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考点一　非谓语动词作主语和宾语
一、v-ing作主语
1.v-ing在句首作主语，谓语动词常用单数。
　 Collecting　（collect） stamps is a popular hobby， especially among seniors.
2.it作形式主语，v-ing（短语）作真正的主语：
It’s no use just 　 complaining　（complain） without taking action.
二、v-ing作宾语
1.介词后用v-ing作宾语。
[2021全国甲，64]After 　 spending　（spend） some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall， we decided it was time for some action...
2.通常接v-ing作宾语的动词（短语）：admit， avoid， consider， escape， finish， enjoy， risk， keep， imagine， mind， miss， practise， suggest， feel like， put off， look forward to， insist on等。
Young people may risk 　 going　（go） deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.
Nancy doesn’t feel like 　 studying　（study） abroad. Her parents are old.
三、不定式作主语
1.不定式在句首作主语，谓语动词常用单数。
To get up early is necessary. 早起是必要的。
2.it作形式主语，不定式作真正的主语：
[2020新高考Ⅱ， 56]These days， it is not unusual for 10- to 12-year-olds to publish their own websites or for second and third graders 　 to begin　（begin） computer classes.
[全国Ⅲ，62]On our way to the house， it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take 　 to get　（get） there.
四、不定式作宾语
1.通常接不定式作宾语的动词：expect， hope， wish， desire， want， promise， pretend， arrange， refuse， decline， prepare， plan， intend， fail， attempt， offer， hesitate， manage， ask， demand， choose， agree， afford， volunteer， determine， decide， learn， aim等。
[2021全国乙，70]Activities there range from whale watching to hiking（远足） and accommodations aim 　 to have　（have） a low impact on the natural environment.
2.通常用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语用不定式的句式：find/feel/make/think/believe/consider it＋n./adj.＋to do sth.
The boy makes it a rule 　 to visit　（visit） the museum twice a month.
五、"特殊疑问词＋不定式"结构
　　"特殊疑问词＋不定式"结构在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
How to clean the mess in such a short time troubles them a lot.如何在这么短的时间内收拾这一片狼藉让他们苦恼不已。
I had a cold and couldn’t decide whether to go to work or not. 我感冒了，拿不定主意是否要去上班。
Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was. 选择吃什么，已经不像以前那么简单了。
六、既可跟v-ing，又可跟不定式作宾语的动词（短语）
I remembered 　 locking　（lock） the door before I left the office， but forgot 　 to close　（close） the windows.
1.It’s no good 　 helping　（help） him. He doesn’t help himself.
2.—Oh dear， I forgot 　 to register　（register） for the courses.I’m one day late and most of them are full. What shall I do？
—You can’t do anything about that.
3.—Have you made up your mind to give up the chance to go to France？
—No. I’m still practising 　 speaking　（speak） French.
4.The bridge links three areas， making it much more convenient 　 to travel　（travel） from one to another.
5.Afraid of 　 being attacked　（attack） by sharks， people dare not go swimming in the sea.
6.Although some people pretend 　 to be　（be） young， their gray hair gives them away.
7.It is hard 　 to reserve　（reserve） a table at this new restaurant as it is crowded with customers every day.
8.Spending too much time online is unhealthy and makes it very difficult 　 to focus　（focus） on other things in life.
9.Ninety percent of teachers agree that 　 involving　（involve） parents in their children’s education is important for children’s growth.
10.The brothers differed on their idea of where 　 to spend　（spend） their vacation.考点四　非谓语动词作补语
一、非谓语动词作补语的结构
1.感觉/感官类动词（短语）＋宾语＋宾补
此类动词有：see， notice， watch， look at， hear， listen to， feel等。以see为例：
I looked up and noticed a spider 　 working　（work） on a web outside the window.
注意　"感官动词＋宾语＋宾补"结构中，若宾补是不带to的不定式，在变为被动语态时需加to。
The thief was observed to enter the bank. 有人看见小偷进了银行。
2.表示"使，让"的动词make/have/keep/leave/get＋宾语＋宾补
to do v-ing v-ed
make＋宾语 do × √
have＋宾语 do √ √
keep＋宾语 × √ √
leave＋宾语 √ √ √
get＋宾语 √ √ √
注意　have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事
have sth. to do 有某事要做（to do作后置定语）
Jane gets her car 　 checked　（check） every three months.
As a traffic policeman， he always worked hard to keep the traffic 　 running　（run） smoothly even on festivals.
3.with复合结构
The old couple often take a walk in the park after supper， with their pet dog 　 following　（follow） them.
二、不定式在动词（短语）后作补语
1.常接不定式作宾补的动词（短语）有：advise， allow， ask， beg， cause， encourage， expect， force， invite， persuade， require， remind， tell， want， call on（呼吁）， depend on等。
If we expect people 　 to give　（give） up the habit of driving， we must give them an alternative they can rely on.
2.在"Sb. be said/believed/considered/reported/thought/...＋to do/to have done..."句型中，常用不定式作主补。
The time he has devoted in the past years to helping the disabled is now considered 　 to be　（be） of great value.
1.We all felt very proud as we saw our national flag 　 rising　（rise） in the Olympic Games on TV.
2.Ensure that you get your battery 　 charged　（charge） before you set off from your office.
3.In the ancient Greek Olympic Games， only athletic men were allowed 　 to take　（take） part in them.
4.They drove along with the car windows 　 wound　（wind） up all the way.
点拨
　　wind up意为"摇上车窗"，空处与被修饰词windows为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用wind的过去分词wound。
5.Unfortunately， I had my watch 　 stolen　（steal） last night.
6.The government will force companies 　 to adopt　（adopt） any possible measures to reduce air pollution.
7.Passengers are permitted 　 to carry　（carry） only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.
8.When I put my hand on his chest， I could feel his heart still 　 beating　（beat） faintly.考点三　非谓语动词作状语
　　非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。
一、不定式作状语
1.不定式作目的状语，也可用in order to 或 so as to。
[2022新高考Ⅱ，59]He pushed a chair onto the balcony， and climbed up 　 to see　（see） them.
2.不定式与情感类形容词连用时，作原因状语。此类形容词有：happy， surprised， frightened， shocked， glad， delighted， disappointed等。
Visitors to this state were clearly shocked 　 to see　（see） so many families living in want.
3.不定式作结果状语，常用于only to do， enough to do， too...to do， so/such...as to do等结构中。
I was too nervous 　 to breathe　（breathe） the first time I learnt to drive.
二、分词作状语
　　分词作状语可以表示时间、伴随、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式等。
1.非谓语动词与句子主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，用现在分词作状语。
　 Walking　（walk） in the fields on a March afternoon， he could feel the warmth of spring.
Some of the refrigerators are more efficient，　 consuming　（consume） 70 percent less electricity than traditional models.
2.非谓语动词与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，用过去分词作状语。
Soon after Steve arrived， he was arranged in the front row by the organizer of the meeting，　 surrounded　（surround） by his family.
注意　某些动词的过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而是表示一种状态，如：lost，located，seated，hidden，absorbed，dressed，tired，excited等。
Located in the center of the town， the shopping mall is crowded with hundreds of customers every day. 这家购物中心位于市中心，每天都挤满了成百上千名顾客。
三、独立成分作状语
　　独立成分作状语，其形式不受上下文的影响。常用的有：to be honest， to tell the truth， considering， generally speaking， speaking of， judging by/from， provided that， given（考虑到）等。
The old man looked up towards the moon and，　 judging　（judge） from his facial expression， seemed to be thinking of his family.
　 Given　（give） the sheer number of stars that exist， it’s a mathematical certainty that there is life on other planets.
四、独立主格结构
　　独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。该结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随等。
The moon rose elegantly from the valley， the whole mountain 　 bathing　（bathe） itself in mysterious moonlight.
He was listening attentively in class，his eyes 　 fixed　（fix） on the blackboard.
1.—How about his design？
—Well，　 to tell　（tell） the truth， it is anything but satisfactory.
2.Not 　 knowing　（know） where to start their sightseeing in China， they went to the Tourist Information Centre.
3.　 Addicted　（addict） to surfing the Internet，many kids have lost interest in study.
4.Large quantities of plastic have been found in the sea， greatly 　 threatening　（threaten） marine life.
5.Bear it in mind： Never feel ashamed 　 to ask　（ask） and learn from others.
6.Parents and children should communicate more 　 to understand　（understand） each other better.
7.　 To be admitted　（admit） into a university in the UK， we must prove ourselves to have a strong ability in spoken and written English.
8.　 Compared　（compare） with traditional ways to pay， e-payment is more convenient.
9.Winter 　 coming　（come）， it gets colder and colder.
10.Sometimes， a small act of kindness may be powerful enough 　 to make　（make） a huge difference.考点二　非谓语动词作定语
一、不定式作定语
1.表示将来的动作。
I can’t go out with you tomorrow. I have a lot of homework 　 to do　（do）.
2.用于序数词、形容词最高级以及the last， the only， the next等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后。
Wang Yaping is the first Chinese woman 　 to perform　（perform） a spacewalk.
3.用于表示抽象意义的名词后。常见的这类名词有：plan， ability， chance， effort， reason， wish， ambition， excuse， promise， attempt， way等。
[全国Ⅱ，65]Picking up her "Lifetime Achievement" award， proud Irene declared she had no plans 　 to retire　（retire） from her 36-year-old business.
The ability 　 to express　（express） an idea is as important as the idea itself.
二、分词作定语
形式 用法
doing 被修饰词与do是逻辑上的主谓关系，表示动作正在进行、与谓语动作基本同时发生或当下的状态。
being done do与被修饰词是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动动作正在进行。
done do与被修饰词是逻辑上的动宾关系，多表示动作已完成。
[2022全国甲，63]Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation 　 held　（hold） in Beijing， Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute（致敬） to the ancient Silk Road.
[2021新高考Ⅰ，63]Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain， still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 　 aching　（ache） legs.
1.Each of us has a role 　 to play　（play） in making the earth a better place to live in.
2.Travelling to the cold， dark， and remote Arctic Circle in midwinter can be fascinating especially for those 　 looking　（look） for totally different experiences.
3.The company 　 made　（make） up of more than thirty branches all over the country is facing a serious financial crisis.　
4.The stadium 　 being built　（build） will be put into use in six months.
5.The play 　 to be put　（put） on next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
点拨
　　根据句意，戏剧是在下个月上演，所以空处要用不定式作后置定语修饰名词"play"，表示动作还未完成。
6.The old photo 　 taken　（take） 20 years ago always reminds me of the old happy memories.
7.Reconstruction might be the only way 　 to know　（know） what treasures looked like before time wore them down.
8.A global concert 　 featuring　（feature） many international musicians was held on April 18 in support of health workers.
9.A wide range of treasures 　 displayed　（display） on the last exhibition have been digitized and sold online.
10.I am greatly honored to have the chance 　 to visit　（visit） your great country and meet so many of its people.

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