筋疲力尽。
[考点精析] by the time… 到……的时候 ,通常引导时间状语从句。
▲当它表示“到……的时候”时,主句表示在此时间之前某个事情已完成。
值得注意的是:
▲①从句用过去时,主句通常用过去完成时;
▲②从句用一般现在时,主句通常用将来完成时。
▲③但如果主句是系表结构或谓语动词是know等表示认知的持续性动词时,从句往往用一般时态,不用完成时态。
☆By the time he's twenty he'll know everyone worth knowing in Washing ton. 到20岁时,他就会认识华盛顿所有值得认识的人。
[联想拓展] by 的其他用法:
易混词汇 词性及含义 用法
by prep. 在…旁边 ◆by the river 在河边
不迟于,在……之前 ◆by June 六月之前
通过…方式 ◆by doing sth. 通过某种方式做某事
[联想拓展] by prep.的其他用法:
▲①by prep.在……旁边;靠近 ◆by the lake 这个湖旁边
▲②by prep.被,由(被动语态中用来引出动作的执行者)
▲③by prep.(表示方式、手段等)靠,用,通过
▲④by prep.经过 ◆walk by 走过 ◆walk by me without speaking 一言不发地从我身边走过
[联想拓展][中考考点] by 的用法总结:
易混词汇 词性及含义 用法 常见搭配
by prep.不迟于;在......之前 by+现在的时间,常与现在完成时连用 ◆by now 到现在为止 ◆by the end of 到......为止
by+将来的时间,常与一般将来时连用 ◆by this time next month 到下个月的这个时候
by+过去的时间,常与过去完成时连用 ◆by ten o'clock last night 到昨晚10点的时候
by prep.在……旁边;靠近 ◆by the lake 这个湖旁边
prep.被,由 被动语态中用来引出动作的执行者
prep.靠,用,通过 表示方式、手段等 ◆by doing sth. 通过某种方式做某事
prep.经过 ◆walk by 走过
prep.乘 [7B U2 skills ] ◆by train ◆by+交通工具名词或交通路线
[拓展提升—by the year 2100—9B U4 reading ]
[教材原句] Some people believe that humans could live on the planet Mars by the year 2100.
一些人认为,到2100年人类将能够在火星上生活。
[考点精析] by the year 2100 = by 2100 到2100年
by the year 2100 是时间状语, 其中的by prep.不迟于;在……之前
▲①by+现在的时间,常与现在完成时连用。 ◆by now 到现在为止
▲②by+将来的时间,常与一般将来时连用。 ◆by this time next month 到下个月的这个时候
▲③by+过去的时间,常与过去完成时连用。 ◆by ten o'clock last night 到昨晚10点的时候
05.be tired out
[教材原句] By the time I finally felt the land under my feet,I was tired out. 当我终于感觉到陆地在我脚下时,我筋疲力尽。
[考点精析] be tired out 筋疲力尽
▲tired adj. (身体或精神)疲倦的,疲劳的,困倦的,累的 →tiring adj. 使人疲劳的,累人的 →tire vi.&vt. (使)疲劳,疲倦
[联想拓展]
◆be tired of 对……感到厌倦
◆be tired with 因……而疲劳
[常考辨析] tiring [9B U1comic ] 与tired
易混词汇 词性及含义 用法
tiring adj. 使人疲劳的,累人的 常用来形容事物,在句中作表语或定语
tired adj.疲倦的,疲劳的,困倦的 常用来形容人,在句中多作表语
[联想拓展] ▲① 以-ing结尾的形容词一般用来形容事物,表示事物的特征或性质,如interesting、exciting、surprising等;
▲②以-ed结尾的形容词一般用来形容人,表示人的感受,如interested、excited、surprised等。
[联想拓展] 常见 Ving 和 Ved 形容词及其相关短语:
Ving(物) Ved(人) 相关短语及用法
amazing amazed ◆be amazed at 对.....感到惊奇
boring bored ◆be bored with 对.....厌烦
annoying annoyed ◆be annoyed with 对.....感到厌烦
exciting excited ◆be excited about 对..感到兴奋
interesting interested ◆be interested in 对.....感兴趣
relaxing relaxed ◆make sb. relaxed 使某人放松
worrying worried ◆be worried about 为....感到担心
tiring tired ◆It’s tiring to do sth. 做某事很累
satisfying satisfied ◆be satisfied with… = be pleased with… 对……感到满意
frightening frightened
06.go to sleep
[教材原句] I fell down on the beach and went to sleep. 我倒在沙滩上并且睡着了。
[考点精析] go to sleep 入睡
[常考辨析] go to sleep 和 go to bed
易混词汇 词性及含义 用法及常考搭配
go to sleep 强调入睡;睡着;进入梦乡 ◆go to sleep = fall asleep
go to bed 强调上床睡觉的动作及过程,但人不一定睡着。
07.tie
[教材原句] My arms,legs and hair were tied to the ground! 我的胳膊、腿和头发都被绑在地上!
[考点精析] tie vt.捆;绑 →(现在分词)tying →(过去式/过去分词)tied →tie n.领带
▲tie→tying→tied
◆be tied to the ground 被拴在地上/被捆绑到地 ◆be tied to 被系到/绑在……上
◆tie up 拴住 ◆tie…to… 把……系/捆在……上
◆wear a tie 打领带
[联想拓展] 类似此变化的动词还有:
die→dying→died
lie→lying→lied
08.over
[教材原句] It moved up over my stomach and neck until it was standing near my face.
它往上爬过我的腹部和脖子直到它站在我的脸旁。
[考点精析—高频] over prep.从一边到另一边;在……上方;遍及;超过 →over adj.结束的;完结的
→over adv.越过;结束
◆over 450 million copies 超过450000000本
[over的用法总结]
易混词汇 词性及含义 含义及用法 常见搭配
over prep.多于,超过,越过 (表示等级或数目),高于;在.....之上;超过 ◆over = more than
prep. 在......的上面 (表示位置),在......的正上方;越过;通过 ◆over the river/ bridge
prep. 盖在……上面 ◆ put sth. over sb./sth. 给某人/某物盖上......
prep. 穿越 (表示方向),越过;从一边到另一边 ◆ run over the grass 跑过草地
prep. 遍及 ◆all over the world 全世界
prep.在......期间 [8B U1 R]
adv. 结束 ◆game over 游戏结束 ◆be over 结束
adv. 翻转 ◆turn the page over 把这页翻过去
adj. 完了的,结束的
[中考考点辨析] cross,across,through,over,pass 和 past
易混词汇 词性 含义 用法
cross vt. 穿过,横过, 表示从物体表面通过→横穿,cross = v.+ across
across prep. 在......对面;穿过,横过 表示从物体表面通过→横穿,可与street,bridge 等搭配
pass vt. 经过 表示从物体旁边经过,pass = v.+ past
past prep. 经过
through prep. 通过,穿过 表示从立体空间内部穿过/通过,可与forest,city,window等搭配
over prep. 越过,跨过 越过,表示从物体正上方经过,over the bridge
注意:当through与across指穿越道路时,through表示沿着道路的方向,across表示横穿街道。
09.until
[教材原句] It moved up over my stomach and neck until it was standing near my face.
它往上爬过我的腹部和脖子直到它站在我的脸旁。
[考点精析—高频] until conj.直到……为止/直到……时(为止)
▲①until作连词,用于肯定句时,表示主句的动作一直持续到until短语所表示的时间为止,即表示动作的终点,意为“直到……时(为止)”。
▲②主句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词。
★He kept on asking the students questions until the bell rang. 他一直向学生提问,直到(下课)铃响。
★He will wait until I arrive home. 他将等到我到家。
▲③until可用于句首,也可用在以not开头的短语或从句里。
[联想拓展]
▲①not…until…是固定搭配,意为“直到……才……”,表示主句的动作直到until所表示的时间才开始发生,即表示动作的起点。
▲②主句中的谓语动词多是短暂性动词。
★They didn't go to bed until they finished their homework. 他们直到完成他们的家庭作业才去睡觉。
★I won't leave until you come back. 直到你回来我才会离开。
[单选常考混淆辨析]
A.and 并且;然后,表示并列或顺承关系 B.until 直到……为止
C.or 或者;否则,表示选择或转折 D.but 但是,表示转折
[单选常考混淆辨析]
A.if 如果 B.until 直到……为止 C.when 当……时 D.since 自从
10.look down
[教材原句] I looked down and saw a very small man. 我往下看,看到了一个非常小的人。
[考点精析] look down 向下看;俯瞰 ,look down是动词短语
[联想拓展][中考考点] look 的相关短语:
◆look at 看一看 [7A U3] = take/have a look
◆look for 寻找 [7A U8]
◆look forward to doing sth. 盼望/期待做某事 [7B U3]
◆take a look 看一看 [7A U7]
◆look out 留神,当心;小心 [7B U7]
◆look out of 向……外面看
◆look after 照顾 [7B U8] =take care of
◆look through 浏览,快速查看 [8A U2]
◆look like 看起来像
◆look up (在词典中)查阅;抬头看,向上看
◆look up and down 上下打量(某人)
◆look down 俯视;向下看;俯瞰
◆look down on/upon sb. 轻视,看不起某人
◆look into 调查;调整;观察
◆look up to 钦佩;仰慕
◆look around 四下查看;环顾;随便看看
◆look away 看别的地方
◆look in the eyes 直视
◆look over 检查
◆look back 回顾过去
[联想拓展][中考考点] 感官动词辨析:
易混词汇 含义 常用搭配
look◆ 看起来(视觉) look young/smart/tired/energetic 看起来年轻/有精神/累/精力充沛
sound◆ 听起来(听觉) sound wonderful/great 听起来很美妙/棒
smell 闻起来(嗅觉) smell nice/ sweet 闻起来很好/香甜
feel 摸起来/感觉起来(触觉) feel soft/smooth/comfortable 感觉柔软/光滑/舒服
taste 尝起来(味觉) taste delicious/nice/ salty/sweet 尝起来美味/不错/很咸/很甜
11.the same as…
[教材原句] He was the same size as my little finger! 他和我的小手指一样大!/他不过就我的小手指那么点大!
[考点精析] the same as… 与……一样…… →(反义短语)be different from 与……不同
▲①the same…as…为固定结构,意为“与……一样……”,as后接名词、代词或从句。
▲②the same+名词+as ,有时可与 as+形容词/副词原级+as 结构互换。

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