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专题二　动词(含动词短语)
知识导图
【精选例句】 ①When it was time for dessert, Li Ming's father turned off the lights, and his mother carried the cake into the room.到了吃甜点的时候，李明的爸爸关了灯，妈妈把蛋糕端进了房间。 ② Molly studies harder than her best friend. Molly比她最好的朋友学习更努力。 ③ He was fixing a pair of pants.他正在修补一条裤子。 ④It smells too strong and it tastes a bit sour.它闻起来太浓了，尝起来有点酸。[外研八(下)Module 1 P2]
考法精讲
命题点 1 动词的分类及辨析（完形填空： 6年 14考）
1. 动词的分类
动词在句子中作谓语，是表示人、事物的动作或状态的词。动词根据其意义和在句子中的功能，可分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。具体用法如下：
分类 定义 例词 示例
实义动词 本身有词义，能独立作谓语。有人称、数、时态和语态的变化 常见的实义动词如：give，study, play, buy, plan等 Tom often gives a hand to those who are in need. 汤姆经常帮助那些有需要的人。
系动词 本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，其后必须接表语，构成“系表结构” (1)“存在”类：表示存在或具有某种特征或状态 (2)“持续”类：表示某种情况或状态的持续 (3)“变化”类：表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态 The weather turns hot and I can go swimming.天气变热了，我可以去游泳了。
助动词 本身无词义或意思不完整，不能单独作谓语。必须和实义动词连用构成各种时态、语态、疑问句以及否定句等结构 (1)be(＋doing/done)，用于构成进行时态或被动语态 (2)do/does/did，用于构成一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句或否定句，也用于含有实义动词的倒装句 (3)will/shall(＋do)，用于构成一般将来时 (4)have/has/had(＋done)，用于构成完成时 ①Alice was dancing at that time.爱丽丝那时正在跳舞。 ② Do you like going camping？你喜欢去露营吗？ ③ Shall we fly a kite today？我们今天放风筝好吗？ ④ Alex has played the guitar for five years. Alex已经弹了五年吉他了。
情态动词 具体讲解见专题三　情态动词
2. 实义动词的分类
动词根据能否接宾语可分为不及物动词和及物动词。如下表：
分类 定义 例词 用法 示例
不及物动词 不及物动词本身意思完整，无需接宾语。 如：happen，come, go, run, work等 / Horses run fast.马跑得快。
及物动词 及物动词本身意思不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。 如：love, need, ask, want, have等　 主要用于下列三种结构中：①动词＋宾语；②动词＋宾语＋宾补；③动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 ① I love the bag. 我喜欢这个包。 ②Judy painted the wall white.朱迪把墙漆成了白色。 ③My mother bought me a dress.我妈妈给我买了一条裙子。
【真题例句解读】 例句1：(2023完形填空节选46题) Day by day, the weather got cooler. The leaves slowly ___ their colour and tiny apples appeared among them. A. shared B. found C. passed D. changed 根据空前“Day by day, the weather got cooler.”可知，此处表示树叶的颜色慢慢变了。故选D。 例句2：(2022完形填空节选44题) People in the community came to __. They brought us food and often called to make sure we were doing fine. A. cry B. see C. help D. rest 根据下文“They brought us food...”可知，此处指的是帮助。故选C。
【更多词块】 初中常见的相对的实义动词： have拥有/get得到 lose失去 protect保护 hurt伤害 forget忘记 remember记住 love喜爱/like喜欢 hate/ dislike讨厌 accept接受 refuse拒绝 borrow借入 lend借出 buy买 sell卖 save节约 waste浪费 win赢 lose输 succeed成功 fail失败 come来 go去 begin/start开始 end结束 bring带来 take带走 doubt怀疑 believe相信 find找到 lose丢失
即时训练
1. As the storm clouds cleared away, a rainbow ________ in the sky.
A. moved B. appeared C. smelled D. worked
2. I really ________ playing basketball after school. That's really relaxing.
A. mind B. enjoy C. finish D. forget
3. You can't ________ the problem unless you take action to solve it.
A. miss B. lose C. avoid D. refuse
【好词佳句积累】 clear away散去；清除 take action采取行动
命题点 2 动词的基本形式
1. 动词原形
原形是动词最基本的形式，没有任何变化，如like, come, watch, play, run, wash等。
2. 第三人称单数形式
在一般现在时中，当句子的主语是第三人称单数时，句中的谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。动词的第三人称单数形式一般在动词原形后面加 s或 es构成。详细规则如下：
情况 变化规则 示例
一般情况 在动词末尾加 s stop→stops，help→helps
以s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的动词 在动词末尾加 es do→does，watch→watches
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词 变y为i，再加 es study→studies，try→tries
　 【巧学妙记】am, is和are的使用：“我/I”用am, “你/you”用are, is用于“他/he”“她/she”“它/it”；遇到复数都用are。
3. 过去式和过去分词
在一般过去时中，动词要改为过去式。在完成时态和被动语态中，动词要改为过去分词。过去式和过去分词的变化规则如下：
情况 变化规则 示例
一般情况 在动词末尾加 ed work→worked→worked
以e结尾的动词 直接加 d dance→danced→danced
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词 变y为i，再加 ed carry→carried→carried
以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个 辅音字母的动词 先双写这一辅音字母，再加 ed stop→stopped→stopped
注：不规则变化形式详见二维码中
4. 现在分词
在进行时中，动词原形要改为现在分词，一般在动词原形末尾加 ing。
详细规则如下：
情况 变化规则 示例
一般情况 在动词末尾加 ing do→doing，study→studying
以不发音的e结尾的动词 去掉e，再加 ing live→living，write→writing
以ie结尾的动词(初中共3个) 变ie为y，再加 ing die→dying，lie→lying，tie→tying
以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词 先双写这一辅音字母，再加 ing put→putting，stop→stopping get→getting，swim→swimming
即时训练
4. Kim ________ me to a party, but I refused because of my swimming class.
5. Jessica is helpful and she often ________ seats to the old on the bus.
6. I ________ of being a singer and hope to hold a concert of my own some day.
命题点 3 动词短语
1. 同一介词 /副词型
动词短语的构成及意思受介词或副词影响很大，此处以介词和副词的词源意义为主，帮助学生快速 记忆动词短语。
介词/副词 词义 常考短语
for (表示对象、用途等) 给，对，供 ask for请求；恳求(给予)(2020.42)　 care for 照顾；喜欢 leave for 动身去　　　　　　　　 pay for 付费；付出代价 prepare for 为……做准备 search for 寻找；寻求
off 离开(某处) set off出发；动身(2018.50)　　 fall off 减少；跌落；离开；衰退 get off 下车 take off脱下(衣服)；(飞机等)起飞
表示“除去了某物” clean off扫除；擦去　　　 　 　　 cut off切除
不工作；休息 break off中止；弄断　　　　 　 　 put off拖延；推迟 shut off关闭；停止运转 turn off关掉
释放；放出 give off发出；放出(光、热等)
out 公开；发行 carry out 执行(2018.49)　　　 come out出现；显露；出版
除掉；清除 cut out切断；删除
(从……)出来 bring out使显现；使表现出　　　　　check out查看；观察 find out查明；弄清 give out分发 point out指出 set out出发 take out拿出；取出 work out计算出；解出
续表
about 关于 think about 思考；思索　　　　　　　worry about担心
at 向，朝着 look at看　　　　　　　　　　　　　look back at 回首(往事) point at 指向 shout at朝……大喊
在(某处) arrive at到达(小地方)
away 离开(某距离) keep away from远离　 　　　　　 run away逃离
去别处 put away放好　　　　　　　　　 move away搬走
back 回原处 come back回来；再度流行　 　 　 give back归还
回应 call (sb.) back (给某人)回电话
回想，回忆 bring back恢复；使想起
down 往下，向下 cut down砍倒；削减 　 　 　 　 　 lie down躺下 look down俯视 sit down坐下
(数量、力量、活动 等)减少，减弱， 降低 die down逐渐变弱；逐渐消失 turn down调低；关小
(写)在纸上 write down写下；记下
from (表示来源)来自 come from来自　　 　 　　 　　　　 hear from收到……的来信
(表示分离或去除) keep...away from远离；不接近　 　　 run away from逃离 separate from和……分开 stay away from远离
on 表示“持续性” come on加油　　　　　　　　 　 keep on继续(前行)
穿在身上，穿着、 戴着 put on穿上；增加体重 　 　 　 try on试穿
由……支撑着 depend on依靠；信赖
吃；喝 live/feed on靠……为生；以……为食
其他 call on号召；拜访
up 表“向上；起来” cheer up(使)振奋起来 　 　 　 　 get up 起床 grow up 长大；成熟 look up抬头看；查阅 pick up 捡起 stand up 站起来 turn up 调高(声音) wake up 醒来
完全；彻底 eat up吃完；吃光　　　　　　　　　 use up用完；耗尽
其他 bring up 提出；抚养　　　　　　　 clean up把……收拾干净 cut up 切碎 give up放弃 hurry up快点儿 make up化妆；编造(故事) show up 出现 stay up熬夜
续表
with 和；同；跟 agree/disagree with同意/不同意　　　 come up with 想出 communicate with与……交流 connect with与……联系
用，以 begin with＝start with以……开始　　 end up with以……结束
【精选例句】 However, Larry often helps to bring out the best in me.然而，Larry常常帮助我展示出最好的一面。
【更多词块】 for： reach for伸手去取 stand for代表 wait for等待 off： keep off(使)让开，不接近 pay off偿清(欠款等)；成功 go off(闹钟)发出响声，(电器设备)停止运转 out： put out扑灭 get out离开；出去；逃离 pick out选出；辨认出 about： talk about谈论关于…… argue about争论 care about关心；在意 dream about梦想，梦到 hear about听说 know/learn about 了解 away： pass away离开；离世 down： break down停止运转；出故障 calm down平静 slow down减速 take down拆卸；记录 on： work on从事；继续工作 carry on继续 get on上车；进展 with： play with和……玩 talk with与……交谈
2. 同一动词型
同一动词型短语需要记住动词的本源含义，介词/副词的含义可以通过对比记忆来理解，此方法主要 针对具有相反意义的介词。
动词 常考短语
go go away走开(2019.48)　　　　　　 go against反对；违背 go ahead向前 go by(时间)逝去；过去 go along (the street)沿着(这条街)走 go off(闹钟)发出响声 go on继续 go out外出(娱乐) go over复习 go through经历；遭受
come come across偶然碰到　 come along陪伴；一起来 come in进来　　　　　 come over顺便来访 come true实现　 come up发生；上前
get get back回来　 get to到达 get on/along with 与……相处　 get together 相聚
look look after照顾　　　　　　　　　　 look back回头看 look for寻找 look like看起来像 look over仔细检查 look through浏览 look down upon/on瞧不起 look forward to盼望；期待
make make a decision /decisions做决定 make a difference 有影响；起作用 make friends with 与……交朋友 make fun of取笑 make a promise/promises承诺；许诺 make progress取得进步
put put in/into插入；放进　　　　　 put down放下 put through接通；完成　　 put out扑灭；熄灭 put up搭建；举起 put together放在一起；组合
take take action采取行动 take after(外貌或行为)像 take an interest in对……感兴趣 take care当心；小心 take care of照顾 take down拆卸；记录；往下拽 take in吸入；吞入(体内) take measures采取措施 take one's place代替；替换 take over接管 take part in参加 take place发生 take turns轮流 take up学着做；开始做
turn turn around转身　 turn into(使)变成 turn on接通(电流、煤气、水等)　　 turn to转向；求助于
【真题例句解读】 例句：(2019完形填空节选48题) “We always do what you want to do, Cindy. It's my turn to make a decision，” Anna said. She was getting a little unhappy and ________， leaving Cindy alone. A. went over B. went on C. went by D. went away 广东省卷中考在完形填空中考查动词短语辨析。根据句意及空后的“leaving Cindy alone”可知，此处表示“走开”。故选D。
即时训练
7. Lily misses her grandpa very much. So she will ________ Shanghai to visit him.
A. look for B. care for C. search for D. leave for
8. Reading is the best way to ________ the grammar and spelling mistakes in your English writing.
A. come out B. find out C. give out D. work out
9. interested in Chinese cross talk. I'm ________ some information about it online.
A. thinking of B. going over C. looking up D. writing down
10. Anna, please ________ the radio. I want to know today's news.
A. turn down B. turn off C. turn over D. turn up
综合提升
完形填空
A. 小题夯基
1.We are supposed to ________ our hand before we speak in class.
A. put up B. put out C. put down D. put away
2. Our team ________ what to do about the project and successfully completed it on time.
A. gave up B. worked out C. turned down D. took away
3. —Hello! Can I speak to Jenny, please
—Sorry, she isn't in. Can I ________ a message
A. take B. read C. check D. receive
4. I ________ the great scientist from magazines, and I wish to see him some day.
A. know about B. look after C. talk with D. talk to
5. Our teacher ________ us to visit museums. It's meaningful to us.
A. asks B. warns C. teaches D. chooses
6. Steve is shy, so his teachers always encourage him to ________ his ideas bravely in class.
A. hide B. explain C. express D. create
7. Nowadays, more and more people try to ________ Chinese culture in their own ways.
A. describe B. spread C. produce D. discover
【好词佳句积累】 the best way to do sth. 做某事最好的方式 be interested in... 对……感兴趣 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 on time 按时；准时 wish to do sth. 希望做某事 encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 try to do sth. 尽力做某事
B. 微语篇提能
Joe got a bar of chocolate from his father for his cleaning work at home. When he was ready to eat it, his elder brother __1__ the chocolate from Joe and put it in his mouth. Joe rushed to his room angrily with tears(眼泪) on his face, __2__ his lost chocolate.
Learning about it, his father carried a larger bar of chocolate to Joe's room. He knocked at the door and asked Joe to __3__ it. He even told that he had a larger bar of chocolate for him. But Joe __4__ to listen to his father. He lay on the bed and continued to cry. His worry stopped him from getting much greater happiness.
We may __5__ a lot of time and chances worrying about the small losses, and blaming(责怪) the persons who caused our losses. By doing this, we are actually refusing to __6__ greater gifts from life. It's really foolish action.
1. A. ate up B. took away C. gave out D. brought back
2. A. looking after B. calling on C. waiting for D. worrying about
3. A. close B. wash C. open D. knock
4. A. refused B. needed C. tried D. started
5. A. raise B. provide C. design D. waste
6. A. prevent B. choose C. receive D. change
【语篇研读】 What：讲述了Joe的巧克力被哥哥抢走了，他的父亲得知后，拿了一块更大的巧克力到Joe的房间的故事。 Why：旨在引导学生不要太在意生活中的小损失，不要因小失大。 How：①文体特征：记叙文。 ②文章结构：本文的故事线为：Joe从他的爸爸那里获得了一块巧克力→Joe的哥哥拿走了巧克力，Joe很伤心→Joe的爸爸拿了一块更大的巧克力给他，但是Joe拒绝了。 ③写作手法：文章使用了“rushed to”，“lay on the bed”，“continued to cry”等大量的动作描写，将Joe的巧克力被哥哥抢走后生气的情绪淋漓尽致地表现出来。
短文填空
　请从方框内选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空。 注意每空一词，每词仅用一次。 有两词为多余项。
A. 小题夯基
enjoy　write　teach　clean　refuse　avoid　help
1. After school, those kids did their homework, ________ the classroom and then went home.
2. My best friend often ________ me deal with math problems.
3. I ________ myself how to cook by watching online videos last Saturday.
4. Think about the reasons for your failure and ________ the same mistakes, and you will succeed finally.
5. Mike ________ a letter about his recent life to his pen pal two days ago.
B.微语篇提能
患难见真情
stay　move　return　go　wait　decide　put　remember　show
Emma and Julie saw a poster for a talent show at their school. They 1. ________ to sign up. For two weeks, they have been practicing.
The day finally came. They made up in the dressing room. “Julie, I can't 2. ________ my lines，” Emma said. “I have to practice more.”
“But we should be in the hall now. Should I 3. ________ until you're ready？” Julie said.
“No, just go without me，” Emma looked at herself in the mirror and said sadly. “I need more time.”
Julie went to the hall without saying more. Emma still 4. ________ in the dressing room and tried to remember her lines. Ten minutes later, Julie 5. ________ with a large piece of cardboard. “Emma! I wrote your lines on the cardboard and I'll 6. ________ it up in the front row so you can see them！” said Julie.
Emma was 7. ________ by her and said happily, “Thank you! You are my great friend. I can do it now！”
专题二　动词(含动词短语)
【即时训练】
1. B　2. B　3. C　4. invited　5. offers　6. dream　7. D　8. B　9. C　10. D
【综合提升】
完形填空
A. 1. A　2. B　3. A　4. A　5. A　6. C　7. B
B. 【主旨大意】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Joe从他父亲那里得到了一块巧克力，被他的哥哥抢走后，生气地跑回自己的房间。他的父亲得知后，拿了一块更大的巧克力到Joe的房间，但是Joe没有理会父亲。文章旨在告诉我们：不要浪费大量的时间、精力和机会去在意生活中发生的小损失。
1. B　2. D　3. C　4. A　5. D　6. C
短文填空
A. 1. cleaned　2. helps　3. taught　4. avoid 5. wrote
B. 【主旨大意】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Emma和 Julie积极准备才艺表演的故事。尽管两周以来两人都在努力准备演出，但是在临近出演的时候，Emma却因紧张而记不住台词，Julie决定把台词写在一块牌子上提醒她。故事旨在告诉我们：真正的朋友会在你需要的时候，不遗余力地帮助你。
1. decided　2. remember　3. wait　4. stayed 5. returned　6. put　7. moved

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