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考点一　动词的时态
　　下表为动词各种时态的形式（以do为例），加粗的为课标要求掌握的十大时态，其余了解即可。
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态
现在 do/does am/is/are doing have/has done have/has been doing
过去 did was/were doing had done had been doing
将来 will/shall do will/shall be doing will/shall have done will/shall have been doing
过去将来 would/should do would/should be doing would/should have done would/should have been doing
一、一般现在时（do/does）
1.表示经常或习惯性的动作或状态，也可表示现时的情况或状态等。常用的时间状语有always，usually，often，sometimes，every day等。
New Year in Chinese people’s eyes means a family reunion. Every year 　 sees　（see） the largest annual mass migration on the planet when one sixth of the world’s population travels home to celebrate with their families.
点拨
　　see在此处表示"见证"。
2.表示客观事实、普遍真理，不受主句的时态限制。
The geography teacher told his students that the earth 　 moves　（move） around the sun.
3.在时间、条件状语从句中要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
My mother will be very angry with me when she 　 finds　（find） out I’m lying.
4.be动词及少数动作动词，如come，go，leave，arrive，fly，return，start，begin，open，close，end，stop，depart等，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。
The flight 　 takes　（take） off at 8：30 every Wednesday and Friday.
二、一般过去时（did）
1.表示过去某个特定时间或某段时间内所发生的动作或存在的状态。常与yesterday，last year，three years ago，the other day，just now，then，in 1999，at that time等时间状语连用。
[2022新高考Ⅱ，63]He quickly 　 threw　（throw） his tools aside， and started running， arms out.
2.在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。
He knew by the time he 　 arrived　（arrive） she would have prepared everything for him.
3.用于虚拟语气中，表示与现在事实相反的行为或状态。
Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he 　 did　（do） something instead of just talking.
三、一般将来时
1."shall/will＋动词原形"表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。"will＋动词原形"还可以表示说话时临时作出的决定。
How long will you stay in Shanghai？你将在上海待多久？
2."be going to＋动词原形"表示按计划、打算要做某事或某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.看那些乌云，要下雨了。
3."be to＋动词原形"表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。
I am to pick up my friend at the airport this afternoon. 今天下午我要去机场接朋友。
4."be about to＋动词原形"表示正要或即将做某事，不与具体的表示未来的时间状语连用。
Work is about to start on a new factory building.新厂房即将动工。
A gap year is about gaining skills that 　 will help　（help） you in the future.
四、现在进行时（am/is/are doing）
1.表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。
Sorry， I can’t spare time for the cleaning. I 　 am planning　（plan） our schedule for the business trip now.
2.某些表示位置移动的动词，如go，come，leave，arrive，start，move等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
A police officer is giving a lecture on how to protect us from online crime this afternoon. 一名警官下午将会做一场关于如何保护我们免遭网络犯罪的讲座。
五、过去进行时（was/were doing）
1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。常用的时间状语有：then， at that time， at this time yesterday等。
Tim 　 was watching　（watch）TouchingChina on CCTV with his family at this time yesterday.
2.表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行，常与when，while引导的时间状语从句连用。
They 　 were advancing　（advance） along the path when a stream stopped them.
3.一些非延续性动词可用过去进行时表示过去按计划或安排将要发生的动作，常见动词有go，come，leave，start，arrive等。
Tom had to pack his things up quickly， because he was told that this taxi 　 was leaving　（leave） in 2 minutes.
六、将来进行时（will/shall be doing）
　　表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行或持续的动作。常与at 8：00 am tomorrow， in the next two months等时间状语连用。
By the time you arrive home， I 　 will be sleeping　（sleep） then， so please don’t make any noise.
七、现在完成时（have/has done）
1.表示过去发生并已完成的某个动作，强调对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，常与yet， already， just， before， recently， lately， ever等时间状语连用。
Thanks to advances in technology， the way we make friends and communicate with them 　 has changed　（change） significantly.
2.表示开始于过去、持续到现在并可能持续下去的动作或状态。常与these days， up to now， so far，"for＋时间段"或"since＋时间点"等连用。
[2021浙江，56]It doesn’t impress like George Washington’s plantation on the Potomac， but Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield， Illinois，　 has proved/has proven　（prove） irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
3.常用现在完成时的固定句型：
I am not familiar with the song — it’s the first time I 　　have heard　（hear） it.
八、过去完成时（had done）
1.表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成或结束的动作，即"过去的过去"。
Before getting into the car， I thought I 　 had learned/had learnt　（learn） the instructor’s orders， but once I started the car， my mind went blank. I forgot what he 　 had said　（say） to me altogether.
2.表示在过去某一时刻之前已经开始，一直持续到这一过去时刻的动作或状态。常和for， by， until， before等构成的时间状语连用。
In Beijing， there 　 had been　（be） more than 21，100 people on the list by the end of 2017 since the city started a body donation registry in 1999.
3.常用过去完成时的固定句型：
My parents were very anxious about me， because it was the first time that I 　 had lived　（live） abroad alone.
4.表示"希望、认为、打算"的动词（如hope， want， expect， think， mean， plan， intend等）用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现。
[天津高考，2]I 　 had hoped　（hope） to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage， but I couldn’t manage it.
九、过去将来时（would/should do）
1.表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。
Margret promised that she 　 would call　（call） us when she went back to Washington.
2.三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构：
We were going to have a barbecue but the rain ruined our plan. 我们打算露天烧烤，但因为下雨，计划泡汤了。
I saw the soup was about to boil over， so I turned the gas off. 我看到汤快要溢出来，所以我关掉了煤气。
At college， Barack Obama didn’t know that he was to become the first African-American president of the United States of America. 在上大学时，贝拉克·奥巴马不知道他将成为美国第一位非洲裔总统。
十、现在完成进行时（have/has been doing）
1.表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。常与these days，recently，lately，in the past/last＋时间段，since＋时间点，for＋时间段等连用。
[2020天津， 2]—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It’s because I 　 have been practising　（practise） a lot these days.
2.表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently. 最近我们常常见面。
1.Impressed by the beauty of a desert beside the Yellow River， Wang Wei stopped off and 　 wrote　（write） a timeless classic poem："In the vast desert rises straight， lonely smoke； the grand， long river 　 reflects　（reflect） the round setting sun."
2.Over the past decade， a global push to reduce hunger and extreme poverty 　 has marked　（mark） some significant success.
3.It was time for me to try my hand， so I took up the brush，　 dipped　（dip） it in the ink， and carefully wrote "one" in Chinese.
4.When we read a poem， we often imagine what the poets were thinking　（think） when they wrote or what they were doing at the time.　
5.For the past four days I 　 have been taking　（take） part in a disability arts festival as a member of a choir （合唱团） set up specially to perform at this festival. Looking forward to the day of performance！
6.By the time he was fourteen years old， Einstein 　 had learned/had learnt　（learn） advanced mathematics all by himself.
7.If we keep on doing this practice， gradually， we 　 will learn　（learn） how to express ourselves in English better.
8.Justin apologized to his teacher and promised that he 　 would correct　（correct） his mistakes.
9.I 　 had expected　（expect） to attend another lecture but time didn’t permit.
10.—Hi， let’s go skating.
—Sorry， I’m busy right now. I 　 am filling　（fill） in an application form for a new job.
11.Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she 　 will be teaching　（teach） a class at that time.
12.I believe that all your hard work today 　 will pay　（pay） off in the future.
13.Alice 　 was whispering　（whisper） a story to her daughter in the sitting room when she heard a sharp scream.
14.Being raised in a family of teachers， I 　 have gotten　（get） plenty of chances to connect myself with literature since a young age.
15.As China’s largest panda breeding center， Chengdu 　 attracts　（attract） tens of millions of panda lovers every year.考点五　虚拟语气
一、if条件状语从句中的虚拟语气
对事实的假设 if从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
与现在事实 相反的假设 过去式（be用were） should/would/could/might＋ 动词原形
与过去事实 相反的假设 had＋过去分词 should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
与将来事实 相反的假设 过去式（be用were） were to＋动词原形 should＋动词原形 should/would/could/might＋动词原形
If the new safety system had been put　（put） to use， the tragedy this morning would never have happened.
二、含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气
　　有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是暗含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中。最常用的表达有：without， or， otherwise， but for等。
—Do you have Betty’s phone number？
—No. Otherwise， I 　 should/would/could/might have been　（be） able to reach her yesterday.
三、表示"命令、建议、要求等"的动词或名词后的从句中的虚拟语气[（should＋）动词原形]
1.常见的此类动词有：一坚持（insist），二命令（order， command），三建议（suggest， advise， propose），四要求（require， request， demand， desire）。
He insisted that she 　 was　（be） seriously ill and that she 　（should） be sent　（send） to hospital at once.
They advise that you 　（should） carry　（carry） a passport at all times.　
It is suggested that sunscreen 　（should） be applied　（apply） every one to two hours in a sunny day.
提示
1.insist作"坚决要求，坚持"讲时，用来表示一种要求、请求，其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气；而insist作"坚持认为，坚持说"讲时，用于陈述一种看法、实情，其后的从句用陈述语气。
He insisted that he was innocent.他坚持认为他是无辜的。
2.suggest作"建议"讲时，用来表示一种意见，其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气；而suggest作"表明，暗示"讲时，用于陈述一种实际情况，其后的宾语从句用陈述语气。
What he said suggested that he was a fraud. 他说的话表明他是个骗子。
2.常见的此类名词有：advice， suggestion， proposal， request， requirement， order， demand， desire等。
My suggestion was that schools 　（should） take　（take） necessary measures to keep the children away from violence in schools.　
He gave the order that all the guests 　（should） be greeted　（greet） warmly as they arrived.
四、固定句式中的虚拟语气
现在 过去 将来
wish后的宾语从句 过去式（be常用were） had＋过去分词 would/should/could/might＋动词原形
if only引导的条件状语从句或感叹句 过去式（be常用were） had＋过去分词 would/could＋动词原形
as if/as though引导的从句 过去式（be常用were） had＋过去分词 would/could/might＋动词原形
It is （high）time that... 过去式或"should＋动词原形"
The pills might have helped him， if only he had taken　（take） them regularly.
I wish I 　 would/should/could/might climb　（climb） the Great Wall with you tomorrow， but I’m preparing for the coming exam.
She is so keen on beautifying her selfies（自拍照片） that she looks as if she 　 were　（be） ten years younger in the photos.
1.It is suggested that parents（should） limit　（limit） children’s screen time.
2.If the ambulance had come here sooner last night， the patient 　 would/should/could/might be　（be） alive now.
3.I wish I 　 were　（be） an architect because then I would be able to design my own house.
4.They 　 would/should/could/might have arrived　（arrive） at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.
5.Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week？ If you 　 had told　（tell） me， I could have helped.
6.Bob 　 would/should/could/might have helped　（help） us yesterday， but he was too busy.
7.The requirement is that children（should） be allowed　（allow） to read what they want to read.
8.Look at the trouble I am in！ If only I had taken　（take） your advice！
9.It’s high time that you 　 got/should get　（get） rid of your bad eating habits.
10.What a pity！ You missed the sightseeing， or we 　 would/should/could/might have had　（have） a good time together.考点四　情态动词
一、情态动词的基本用法
情态动词 用法 例句
can/could ①表示能力，意为"能，会"。 ②表示客观可能性，意为"有时会；可能"。 ③表示推测，通常用于否定句和疑问句中，can比could语气强。 Don’t worry yourself about me， I can take care of myself.你别担心我，我能照顾好自己。 She can’t be Mary， because Mary is in hospital. 她不可能是玛丽，因为玛丽住院了。
may/might ①表示请求和许可，意为"可以"。在疑问句中，might比may的语气更委婉。 ②表示推测，意为"可能"。通常用于肯定句和否定句中，might比may的可能性要小一些。 —Might I go fishing with you tomorrow？明天我可以和你一起去钓鱼吗？ —Yes， you may/can. 是的，你可以。
shall 表示命令、警告、允诺或威胁等。用于主语是第二人称或第三人称的陈述句中。 Tell Jerry he shall get a gift if he behaves well. 告诉杰里，他如果表现得好，会得到一个礼物。
should ①表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为"应该"。 ②表示推测，意为"按理应当，估计"。 ③表示意外、惊讶、忧虑、惋惜等情绪，意为"竟然"。 You should learn to respect the elders. 你应该学会尊重长辈。 It’s strange （that） you should say that. 你这么说真奇怪。
must ①表示义务、必要性等，意为"必须"。在回答由must引起的一般疑问句时，若为否定回答，通常用needn’t或don’t have to。 ②表示很有把握的肯定推测，通常用于肯定句中，意为"准是，肯定是"。 ③mustn’t表示"不许，禁止"，是强制的命令。 —Must I hand in my paper now？我现在必须交论文吗？ —Yes， you must./No， you needn’t （＝don’t have to）. 是的，你必须。/不，你不必。
will ①表示意愿、意志。 ②表示请求。 ③表示习惯，意为"常常做某事"。 ④would/used to表示过去的习惯。 When my parents were away， my grandmother would take care of me. 我父母外出的时候，总是祖母照看我。
need 表示必要性，常用于疑问句和否定句中， needn’t 表示"不必"。对need引出的一般疑问句作肯定回答时用must，作否定回答时用needn’t。 My room is very clean， and I needn’t clean it today. 我的房间很干净，我今天不需要打扫它了。
dare 意为"敢，胆敢"，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中。 I daren’t say what I think. 我不敢说出自己的想法。
have to 表示客观需要，意为"必须，不得不"。 You have to be back before 10 o’clock because the train leaves at 10：05.你必须在10：00前回来，因为火车10：05发车。
二、情态动词＋have done
对过去的 推测 must have done 过去一定做过……
can/could （not） have done 过去（不）可能做过……
may/might have done 过去可能做过……
对过去情况 的后悔、遗憾 或责备 could have done 本能够做（却未做）……
should have done 本该做（却未做）……
might have done 本可以做（却未做）……
needn’t have done 本不必做（却做了）……
What a pity！ Considering his ability and experience， he could 　 have done　（do） better.
It’s 9：00 now. Jenny should 　 have finished　（finish） her homework.
用适当的情态动词填空（必要时加not）
1.—I don’t really like James. Why did you invite him？
—Don’t worry. He 　 may/might　 not come. He said he wasn’t certain about his plans.
2.I 　 can’t　 thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
3.I don’t think you 　 should　 give up because you have been practising for so long！
4.When he worked there， he 　 would　 have a walk along the river every morning.
5.You know he 　 won’t　 let us leave early if we don’t get the work done.
6.In my opinion， you 　 should　 leave him alone for the time being to allow him to calm down.
7.You 　 mustn’t　 play with the knife， or you may hurt yourself.
8.—Must I finish the job this Friday？
—No， you 　 needn’t　. You may finish it before 6：00 pm.
9.It 　 must　 have rained last night， for the road is quite muddy.
10.Whoever breaks the school rules 　 will/should/shall　 surely be punished.考点三　主谓一致
一、语法一致原则
　　语法一致原则即主语和谓语动词在人称和单复数形式上保持一致。
1.单个动名词（短语）、不定式（短语）或从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
Although medical science has achieved control over several dangerous diseases， what worries us 　 is　（be） that some of them are returning.
2.主语后接with， along with， together with， like， except， but， besides， as well as等时，谓语动词的单复数形式与这些词前的主语保持一致。
The outstanding atmosphere， as well as various activities，　 has drawn　（draw）many students to our school these three years.
3.定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式要与先行词保持一致。
People in modern times can read the classic works which 　 were written　（write） by writers in ancient times.
二、意义一致原则
主语 谓语动词
1 all， some， half， most， the rest等或由其修饰 与表达的实际意义一致
some/half/most/the rest/百分数/分数＋of＋名词 与of后名词的数一致
2 a large number of＋复数名词（许多……） 复数
the number of＋复数名词（……的数量） 单数
3 a （great/large） quantity of＋可数名词复数/不可数名词 单、复数均可/单数
（large） quantities of＋可数名词复数/不可数名词 复数
4 "the＋形容词"表示一类人 复数
"the＋姓氏复数"表示一家人
5 表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等意义的复数名词作主语时，常当作整体来看 单数
6 police，cattle等表示复数含义的有生命的集体名词 复数
7 sheep， means， series， species等单复数同形的名词 与表达的实际意义一致
8 audience， class， team， crew， family， group， committee， population等作主语时 指一个整体 单数
指组成集体的成员 复数
9 and连接并列成分作主语时 表示不同概念 复数
指同一人或物 单数
10 many a/more than one＋单数名词 单数
and连接的两个或多个主语前面有each， every， no等修饰
About three quarters of the surface of the earth is covered　（cover） by water.
The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials， the rest of which 　 were saved　（save） for other purposes.
[2020天津， 9]The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and 　 has remained　（remain） around that level ever since.
There is no doubt that every boy and every girl 　 wishes　（wish） to attend the party to be held on Sunday.
With the development of modern agriculture and industry， large quantities of waste 　 are created　（create） every day. Every year， a large quantity of money 　 is spent　（spend） on environmental protection.
A survey of the opinions of experts shows that three hours of outdoor exercise a week 　 is　（be） good for one’s health.
So far， every possible means 　 has been tried　（try）to save the miners trapped in the coal mine.
The population of our country 　 is　 very large and about 36 percent of it 　 are　 rural residents. （be）
The poet and artist 　 is　（be） Lin Hua’s grandfather. He tells us a lot about Chinese literature and painting.
点拨
　　此处诗人和艺术家指的是同一人。
In the past three days， many a soldier 　 has been sent　（send） to Hebei Province to help save people trapped in the flood.
In China， the young 　 have　（have） great respect for the elders， because the Chinese 　 believe　（believe） that old people possess much more wisdom.
三、就近一致原则
1.由either ...or...（或者……或者……），neither ...nor...（既不……也不……，两者都不），not only ... but also...（不但……而且……）， or （或者）， whether ...or...（是……还是……），not ...but...（不是……而是……）等连接的并列名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与最靠近的名词或代词保持一致。
Either you or one of your students 　 is　（be） to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
Not only I but also Albert and Mary 　 are　（be） fond of physics， while Robert likes maths.
2.there/here be句型中有并列主语时，谓语动词be在数上与最靠近的主语保持一致。
There 　 is　（be） a computer and three chairs in my new office.
1.He is the only one of the students that 　 is　（be） a winner of the scholarship every year.
2.Over the past 3 years， more than one book about space exploration 　 has been published　（publish） all over the world.
3.After weeks of research， this new species is/was identified　（identify） as part of the sauropod（蜥脚类恐龙） family of dinosaurs.
4.The couple as well as their daughter 　 are enjoying　（enjoy） themselves in the park now.
5.Thus， both of them 　 were　（be）worried about what had happened and turned to their head teacher for help.
6.My village， where the climate and the landscape 　 are　（be） pleasant， lies in the mountains in southwest China.
7.The university estimates that living expenses of international students 　 are　 around $8，450 a year， which 　 is　 a burden for many families. （be）
8.The fact is that there is only one correct answer to this question. Either you or I 　 am　（be） wrong.
9.A survey shows that 80％ of the middle-aged in this city 　 are　（be） in favour of the proposal for health care reform.
10.Large quantities of food 　 have been sent　（send） to the flood-stricken victims in the past few days.
11.So far， reading 　 has become　（become） such an important part in my life that I can hardly imagine what life would be like without reading.
12.Every possible means 　 has been used　（use） to prevent the air pollution， but the sky is still not clear.
13.There are　 a number of clubs in our school and the number of members 　 is　 still growing. （be）
14.What is amazing about these earth buildings 　 is　（be） the fact that some of them are over 700 years old， surviving natural disasters， including earthquakes.
15.He is　 capable of dealing with tough problems and all of us 　 are　 willing to work with him. （be）考点二　动词的语态
一、被动语态的构成
现在 过去 将来
一般时态 am/is/are done was/were done will/shall be done
进行时态 am/is/are being done was/were being done —
完成时态 has/have been done had been done will/shall have been done
Due to the ideal location， Yellow Crane Tower 　 was built　（build） by Sun Quan as a watchtower for his army.
Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea， which 　 is called　（call） the Pacific， and we met no storms.
The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts 　 will be rewarded　（reward） with success in the end.
Shakespeare’s play Hamlet　 has been adapted　（adapt） for different films over the past years.
After school we went to the reading room to do some reading， only to be told that it 　 was being decorated　（decorate）.
二、无被动语态的动词（短语）
1.不及物动词（短语）：happen， occur， take place， remain， run out， break out等。
2.少数及物动词（短语）：lack， benefit， mean（意思是）， belong to， suffer from， date back to， consist of等。常考查其作非谓语的用法。
Mrs. Smith says the secret to her beauty lies in her special diet，　 consisting　（consist） of organic vegetables， fruit and nuts grown in her own garden.
In the sixteenth century， fruit and vegetables were to be found only in gardens 　 belonging　（belong） to wealthy people.
三、主动形式表被动意义
1."系动词look， sound， feel， smell， taste等＋形容词/名词"。
The water 　 felt　（feel） cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.
2."need， require， want， be worth等＋v-ing"。
My watch can’t work； it needs 　 repairing/to be repaired　（repair）.
It’s worth 　 making　（make） an appointment before you go.
3.read，write，sell，wash，clean，cook，draw等表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，常与well，easily，smoothly等副词连用，表示被动意义。
The novel 　 sells　（sell） well， so the manager has placed another order in the printing house.
1.This kind of cloth has been sold out in no time at the trade fair because it 　 washes　（wash） very easily.
2.More efforts， as reported，　 will be made　（make） in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.
3.The Mid-Autumn Festival is a very important traditional festival in China， which takes its name from the fact that it 　 is celebrated　（celebrate） in the middle of autumn.
4.The tower which 　 is being restored　（restore） will be open to tourists soon. As we can see， the work is almost finished.
5.By the time he was 30， he 　 had been regarded　（regard） as one of the outstanding sculptors.
6.Our football team 　 was defeated　（defeat） by the visiting team， which made our fans sad and disappointed.
7.Dr. Manteca has made it clear that his private collections 　 will be left　（leave） to the National Gallery after he dies.
8.Currently， about 35，000 works 　 are being displayed　（display） in over 300 rooms in the Louvre， and it takes a lifetime to see everything.
9.The Chinese writing system 　 consists　（consist） of thousands of characters， each with its own artistic structure and stroke order（笔顺）.
10.It’s a pity that few students nowadays are keen on reading classics which I think are really worth 　 reading　（read）.

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