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考点一　定语从句
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词 先行词 在从句中充当的成分
that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语（只引导限制性定语从句）
which 物 主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 宾语、表语
whose 人或物 定语
as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语、主语补足语、宾语补足语
注意　that， which， who， whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略。
[2022浙江1月，56]Kim Cobb， a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta， is one of a small but growing minority of academics 　 who/that　 are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
点拨
　　该句中academics意为"学者"，是可数名词复数形式，所以关系词要用who/that。
[2021新高考Ⅱ，59]I decided that if I learned of a company 　 that/which　 used a lot of plastic， I’d send it an email urging it to cut back.
The old man 　 who/whom/that　 my grandpa is playing chess with is an old friend of his.
点拨
　　该句中出现了两个be动词"is"，需注意第二个"is"才是主句谓语动词，第一个"is"为定语从句中的谓语动词。
[2020天津，6]Dr. Rowan，　 whose　 secretary resigned two weeks ago， has had to do all his own typing.
1.that和which引导的定语从句
只用that 的情况 当先行词为 everything， anything， nothing， something， much， all， none， few， little（少）等不定代词时
当先行词为形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
当先行词被the only， the very， all， any， little（少）， few， no等词修饰时
当先行词既有人又有物时
只用which 的情况 在非限制性定语从句中
关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，而介词又位于关系代词之前时
My brother was so kind that he gave me the very computer 　 that　 I was eager to buy.
Today， with the help of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System （BDS），　 which　 is entirely built by Chinese engineers， we Chinese can easily find our way.
All 　 that　 happens during early years can influence children for the rest of their lives.
The land is known for a historical site with beautifully colored walls， on 　 which　 are painted the events of the past.
2.as引导的限制性定语从句
　　as引导的限制性定语从句主要用于the same...as...，such...as...和so...as...结构中。
It is such a big decision 　 as　 most students have to make before graduation.
3.as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
位置 含义
which 引导非限制性定语从句时，位于先行词之后，其先行词是整个主句或主句中的一部分。 对先行词加以补充、解释
as 引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词是整个主句，位置灵活，位于句首、句中或句末均可。 对主句的内容进行评述，表示"按照，正如"
The number of smokers，　 as　 is reported， has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
This computer stores a large amount of information，　 which　 is of great use to your research.
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词 先行词 在从句中充当的成分
when（＝at/on/in/during which） 表时间 时间状语
where（＝at/in/on which） 表地点 地点状语
why（＝for which）只引导限制性定语从句 表原因 原因状语
提示　where引导定语从句时，先行词除了可以是表示具体地点的名词（如place，home，school，village等）外，还可以是表示抽象地点的名词（如job，condition，situation，point，case，stage，activity等）。
[2021天津3月，15]At the Chinese art festival， there are different stands where　 artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
5G commercial service’s being officially launched has opened a new digital age，　 when　 people’s work capacity and lifestyle will be upgraded.
The reason 　 why　 the injection needs repeating every year is that the virus changes.
[天津高考，11]Their child is at the stage 　 where　 she can say individual words but not full sentences.
三、"介词＋关系代词"引导的定语从句
1.若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即"介词＋whose＋名词"结构。
2. "介词＋关系代词"的常见结构：
Our English teacher， with 　 whose　 help we have
made great progress in English， has completed thirty years of teaching.
Hua Mulan， the story of 　 whom　 has been told by generations in China， is a fighter in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
There are many different tea sets and almost all kinds of tea in his home， most of 　 which　 I can’t name.
1.Doctors say misunderstandings and false information about the disease are spreading on the Internet，　 which　they think should be stopped.
2.Running from Sept. 4 to 9， the fair was the first global trade event 　that　 had been held both online and offline by China since the outbreak of the disease.
3.Care of the soul is a gradual process in 　 which　 even the small details of life should be considered.
4.As far as I am concerned， youth is a period 　 when　 we should study hard and make ourselves well prepared for the future.
5.Peking Opera has a history of about 200 years，　 whose　 origin can date back to other old local operas， especially Anhui Opera.
6.　 As　 is known to us all， traditional Chinese medicine is practical and effective when used to treat some diseases.
7.During those dark moments， the space station maintains its power supply by using juice（电）　 that/which　 is saved in its batteries.
8.In life people make many decisions， some of 　 which　 are so important that they affect us greatly.
9.Don’t trust such people 　 as　 praise you to your face but speak ill of you behind your back.
10.The exhibits cover the works by Qi Baishi，　 whose　 works have influenced the development of Chinese paintings.
11.They have reached a point 　 where　 they have to borrow money.
12.When applying for a visa（签证）， you need to state simply and clearly the reasons 　 why　 you go to the country.
13.Mozart was a famous composer contemporary with Beethoven， both of 　 whom　 made great achievements in the field of music.
14.It is widely acknowledged that people 　 who　 take physical exercise regularly may live longer.
15.When we talked of things and persons 　 that　 we met during the adventure， all the kids widened their eyes with interest.考点三　状语从句
一、时间状语从句
连词 基本意义 注意
when， while， as 当……时 as可译为"在……的时候，一边……一边……，随着，正当"；while多用于持续性的动作或状态；when后接短暂性或持续性动词均可。
as soon as， the moment， the instant， the minute， the second， immediately， directly，hardly/scarcely...when...， no sooner...than... 一……就…… "hardly/scarcely...when..."， "no sooner...than..." 结构中，when/than前的主句通常用过去完成时，when/than引导的从句通常用一般过去时；hardly/scarcely和no sooner提至句首时，它们所在的主句要部分倒装。
before；after 在……之前；在……之后 It was＋时间段＋before... 过了……才…… It was not long before... 不久就…… It won’t be long before... 不久就会…… It will be＋时间段＋before... 要过……才……
until/till 直到 强调句型"It is not until...that..."。
since；by the time 自从……；到……时 since引导时间状语从句时，主句通常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时；by the time引导从句时，主句通常用过去完成时或将来完成时。
each/every time， the next time， the last time， the first time， any time， whenever 每次；下次；上次/最后一次；第一次；任何时候；无论何时 从句通常用一般现在时。
　 As　 the average age of the population increases， there are more and more old people to care for.
Starting in the Yuan Dynasty， work on the Longji Rice Terraces was not completed 　 until　 the early Qing Dynasty.
　 Immediately　（immediate） they appeared， they were greeted with a burst of applause.
No sooner had Huawei’s new phone been launched 　 than　 it sold out and received popularity.
It could easily be another year 　 before　 the economy starts to show some improvement.
It has been more than fifty years 　 since　 China got its seat back in the United Nations.
　 When　 I saw the tragic scenes on the news， I felt it was my duty as a doctor to go there and offer my help.
By the time the rescue team arrived， the violent rainstorm 　 had swept　（sweep） the whole town， causing great economic loss and many broken families.
二、地点状语从句
1.连词：where（哪里），wherever（无论在哪里）
We got lost in the forest and decided to remain 　 where　 we were and waited for rescue.
China owns one of the world’s oldest civilizations. 　 Wherever　 you go， you can easily recognize many amazing historical and cultural landmarks.
2.区分where引导的状语从句与定语从句
　　where引导状语从句时，其前没有先行词，从句用来说明主句谓语动作发生的地点；where引导定语从句时，其前有表示地点的名词作先行词，从句修饰先行词。
三、目的状语从句
　　连词：so that， in order that 为了，以便
　　常与情态动词can， could， may， might等连用；so that引导的从句通常置于主句之后。
I am studying hard 　 so that/in order that　 I can go to a famous university.
四、结果状语从句
1.so...that...结构：
so＋＋that从句
2.such...that...结构：
such＋＋that从句
He was 　 so　 clever a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.
He made 　 such　 rapid progress that he was praised by his teacher.
3.so that也可以引导结果状语从句，从句中往往没有情态动词，而且主从句之间常用逗号隔开。
The bus broke down， so that we had to walk home. 公交车坏了，结果我们不得不走路回家了。
五、原因状语从句
连词 内涵 语气 能否回答why 能否被强调
because （因为） 直接因 果关系 强 能 能
as（由于） 较明显 的原因 稍弱 不能 不能
since/now that（既然）
We need to pull off the highway and find a station 　 because　 the petrol is running out.
We thought that 　 as/since　 we were in the area， we’d stop by and visit it.
六、让步状语从句
连词 用法
although/though 从句不能与but连用，但可与yet/still连用。
as/though as引导的从句必须倒装；though引导的从句可倒装也可不倒装。
while 意为"虽然，尽管"，从句一般放在主句前，用逗号隔开。
even though/even if 意为"即使，尽管"。
whether...or... 意为"不管……还是……"。
疑问词-ever 表示"无论，不管"，相当于"no matter＋相应的疑问词"。
　 Although/Though/While　 we have learned a lot about the universe， there is much we still don’t know.
He keeps taking exercise 　 however　 cold it is in winter.
Young 　 as/though　 he is， he can read and write in several foreign languages.
　 Whether　 she comes here or we go there， the topic of the discussion will remain unchanged.
七、条件状语从句
连词 含义 例句
if 如果 They agreed to lend us the car if we promised to return it before the weekend. 如果我们答应在周末前归还，他们就同意把车借给我们。 As long as we don’t lose heart， we will succeed.我们只要不灰心就会成功。
unless 除非，如果不 （＝if...not）
as/so long as 只要
in case 以防万一
[江苏高考，29]　 Unless　 you can sleep well， you will lose the ability to focus， plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.　
　 If　 we make good use of public transport， the environment will be better.
八、其他状语从句
方式状语从句 as（照……方式）；as if/as though （好像，似乎）
比较状语从句 as...as...， not so...as...，than
The house has been greatly damaged by the truck and we’d better leave it 　 as　 it is until the police arrive.
九、状语从句的省略
1.从句和主句的主语一致，且从句中含有be动词时，从句的主语和be动词可省略。
[2023北京，14]When 　 seen　（see） from afar， the mangrove forests appear more splendid.
[全国Ⅱ， 70]China’s approach to protecting its environment while 　 feeding　（feed） its citizens "offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，" says the bank’s Juergen Voegele.
He won’t go there with us unless 　 invited　（invite）.
He is running here and there as if 　 looking　（look） for something lost.
No matter how frequently 　 displayed　（display） in the Louvre in Paris， the masterpieces of Pablo Picasso always attract a large number of audience.
Every evening after dinner， if not 　 absorbed　（absorb） in reading books， she can be found sitting on the sofa watching TV.
2.在if it is possible， when it is necessary等类似结构中，it is常可省略。
常见的if型的省略结构有：
if so如果这样的话　　　if not不然的话
if possible如果可能的话　if any如果有的话
if necessary如果有必要的话
1.I had hardly sat down on the train and opened a bar of chocolate 　 when　 an old man with a huge bag sat down across from me.
2.Convenient 　 as/though　 computers are， handwriting still plays an important role in the modern world.
3.If you are traveling 　 where　 the customs are really foreign to your own， please do as the Romans do.
4.　 However　 fierce the competition is， there is a good chance that our team will win as long as we have made full preparations.
5.We were in such an anxious rush 　 that　 when we left we forgot to take the airline tickets.
6.Some women may experience a time of sadness even for months 　 after　 they give birth to a baby.
7.The man asked Lucy to move to another chair 　 because　 he wanted to sit next to his wife.
8.　 Wherever　 you’re from， you can come to dance， dine， and take part in outdoor and indoor concerts.
9.This project requires close teamwork. Nothing will be achieved 　 unless　 we work well together.
10.I’m always attentive in class and think actively in order 　 that　 I can have more free time to do other things that I’m interested in after school.
11.　 If　 you expect your child to be able to accomplish something， you must first of all develop his ability to adapt to new surroundings.
12.　 Although/Though/While　 the patterns and colors may be different， paper-cuts share the same function of maintaining emotional ties among people
13.The accident serves as a warning that people should be aware of their surroundings， especially 　 when　 crossing roads.
14.It was quite a while 　 before　 she realized that she was looking at her mom’s old wedding photos.
15.　 Whether　 or not your work is chosen， we will send you a gift for your participation.考点二　名词性从句
一、从属连词
连 接 词 that 1.在从句中不作成分，也无词义； 2.引导宾语从句时可省略；引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时，不可省略。
if 主要引导宾语从句，有时引导主语从句
whether 引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
as if/ as though 引导表语从句
because 引导表语从句
连接 代词 who（ever）， whom（ever）， what（ever）， which（ever）， whose 引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
连接 副词 when， where， why， how 引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
　 What　 matters to a museum is not how many visitors it has， but how close it is to people’s daily lives.
[北京高考，26]Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street， not knowing 　 where　 she was heading.
Pick yourself up！ Courage is doing 　 what　 you are afraid to do.
Unfortunately， I missed this event for the reason 　 that　 I had to visit my grandma.
点拨
　　学生看到reason，易错填why，但在该句中，空后内容"I had to visit my grandma"是解释reason的内容，所以空处引导同位语从句，应填that。
[江苏高考，21]By boat is the only way to get here， which is 　 how　 we arrived.
　 Whether　 their wedding ceremony will be held in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
We’ve got a couple of participants in the team. The problem is 　 who　 can complete this challenging task.
二、主语从句
1.从句作主语时，主句谓语动词一般用单数。
What she offers to her classmates 　 is　（be） honesty and happiness.
2.it作形式主语：
句型 句型中常用的词或词组
It＋be＋形容词＋从句 clear， certain， obvious， important， likely， necessary， possible等
It＋be＋名词（词组）＋从句 a shame， a pity， an honour， no wonder， good news等
It＋be＋过去分词＋从句 said， reported， thought， known，believed， expected， concluded等
It＋特殊动词（短语）＋从句 doesn’t matter， occurs to sb.， makes no difference等
It is possible 　 that　 caffeine may cause birth defects（缺陷） in humans， too.
It is a pity 　 that　 we lost such an important customer.
It is believed 　 that　 the insects have spread to Europe before crossing over to sub-Saharan Africa.
It doesn’t matter 　 whether　 you go to the Great Wall or the Palace Museum — we have enough time to explore this amazing city.
三、宾语从句
1.it作形式宾语：
I think it necessary 　 that　 we drink plenty of boiled water every day.
I shall see to it 　 that　 he is taken good care of when you are absent.
2.表示情感或态度的形容词后可接宾语从句，如confident， convinced， surprised， anxious等。
I was surprised 　 that　 she should throw away the necklace from her boyfriend.
3.一般情况下介词后只能接wh-类连接词引导的宾语从句。
[江苏高考，26]We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20， half of what　 it used to charge.
四、表语从句
1.as if/as though。as if/as though意为"好像，仿佛"，其引导的表语从句常位于系动词之后，从句有时用虚拟语气。
I felt as if we 　 had known　（know） each other for years.
2.because/why。常用于以下句式中：
Unlike ordinary paper-making where trees need to be cut down， Dai paper is environmentally friendly. This is 　 because　 its raw material is the recyclable bark of a kind of trees unique to the area.
五、同位语从句
　　同位语从句前的名词通常是表示抽象意义的名词：fact， news， idea， truth， hope， problem， information， belief， thought， doubt， suggestion， question等。同位语从句用于对这些名词作进一步的解释或说明。
I have sent Miss Green an invitation to our party， but I have no idea 　 whether　 she will accept it.
Housewarming parties get their name from the fact 　 that　 a long time ago people would actually bring firewood to a new home as a gift.
六、易混连接词
1.that/what
在从句中充当成分 含义
that 不充当成分 无含义
what 充当主语、宾语、表语、定语 意为"什么，……的事情，什么样的"
Contrary to 　 what　 many people think， HIV cannot be transmitted through mosquitoes， coughs or sneezes.
Don’t be sad. The most important thing is 　 that　 we must learn from our mistakes and move on.
2.whether/if
　　二者在动词后引导宾语从句时，通常可互换，但在下列情况下，只用whether：
特殊情况 例句
与or not直接连用时 I don’t know whether or not they will come. 我不知道他们是否会来。
作介词的宾语时 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切都取决于我们是否有足够的钱。
引导主语从句且从句位于句首时 Whether the sports meeting will be held on time depends on the weather. 运动会是否会按时举行取决于天气。
引导同位语从句时 I have no idea whether he is willing to help us. 我不知道他是否愿意帮我们。
It remains to be seen 　 whether　 or not this idea can be put into practice.
[天津高考，4]She asked me 　 whether/if　 I had returned the books to the library， and I admitted that I hadn’t.
1.　 What　 makes the Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival special is the scale of the sculptures and the beautiful lighting.
2.After considering carefully 　 where　 I could find my first ideal job， I chose China.
3.The news spread quickly all over the world 　 that　 Michael Schumacher revived after being seriously injured for 5 years.
4.Now the route is no longer used for international trade but much history and many stories of 　 what　 happened on the ancient road remain.
5.　 Whoever　 passes here would stop to admire the scenery.
6.It was expected 　 that　 over 100，000 people will take part in the massive parade in Tian’anmen Square on the morning of Oct. 1.
7.The Green Revolution is a good example of 　 how　 technological advances can have a great effect on economic development.
8.He did not see the film last night. That is because　 he had to help his little sister with her homework.
9.Eat whichever cake you like and leave the other for 　 who/whoever　 comes late.
10.Nowadays， more and more parents are discussing 　 whether/if　 more freedom and encouragement should be provided for their children.
11.Nowadays consumers become more and more practical and only buy 　 what　 they need.
12.The syrup（糖浆） finally turns into a solid coating， like the crystal on the surface of haws（山楂果）. That is 　 why　 they are also called bingtanghulu.　
13.It doesn’t matter 　 when　 you come — the store stays open 24 hours a day.
14.Mary took it for granted 　 that　 they would approve of the idea.
15.Do not let any failures discourage you in your daily life， for you never know 　 how　 close you may be to victory.

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