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考点一　冠词
一、不定冠词a/an
　　不定冠词有a， an两种形式，用来表示不特定的人或事物，一般修饰可数名词单数。当紧跟冠词的词以辅音音素开头时，用a；当紧跟冠词的词以元音音素开头时，用an。
基 本 用 法 表示"一"，但不强调数量概念，或数量概念没有one强烈。 Rome was not built in a day. 罗马非一日建成。
用于指首次提到的对方不知道的人或物。 Occupied in carrying out an experiment， he can’t spare time to look after his son. 因为忙着做一个试验，他抽不出时间来照看他的儿子。
a/an＋可数名词单数，泛指一类人或事物，或指同类人或事物中的"一个"。 In America， if a friend has invited you to drop in at any time， it is best to call before visiting. 在美国，如果一个朋友邀请你随时拜访他，你最好去之前打个电话。
a/an＋序数词，表示"又一，再一"；a most＋形容词，表示"非常，很……"。 In order to find a better job， he decided to study a second foreign language. 为了找到一份更好的工作，他决定再学一门外语。 It must be a most unusual exhibition.这一定是一次非常不寻常的展览。
不定冠词a/an表示"某一个"，相当于some/a certain。 A Mr. Green called just now.刚刚有一位格林先生打电话。
用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的有：success， failure， danger， surprise， pleasure， beauty， comfort， honour等。 I don’t think the experiment is a failure. At least we have gained experience for future success. 我认为这次试验不是失败的。至少，我们为以后的成功获得了经验。
固 定 搭 配 as a result/consequence结果 as a whole总体上 as a matter of fact事实上 at a loss不知所措 in a hurry匆忙 in a word总之 in a sense在某种意义上 in a way在某种程度上 in a short while不久 at an early age在幼年时 keep an eye on照看，留意 pay a visit to拜访 put an end to使……结束 once in a while偶尔 have a gift for有……天赋 all of a sudden突然 have/take a rest休息 do sb. a favour帮某人一个忙 give sb. a lift 让某人搭便车 be/go on a diet节食 It is a pity/shame that...真可惜/遗憾…… It is an honour to do...深感荣幸做……
The Wilsons live in 　 a　 European-style house near the coast. It is 　 an　 eighteenth-century cottage.
I earn my living as 　 a　 supermarket cashier on weekdays.
People develop 　 a　 preference for a particular style of learning at 　 an　 early age.
Mrs. Taylor has an 8-year-old daughter who has 　a　 gift for painting — she has won two national prizes.
To tell the truth， John is at 　 a　 loss what to do currently.
I’m still hungry. Could you please give me 　 a　 second piece of cake？
You have been working for ten hours. Take 　 a　 rest and eat something.
[2021新高考Ⅰ，65]While you’re in China， Mount Huangshan is 　 a　 must to visit！
点拨
　　此处must表示"必须做或看的事物"，为可数名词，常用单数，此处表示泛指。
二、定冠词the
基 本 用 法 表示双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物。 Six of the thirty-eight people were U.S. citizens. 那38人中有6个人是美国公民。
用于表特指的由短语或从句修饰的名词前。 I really enjoyed the book I’ve just finished reading. 我真的很喜欢我刚刚读完的这本书。
表示一类人或事物（用于形容词或分词前）。 He knows he is waiting for the impossible. 他知道自己在期盼不可能的事。
用于指世界上独一无二的事物。 Paris is a beautiful city， where you can see the famous Eiffel Tower. 巴黎是一个美丽的城市，在这里你能看到著名的埃菲尔铁塔。
用于演奏乐器名称前。 As far as I know，he likes playing the piano but doesn’t like playing football. 据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴却不喜欢踢足球。
the＋表示姓氏的复数名词，表示一家人或夫妇二人。 The Jacksons are coming to visit us on Saturday. 杰克逊一家周六要来看我们。
用于序数词、最高级以及only，very，same等词之前。 It was the first time that Helen had understood such a complex word. 这是海伦第一次理解了如此复杂的单词。
用于表示世纪、年代、朝代的名词以及逢十的复数数词前（指世纪中的几十年代或人的大约岁数）。 The Tang Dynasty is considered a golden age of Chinese arts and culture. 唐朝被认为是中国艺术和文化的黄金时期。
用于表计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the meter等。但如果是在抽象名词前，则不用冠词，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等。 I got paid by time. To be exact，I got paid by the hour. 我按时间拿报酬。确切地说，我是按小时拿钱。
固 定 搭 配 in the south在南方 on the right在右边 make the most/best of充分利用 in the end最后 by the way顺便说一下 in the distance在远处 on the whole总的说来 at the same time同时 on the other hand另一方面 to tell （you） the truth说实话 for the time being 暂时 on the spot在现场 not in the least一点也不 the other day前几天 take the place of代替 to the point中肯，切题 in the charge of由……负责 in/over the past＋时间段在过去的……时间里 take/catch/hit sb. by/in/on the＋（身体部位）名词抓住/打某人的……
With 　 the　 assistance of doctors and nurses，the patient recovered quickly.
[2022浙江，59]The tactile（可触知的） paintings work as a way to show art to 　 the　 blind because we don’t see with just our eyes： We see with our brains.
[2021浙江，64]　 The　 Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two stories in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family.
The little pupil took his grandma by 　 the　 arm and walked her across the street.
With the college entrance examination approaching， we have to make 　 the　 most of the time left.
Over 　 the　 past twenty years， China has developed swiftly.
[2020全国Ⅱ，70]The plum trees are 　 the　 first to flower even as the snow is melting（融化）. They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.
[浙江高考，57]Everybody wears 　 the　 same style of clothes. Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways.
三、零冠词
基 本 用 法 不可数名词和可数名词复数表示泛指时。 Water is necessary to life. 水是生命所必需的。 Books are my best friend.书是我最好的朋友。
名词前已有this， my， some， each， no， any等限定时。 We are doing this all without any support from the hospital. 我们在没有得到医院任何支持的情况下做着这一切。
学科、语言、球类、棋类、日期、一日三餐、月份、星期、季节、节假日和以人名或地名命名的大学等名词前。 They can choose other subjects like Art，Computer Science or languages such as Spanish and German. 他们可以选择其他的科目，如艺术、计算机科学或西班牙语、德语之类的语言课。
与by连用，位于表示交通/通信工具的名词前。 I will contact you by letter. 我会写信跟你联系。
表示独一无二的职位、头衔的名词（如captain，manager，monitor，president等）在句中作表语、同位语或补语时。 Mr. Smith，president of the new company， will be in charge of research and marketing operations. 新公司的总裁史密斯先生，将负责调研和市场运作。
固 定 搭 配 at present目前 take part in参加 by chance/accident偶然 by mistake错误地，无意中 on purpose故意 ahead of time提前 by law根据法律 make use of利用 lose heart灰心 out of work失业 in danger处于危险中 at daybreak/dawn/noon/dusk/night/midnight 在拂晓/黎明/正午/黄昏/夜晚/午夜
1.China’s war epic TheBattleatLakeChangjin rocketed to 　　the　 top of China’s box office during the opening days of the country’s long National Day holiday.
2.Poyang Lake， which is China’s largest freshwater lake，is 　 a　 winter shelter for plenty of migratory birds every year.
3.Later， when people had 　 the　 ability to use their imagination to express ideas， woodcarving became a kind of art.
4.A religious and cultural crossroads on the Silk Road， Dunhuang has 　 a　 number of caves that house a vast collection of murals describing religious stories and life scenes.
5.Last month， researchers from Boston University published 　 an　 article， which analyzed photo editing apps’ bad impacts on people’s self-esteem and the potential for causing appearance anxiety.
6.We are living in 　 the　 Information Age，　 a　 time of new discoveries and great changes.考点四　并列连词
　　并列连词用来连接两个或更多的单词、短语或分句。由并列连词连接两个或两个以上分句的句子叫并列句。
一、表示不同逻辑关系的并列连词
表示并列、顺承或递进关系 and， both...and...， neither...nor...， not only...but also...， not...but...， as well as等
表示转折关系 but（不能与从属连词although，though连用）
yet（既可作并列连词，也可作副词）
表示选择关系 or， or else， either...or...等
表示因果关系 so（不能与because连用）
for（表示原因，引出的分句一般用逗号与前句隔开，表示补充说明）
表示对比关系 while
[2023浙江1月，56]During China’s dynastic period， emperors planned the city of Beijing 　 and　 arranged the residential areas according to social classes.
Notices in the waiting room request that you should neither smoke 　 nor　 shout loudly.
[2021全国甲，67]My bike was old and shaky 　 but　 did the job.
Small amounts of caffeine — a cup 　 or　 two of coffee a day — seem safe for most people.
二、含有并列连词的固定句式
1.祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句
　　在此句式中，and表示顺承关系，or表示"否则"。 "祈使句＋and＋陈述句"有时可用"名词（词组）＋and＋陈述句"表示，名词词组中常含有more， another， further， earlier等词。
Dive down 650 feet，　 and　 you will notice that light starts fading rapidly.
We’d better go now，　 or　 we’ll miss the train.
One more hour，　 and　 I’ll get my assignment finished.
2.when作并列连词时的常用句式
　　when也可作并列连词，意为"这时，那时"，相当于and at this/that time。其常用于下列句式：
We were having a meeting when he broke in. 我们正在开会，这时他闯了进来。
I was about to go out when the telephone rang. 我正要出门，这时电话响了。
I had just left when it began to rain. 我刚离开，天就开始下雨了。
1.The spare room can be designed as an excellent entertainment center， a playroom，　 or　 a large home office.
2.The house has high ceilings and many windows，　 so　 it is always very bright.
3.Some children may seek comfort in hugs，　 while　 others prefer physical space.
4.Cathy’s drawing may not be excellent，　 but/yet　 I know she has done her best.
5.Stick to it，　 and　 you will think more quickly，move more swiftly and even see more clearly.
6.Classical Chinese is not only a code or a tool，　 but　 the cultural backbone of all the great philosophies， spirituality， and even arts in China and all over Asia.
7.Shi Lei was cycling to work 　 when　he spotted an elderly woman fell into the icy water.考点三　介词
一、表示"时间"的介词
at 表示在某一时刻 at 2 o’clock
表示在进餐时间 at breakfast/lunch/supper
表示在一天中的某个时间点 at midnight　at dawn at sunset　at nightfall
on 表示在特定的某一天 on Tuesday on New Year’s Day
表示在某一天的或某种类型的早晨、中午或晚上 on a cold night on the morning of July 15
用于"on＋动词-ing/动作名词"结构 on arriving/on his arrival at the hotel
for 表示"长达……（时间）"，后接时间段，常与完成时连用 She has been ill for two days.
from 表示"从……开始"，后接时间点，多用于"from...to/till/until..."结构 You can come anytime from Monday to Friday.
since 表示"自……以来"，后接时间点，常与完成时连用 We have known each other since 2008.
before 表示"在……之前"，与after相对 Please come before ten o’clock.
by 表示"不迟于，在……之前" I’ll have it done by tomorrow.
until （till） 表示"直到……为止"，在肯定句中常与延续性动词连用 You must wait until/till tomorrow.
在否定句中常与非延续性动词连用 I didn’t go to bed until 12 o’clock.
in 表示"在……之后"或"在……之内"，"in＋时间段"常与将来时连用 I’ll come to see you again in a few days.
after 表示"在……之后"，可用于过去时和将来时 We’ll leave after lunch. They arrived after 5 p.m.
within 表示"在……之内"，强调事情发生的全过程不超出某一段时间 I can finish it within an hour.
during 表示"在……期间"，指整个时间段或一段时间内的某个时候，有时可与in互换 What did she say during/in my absence？
through 表示"自始至终"，指整个时间段 They worked through the night.
over 表示"在吃（或喝）……的时候"，强调间隙 We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.
表示"在……期间"，可与during互换 Will you be home over/during the summer vacation？
　 In　 November 2020， Marshall saw a person lying in the street after being hit by a car.
The store，　 on　 every agreed day， will pack the food well and send it to the customer’s home.
　 From　 mid-March to mid-April every year is the best time to enjoy the beautiful cherry blossoms.
More than 50，000 ancient artifacts have been found at Sanxingdui 　 since　 the 1920s， when a local farmer accidentally came upon a number of relics at the site.
It was not 　 until　 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.
A company says it has created a new battery that people can fully charge 　 in/within　 just five minutes. This is the same amount of time it takes to fill a tank of petrol.
　 On　 Tuesday morning， Shen Dong was about to walk into the bank when he spotted something falling down from a building across the street.
[2021北京，14]While riding his bike home 　　 on　 a cold night，he came across a sad-looking elderly woman wandering the streets by herself.
二、表示"地点或方位"的介词
at 其后一般接小地方，接地名时，常将此地视为空间的一点 He arrived at the famous town in Jiangsu at dusk.
on 表示两地接壤 Guangdong is on the east of Guangxi； Fujian lies to the south of Jiangsu and all of them are in China.
to 表示两地的相对位置，不接壤
in 其后一般接大地方或表示在某个范围之内
off 表示"（时空上）离，距" He lives on an island off the coast.
on 表示"在……上"，强调两个物体表面相接触 There is a glass on the table， a map of the world on the wall， and a clock above the map.
above 表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，反义词是below
over 表示"在某物的正上方"，反义词是under There is a lamp hanging over the desk， and under it is a waste-paper basket.
along 表示"沿着"某一路径在水平方向上行进 I saw them running along the road.
through 意为"穿过"，表示从内部空间通过 They walked across the square and then through the dark forest.
across 表示"横穿"，强调从某一物体的表面横过 He ran across the zebra crossing（斑马线）， rushing into the shop across the street.
表示"在……对面"
by/past 意为"经过"，表示从某人/某物的旁边经过 He walked by/past me without speaking.
between 表示"在……之间（指两者）"，常和and连用；也可指三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系和差别 I sat down between Jo and Diana. The boy has already known the difference between gases， solids and liquids.
among 表示"在……之间（指三者或三者以上的同类事物，或笼统的一群人或一些物之间）" I found the letter among his papers.
The erhu is similar to the violin， but there are many significant differences 　 between　 them.
When we first arrive 　 in　 a different country， everything about the new culture is strange and exciting.
[2020全国Ⅲ，70]The artist was finally humbled（谦卑） by the greatest artist 　 on　 earth， Mother Nature.
[2020浙江，56]Some time after 10，000 BC， people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 　 in　， through agriculture.
三、表示"工具或手段"的介词
by 表示"靠……手段，用……方法，凭借……"，后可接名词、代词或动词-ing We can realize our dreams by working hard.
"by＋表示交通工具的名词"表示交通方式，此时名词前不加冠词 by bike/bus/train/ plane/ship
"by＋表示水、陆、空的名词"表示交通方式 by water/sea/land/ air
with 表示"用，使用（某种工具、物品或材料等）"，所接名词前应加冠词、形容词性物主代词等限定词 We see with our eyes， hear with our ears， and walk with our legs.
in 表示"使用（某种语言、材料等）" The book was written in Chinese.
on 表示"通过，使用，借助于" She learns English on the radio/on TV.
Nowadays many people travel across China 　　 by　 means of high-speed trains， and the rail traffic is quite busy especially during festivals.
In India， for example， most people traditionally eat 　 with　 their hands.
四、表示"原因或理由"的介词
for 常与表示闻名、奖罚等意义的形容词或动词连用，如famous，known，praise，punish等 Xi’an is famous for its high status in the long history.
at 常与表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词（如angry，delighted等）连用，表示产生这种情感的原因 He was surprised at the news.
with 常与表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的抽象名词连用，表示因为某种感情而使某人有某种表现或行为 He shouted loudly with anger.
from 表示伤、病或事故等原因 She felt sick from tiredness.
of 多用于表示自身的原因；也常用于某些与情感相关的形容词后 Her friend died of cancer. His father is proud of him.
The Smiths are praised 　 for　 the way they bring up their children.
The number of road accidents and the deaths resulting 　 from　 those accidents has increased over the past years.
五、表示"范围"的介词（短语）
besides "除……之外（还）"，除去的部分也包括在整体之内 There are three more visitors besides me.除我之外，还有三位访客。
except "除……之外"，除去的部分不包括在整体之内，一般表示同类之间的关系 You can take any of the apples except this one.除了这个，你可以拿走这些苹果中的任何一个。
except for "除……之外"，用于引出细节以修正或补充句子的主要意思 The roads were empty except for a few cars.除了几辆小汽车，马路上空荡荡的。
apart from 具有多重意义，既可代替besides，也可代替except for或except Apart from（＝Except for） the kitchen， the house is very nice.这座房子除了厨房，哪儿都很好。
六、常见的介词短语
1.at构成的短语
at first起先，首先 at last 最后
at once立刻 at work在工作；起作用
at the age of在……岁时 at the end of在……末尾
at the foot of在……脚下 at the same time同时
at a loss困惑，不知所措
2.by构成的短语
by chance碰巧 by design故意地
by force用武力 by hand手工
by nature天生地 by the way顺便提一下
by oneself独自地
3.beyond构成的短语
beyond description无法形容
beyond control无法控制
beyond one’s reach够不着
beyond one’s understanding无法理解
4.in构成的短语
in advance事先，预先 in case如果，万一
in charge主管，掌管 in common共有，共同
in comfort舒适地 in conclusion最后
in despair绝望地 in detail详细地
in doubt不确定 in effect实际上；有效
in fact事实上 in general 大体上
in need在贫困中 in order正常，妥当
in return作为回报 in no way决不
in peace平静地，安宁地 in short 简言之；总之
in place在正确位置，准备妥当；准备就绪
in sight看得见 in turn依次；转而 in vain徒劳
5.on构成的短语
on display陈列，展出 on holiday在度假
on leave在休假 on sale出售；减价出售
on time准时 on average平均
on behalf of代表 on the contrary与此相反
6.under构成的短语
under consideration在考虑中
under construction在建设中
under pressure承受着压力
7.out of构成的短语
out of balance失去平衡 out of breath喘不上气
out of control失去控制 out of date过时的
out of order出故障 out of place不适当；位置不当
out of the question不可能 out of reach够不着
out of sight看不见 out of style不时髦的
out of touch失去联系 out of work失业
8."in＋名词＋其他介词"结构
in case of以防 in celebration of 庆祝……
in charge of 负责，主管
in course of在……的过程中
in front of 在……前面 in favour of 赞同，支持
in fear of担心，害怕 in memory of为纪念……
in need of 需要 in place of代替
in possession of 拥有 in praise of 赞美
in respect of 关于，就……而言
in search of寻找 in spite of 不管，尽管
in support of支持 in terms of就……而言
in view of 鉴于，考虑到
in honour of为向……表示敬意
in exchange for 作为……的交换
in preparation for 为……做准备
in return for 作为对……的回报
in reward for 作为……的报酬
in addition to 除……之外
in response to 回答，响应
in contrast to与……形成对比
in harmony with 与……协调
in touch with 和……接触；和……有联系
9.其他介词短语
due to/owing to/thanks to/on account of/as a result of/because of因为　instead of 代替，而不是
regardless of 不顾，不管
ahead of 在……的前面；领先于……
according to 根据 next to 紧挨着
along with 与……一起 together with 连同
rather than 而不是 but for 要不是
for fear of唯恐 up to 直到；由……决定
The book describes 　 in　 detail the process of planting tea plants， harvesting tea leaves， and preparing for tea making.
The store was renamed Shakespeare and Company in 1964 　 in　 honour of a bookseller he admired， Sylvia Beach.
[2021天津3月，5]Students are encouraged to take control of their own learning， rather 　 than　 just depending on the teacher.
Taking on this challenge will bring you in contact 　 with　 someone who shares your interests.
七、动词/名词/形容词与介词的常见搭配
1."动词＋介词"类
搭配 动词
动词＋about care， dream， talk， think， worry等
动词＋at aim， glare， glance， knock， laugh， look， point， shout， stare等
动词＋for call， care， hunt， long， look， pay， search， stand， wait， allow等
动词＋from benefit， date， differ， hear， recover， result， suffer等
动词＋in believe， hand， join， lie， participate， result等
动词＋of approve， be， complain， consist， die， dream， think等
动词＋on call， carry， concentrate， depend， focus， insist， rely等
动词＋to appeal， attend， belong， contribute， lead， refer， respond等
动词＋as serve， work， act等
2."名词＋介词"类
搭配 名词
名词＋for desire， reason， sympathy等
名词＋in faith， interest， confidence等
名词＋on effect， impact， influence等
名词＋to access， answer， key， approach， attitude， devotion， solution等
3."形容词＋介词"类
搭配 形容词
形容词＋about anxious， careful， curious， particular， serious， sorry， worried等
形容词＋at angry， good/bad， disappointed， surprised等
形容词＋in absorbed， experienced， interested， involved等
形容词＋for eager， famous， fit， prepared， ready， responsible， sorry， thankful等
形容词＋from absent， different等
形容词＋of afraid， ashamed， aware， fond， proud， short， tired， worthy等
形容词＋to close， contrary， equal， familiar， opposite， polite， relative， similar等
形容词＋with busy， content， patient， pleased， associated， satisfied等
4.常见的"动词＋名词/代词＋介词"类短语
搭配 动词
动词＋sb./sth.＋of＋sth. accuse， cheat， cure， inform， remind， rob， warn， suspect， persuade， convince等
动词＋sb./sth.＋for＋sth. blame， criticize， forgive， excuse， pardon， punish， scold， thank， praise， respect， admire等
动词＋sb./sth.＋from＋（doing） sth. prevent， stop， keep， protect， preserve， defend， ban， prohibit， shelter等
其他 take care of照顾　take advantage of利用 take control of控制　take part in参加 pay attention to注意 contribute...to...向……捐赠/贡献…… devote oneself to致力于，专心于 devote...to...把……用于 expose...to...使遭受；使接触；向……显露…… provide sth. for sb./provide sb. with sth.为某人提供某物
An exhibition which opened on August 30 in Xi’an displayed 121 colored terracotta relics（遗物）， dating 　 from　 the Qin dynasty.
Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which calls 　 for　 a clear road map and timetable.
Undoubtedly， excessive gaming is purely a waste of time and energy and has a negative effect 　　 on　 both physical and mental health.
[2020全国Ⅱ，67]Bamboo plants are associated 　 with　 health， abundance and a happy home.
1.In Chinese history， writing brushes（毛笔） served 　 as　 an essential tool for cultural heritage.
2.The Chinese Farmers’ Harvest Festival falls 　 on　 the Autumnal Equinox（秋分） each year.
3.Woodcarving serves practical purposes and at the same time is 　 of　 decorative value.
4.Unlike the modern dam， where the water is blocked with a huge wall， Dujiangyan still lets water flow through the Minjiang River naturally， making the ecosystem and fish populations exist 　　 in　 peace.
5.Because native plants are original to the ecosystem， they provide the best habitats 　 for　 local insects， birds and other animals.
6.Restaurants of considerable sizes may have fully prepared more than a hundred refreshments for customers to choose 　 from　.
7.Ecotourism has its origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. It was not widely accepted as a travel concept 　 until　 the late 1980s.考点二　代词
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
代词 作用 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数
人称代词主格 作主语 I we you you he　she　it they
人称代词宾格 作宾语或表语 me us you you him　her　it them
形容词性 物主代词 相当于形容词，置于名词前作定语 my our your your his　her　its their
名词性 物主代词 相当于"形容词性物主代词＋名词"，常作主语、表语和宾语，也可用"of＋名词性物主代词"结构作后置定语 mine ours yours yours his　hers　its theirs
反身代词 作宾语，常用在enjoy， teach， hurt， behave等动词后和by， for， to等介词后 myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves
作同位语，用于加强语气，强调"亲自，本人，亲身"
作表语，常用于be， feel， look等系动词后，表示身体状况等
It was 　 he　 that helped me when I traveled in Madrid， and I’ve kept in touch with 　 him　 ever since.（he）
[2022全国乙，70]The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled（揭幕） at the ceremony， opening 　 its　（it） first exhibition： The Avenue of Truth — A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea.
At first she took my hand in 　 hers　（her） and listened patiently as I mentioned my worries.
Then the driver stood up and asked，"Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？ " A woman on the bus shouted， "Oh， dear！ It’s 　 mine/me　（I）."
点拨
　　空处用名词性物主代词mine，表示那个箱子是"我的"；也可用I的宾格形式me，表示是"我"在上一站丢失了手提箱。
Now I’m much more experienced as a driver. Although I still don’t consider 　 myself　（I） a perfect one， I’m much more confident behind the wheel than I was when I started.
He’s writing this e-mail to ask for sick leave because he’s not feeling 　 himself　（he） today.
Every year when Grain in Ear（芒种） comes， people make different types of bread with wheat flour and color 　 them　（they） with vegetable juice.
二、不定代词
1.both， either， neither， all， any， none
代词 含义 作主语时谓语动词的数
两者 both "都"，肯定 复数
either "任何一个"，肯定 单数
neither "都不"，否定 常用单数
三者或 更多 all "都"，肯定 与all指代的人或事物保持一致
any "任何一个" 单复数均可（常与of短语连用）
none "都不"，否定
注意　"any/none of＋不可数名词"作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
If you can’t decide which of the two books to borrow， why don’t you take both？ I won’t read them this week.如果你不能决定借这两本书中的哪一本，为什么不两本都借呢？我这周不看这两本书。
—Do you want tea or coffee？你想喝茶还是咖啡？
—Either is OK. I really don’t mind.任何一种都可以。我真的不介意。
2.each
①each可直接作主语，也可接"of＋代词的复数形式"或"of＋the/these/形容词性物主代词＋名词复数"作主语，此时，谓语动词用单数。
Each （of the students） has a dictionary. 每位学生都有一本词典。
②each可作同位语，放在主语（复数）后，谓语动词用复数。
They each have a dictionary.他们每人有一本词典。
注意　each还可作限定词，修饰可数名词单数，常与every进行辨析。
There are lots of flowers on each side of the road. 路两边有许多花。
She knows nearly every student in the school. 她几乎认识学校里的每个学生。
3.the other， another， the others， others
代词 用法 例句
the other 特指两者中的另一个，常用在"one...the other..."结构中 I have two daughters. One is a doctor， and the other is a teacher.我有两个女儿，一个是医生，另一个是教师。
another 指三者或三者以上中的"另一，再一" I got another of those calls yesterday.昨天我又接了一个那样的电话。
the others 相当于"the other＋可数名词复数"，特指其余全部的人或物，常用在"some...the others..."结构中 Two boys will go to the zoo， and the others will go to the museum.两个男孩将去动物园，其余的去博物馆。
others 相当于"other＋可数名词复数"，泛指别的人或物，常用在"some...others..." 结构中 Some students are cleaning the classroom；others are playing in the playground.一些学生在打扫教室，另一些在操场上玩。
4.many，much，（a）few，（a）little
含义 替代可数名词复数 替代不可数名词
"多" many much
"少"，否定意义 few little
"一些/点"，肯定意义 a few a little
注意 Most surprisingly，quite a few said they didn’t intend to vote at all.最让人吃惊的是，相当多的人说他们根本不打算参加投票。
三、用作替代词的one， the one， that， it
代词 用法 所替代的名词的单复数
one 替代上文出现的"同类"人或事物中的一个，表泛指 必须是可数名词单数
表示复数时用ones
the one 替代上文出现的"同类"人或事物，表特指 必须是可数名词单数
表示复数时用the ones
that 替代上文出现的"同类"事物，表特指，其后常跟介词短语作后置定语 可数名词单数/不可数名词
表示复数时用those
it 替代上文出现的"同一"事物，还可以指代时间、地点、距离、天气、季节等 可数名词单数/不可数名词
[天津高考，3]A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than 　 those　 who are not.
The Chinese have known about the benefits of green tea since ancient times， and they use 　 it　 to treat various diseases such as headaches and depression.
四、it的常考用法
1.it作形式主语的常用句型
①It＋be＋adj.＋（for/of sb.） to do sth.
②It＋be＋n.＋（for sb./sth.）to do sth.
③It takes/took sb.＋一段时间＋to do sth.做某事花费某人多长时间。
④It is worthwhile to do/doing sth. 值得做某事。
⑤It is useless/no use/no good doing sth.做某事没用。
⑥It is a pity/shame that... 真可惜/遗憾……
⑦It is no wonder that... 难怪……
⑧It is obvious/clear/evident that... 显然……
⑨It is said/reported/believed that...据说/据报道/人们相信……
⑩It occurs to/hits/strikes sb. that... 某人突然想起……
It seems/appears that... 似乎……
It is very kind of you to provide me with generous help and support. 你真是太好了，给予我慷慨的帮助和支持。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。/后悔无益。
It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth.显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种已经产生了负面影响。
2.it作形式宾语的常用句型
①主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/find/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋（for/of sb.） to do/that...
②主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/find/make/keep...＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time...＋doing sth.
She made it clear that she objected. 她明确表示反对。
I find it quite necessary to tell her beforehand. 我觉得很有必要事先告诉她。
I consider it worthwhile watching/to watch this movie. 我认为这部电影值得一看。
3.it的相关短语和常用句型
make it 成功，做到　believe it or not 信不信由你
as sb. puts it 正如某人所说
take it for granted that...认为……是理所当然的
Take it easy.别紧张。　Don’t mention it.不客气。
When it comes to...当涉及/谈及……（to为介词）
It is/was...that/who...（强调句型）
1.Rather than adding extra class time， schools may find 　 it　 more productive to consider carefully the range and quality of activities provided.
2.According to Wang， the platform not only helps with production but also promotes sales， as 　 its　（it） tracking system can collect first-hand marketing feedback data.
3.The famous rock singer-songwriter is a legendary figure in Chinese rock music， the media calling 　 him　（he） "the godfather of Chinese rock and roll".
4.As the world leaders continue to commit 　 themselves　（they） to monitoring our "sick" planet， we need to continue to take small steps to "heal" the world.
5.In addition， it is always wise to compare your results with 　 those　 of other group members.
6.　 It　 is bad manners for the young to take up the seats for the old.
7.WFP（世界粮食计划署） works closely with governments， organizations and individuals whose love for helping hungry people equals 　 ours　（our）.

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