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考点一 名词
一、可数名词
1.可数名词变复数的规则变化
构成方法 例词
一般在词尾加-s map→maps　sea→seas girl→girls　book→books
以-s，-x，-ch，-sh，-tch结尾的名词后加-es class→classes　box→boxes watch→watches　dish→dishes 但如stomach等，词尾-ch的发音为/k/时，要加-s，即stomachs
以-f或-fe 结尾的词 大都变-f 或-fe为-v， 再加-es leaf→leaves　knife→knives wife→wives　wolf→wolves life→lives　thief→thieves
少数直接加-s belief→beliefs　chief→chiefs roof→roofs　proof→proofs
以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，变-y为-i加-es party→parties　family→families story→stories
以元音字母加-y结尾的名词，加-s toy→toys　boy→boys day→days　ray→rays
以辅音字母加-o结 尾的名词 加-es hero→heroes　potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes
加-s piano→pianos　photo→photos kilo→kilos
两者皆可 volcano→volcanoes/volcanos
以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio→radios　zoo→zoos bamboo→bamboos
以-th结尾的名词加-s truth→truths　mouth→mouths month→months
2.可数名词变复数的不规则变化
构成方法 例词
词尾加-ren或-en child→children ox→oxen
变更词内元音 man→men woman→women foot→feet　goose→geese mouse→mice
单复数同形 sheep　deer　series　means　species
表示国籍的专有名词 加-s American→Americans German→Germans Greek→Greeks
单复数同形 Chinese　Portuguese　Japanese
有些词以-man或-woman结尾，分别改为-men或-women Englishman→Englishmen
复合名词 将主体名词变为复数 son-in-law→sons-in-law looker-on→lookers-onpasser-by→passers-by
无主体名词时，通常在最后一个词的词尾加-s grown-up→grown-ups
外来名词 criterion→criteria 标准 phenomenon→phenomena现象 basis→bases 基础　crisis→crises 危机 analysis→analyses 分析 bacterium→bacteria 细菌 medium→media媒体　datum→data 数据
[2023北京，15]Mangroves can help soften waves and protect 　 cities　（city） from coastal winds.
[2022新高考Ⅰ，62]The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate 　 populations　（population） and homes of giant pandas， and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
　 Wolves　（wolf） are very adaptable： they can live in forests， on open plains， or in the snows of the Arctic.
Looking through the newspaper， I’m shocked by 　 photos　（photo） showing the destruction caused by the hurricane.
One study showed that 　 women　（woman） who drank a lot of coffee， like eight or more cups per day， while they were pregnant were more likely to have children with birth defects.
二、不可数名词
1.物质名词、抽象名词大多为不可数名词，一般没有复数形式。常见的不可数名词有：
furniture 家具 equipment 设备 news 新闻
information 信息 advice 建议 progress进步
baggage 行李 luck运气 water 水
word消息 wealth财富 knowledge知识
2.一些名词通常表示抽象概念，是不可数名词，但被赋予了具体含义之后，可作可数名词，即抽象名词具体化。
词汇 抽象名词（不可数） 具体化后（可数）
beauty 美，美丽 美人，美好的事物
failure 失败 失败的事物或人
success 成功，胜利 成功的事物或人
honour 尊敬，敬意 引起尊敬的事物或人
pleasure 愉快，快乐 乐事
pity 怜悯，同情 憾事
3.有些名词作可数名词和不可数名词时含义有所不同。
词汇 不可数名词 可数名词
paper 纸 试卷；报纸；论文
chicken 鸡肉 鸡
work 工作 著作，作品
三、名词所有格
　　所有格作定语，修饰另一名词，表示所有关系。
1.-’s所有格
　　主要用于表示有生命的事物或人及人类活动的名词，也可用于表示时间、距离、数量、城市、国家等无生命事物的名词后。构成规则如下：
构成 示例
单数名词词尾通常加-’s；复数名词不以-s结尾时，也要加-’s the boy’s schoolbag people’s awareness
以-s结尾的复数名词后直接加"’" teachers’ office a thirty minutes’ ride
以-s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加"’"或-’s均可 my boss’s/boss’ plan James’/James’s eyes
复合名词一般在最后一个词的词尾加-’s my brother-in-law’s birthday
[2021浙江1月，58]It is calculated by dividing a 　 person’s　（person） weight in kg by their height in meters squared， and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.
Proper arrangements should be made so that students can have a good rest after a whole 　 morning’s　（morning） hard work.
The 　 boys’　（boy） shoes were covered with mud， so I asked them to take their shoes off before they got into 　 Tom’s　（Tom） car.
2.名词所有格的特殊用法
①用于表示店铺、诊所、住宅及公共建筑等的名词时，所有格之后的shop， office， house等常省去。如：
at the barber’s （shop）在理发店
at Mr. Green’s （house）在格林先生家
②如果两个名词并列，且分别加’s，则表示"分别有……"；若只有后一个名词加’s，则表示两个"共有"。如：
Lily’s and Mary’s teachers 莉莉和玛丽各自的老师
Lily and Mary’s teacher 莉莉和玛丽共同的老师
四、名词的词形转换
　　动词/形容词可加后缀变为名词，名词也可加后缀变为另一个名词。常见的名词后缀如下：
[2023 全国甲，69]However， Carson’s theme is a more weighty 　 warning　（warn） about environmental destruction.
[2020新高考Ⅱ，58]Also， technological know-how has become a 　 requirement　（require） for most jobs in an increasingly digital world， as the computer has become a common tool in most professions.
The study surveyed 500 families and found that the main psychological problems people suffered were 　 loneliness　（lonely） and 　 anxiety　（anxious）.
[2022全国甲，65]Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road， in order to promote environmental 　 protection　（protect）.
1.We always kept bamboo chopsticks along with our 　 knives　（knife）， forks and spoons， ready for whenever we happened to have Chinese food for dinner.
2.His courage and 　 persistence　（persist） with his brilliance and humor inspired people across the world.
3.To better tell the story， Yu Rong drew inspiration from her several 　 visits　（visit） to sites of ancient battles and Henan opera.
4.In 1990， about 750 million people in this country lived in extreme 　 poverty　（poor）； today fewer than 10 million do.
5.People who are far-sighted have difficulty in reading a book unless they hold it at an arm’s 　 length　（long）.
6.　 Curiosity　（curious） is part of children’s nature. They always insist on getting to the bottom of everything.
7.I trust the historian completely. His 　 description　（describe） of these events corresponds to other accounts written at the time.
8.Some restaurants in Guangzhou stimulate 　 customers’　（customer） appetite with many different offerings.考点三　数词
一、基数词
表达"在某人几十多岁"时 用"in one’s＋整十基数词的复数（十除外）"
表达"在几十年代"时 用"in the＋整十基数词的复数"
hundred，thousand与million等前有数词或several时 不能用复数形式，且其后不加of
表示不确切的数目时 应用hundreds/thousands/millions of＋复数名词
Bill Clinton was the US president in the 　 nineties　（ninety）.
二、序数词
1.基数词变序数词的规律
一般由基数词加-th构成 sixth， seventh， tenth， eleventh， hundredth等
以-ty结尾的基数词，先把-y变为-i，再加-eth twentieth， thirtieth等
不规则变形 first， second， third， fifth， eighth， ninth， twelfth等
2.序数词的基本用法
　　序数词前一般要加定冠词the或形容词性物主代词等限定词。序数词前也可加不定冠词，表示"又一，再一"。
[2021新高考Ⅱ，56]In the 　 seventh　（seven） grade， I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California.
1.Guan Yu，general of the second and the 　 third　（three） century AD，was an iconic figure in Chinese history，well-known for his bravery and loyalty.
2.The book is very interesting； I want to read it a 　 second　（two） time.
3.There I met a gentleman by the name of Kurien in his late 　 eighties　（eighty）.
4.It is reported that the floods have left 　 thousands　（thousand） of people homeless.考点二　形容词和副词
一、形容词及副词的基本用法及转换
1.形容词的基本用法
用法 示例
形容词作定语，修饰名词 a white dog
形容词在系动词之后，作表语 I am afraid I can’t go with you.
形容词作宾补 The smell of flowers makes me relaxed.
形容词作状语，表示状态，逻辑主语为句子主语 Surprised and happy， Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
[2023新高考Ⅰ，56]Xiaolongbao（soup dumplings）， those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers encasing hot，　 tasty　（taste） soup and sweet， fresh meat， are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.
[2022新高考Ⅱ，58]On the day of the accident， Mrs. Brown was at work and Eric was at home with his father. They both fell 　 asleep　（sleep） while watching TV.
From news articles and recipes to yoga classes， you can find almost everything on the Internet. Many people find this way of life more 　 convenient　（convenience）.
After the long voyage， they arrived home，　 hungry　（hunger） and thirsty.
2.形容词＋-ly变副词的规则
情况 变化规则 例词
一般情况 在词尾加-ly kind→kindly immediate→immediately
以-y结尾的双音节、多音节形容词 把-y改为-i，再加-ly angry→angrily easy→easily
以-y结尾的单音节形容词 在词尾加-ly shy→shyly　dry→dryly
以-le结尾 去-e加-y possible→possibly simple→simply comfortable→comfortably （例外：whole→wholly）
以"元音字母＋-e"结尾 去-e加-ly true→truly　due→duly
以-ic结尾 在词尾加-ally basic→basically energetic→energetically （例外：public→publicly）
以-ll结尾 在词尾加-y full→fully　dull→dully
3.副词的基本用法
　　副词通常作状语，主要用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或者整个句子，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等。位置比较灵活，但enough作副词修饰形容词或副词时，需置于形容词或副词之后。
[2022新高考Ⅱ，60]When he looked down， he 　 accidentally　（accidental） slipped and fell over the edge.
[2020全国Ⅰ，62]Landing on the moon’s far side is 　　extremely　（extreme） challenging.
　 Strangely　（strange） enough， some famous scientists have the qualities of both being careful and being careless.
Walking at the pace of 4 mph burns around 300 calories per hour. 　 Consequently　（consequent）， power walking， in addition to a healthy diet， helps manage your weight.
二、形容词和副词的比较等级
1.规则变化
规则 例词
单音节词和部分双音节词一般直接加-er和-est fast→faster→fastest narrow→narrower→narrowest
以-e结尾的单音节词直接加-r和-st late→later→latest wide→wider→widest
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，先双写辅音字母，再加-er和-est hot→hotter→hottest thin→thinner→thinnest big→bigger→biggest
以"辅音字母＋-y"结尾的词，变-y为-i再加-er和-est happy→happier→happiest easy→easier→easiest
其他双音节词和多音节词在前面加more和most careful→more careful→most careful easily→more easily→most easily
2.不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good， well better best
bad worse worst
many， much more most
little less least
far farther（仅指时间、空间距离） farthest（仅指时间、空间距离）
further（指时间、空间距离或程度） furthest（指时间、空间距离或程度）
old older（指年龄或新旧） oldest（指年龄或新旧）
elder（指年纪较长的） eldest（指年龄最大的）
3.原级比较
The river is as deep as 10 meters. 这条河深达10米。
A lion is just as dangerous and fierce an animal as a tiger. 狮子是和老虎一样危险且凶残的动物。
Actually，the building looked as 　 impressive　（impression） as it did in photographs.
4.比较级
①常见的比较级的修饰语有：much， far， a little/a bit， a lot/a great deal， rather，even，still等。
[2023浙江1月，62]Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and 　 simpler　（simple） in design and decoration， and the hutongs were narrower.
②比较级的常见结构及意义：
常见结构 意义
A＋be＋形容词/副词比较级＋than＋B A比B……
A＋be＋less＋形容词/副词＋than＋B A不及B……（表示否定比较）
A＋be＋no＋比较级＋than＋B A和B一样不……
A＋be＋not＋比较级＋than＋B A不及B……（表示否定比较）
比较级＋and＋比较级 越来越……
more and more＋多音节词/部分双音节词原级
the＋比较级（...），the＋比较级（...） 越……越……
the＋比较级＋of the two＋名词复数 两者中较……的那个
The deeper you dive， the 　 lower　（low）the temperature becomes.
Of the two coats， I’d choose the 　 cheaper　（cheap） one to spare some money for a book.
③"not/never/nothing等否定词＋形容词比较级（＋than...）"表示最高级意义。
I have never read a better book than this. （＝This is the best book I have ever read.）我从未读过比这本更好的书。
I can think of nothing better than a nice cold beer on a hot summer afternoon.在炎热的夏日午后，我想不出比一杯可口的冰啤更好的东西了。
5.最高级
①常见的最高级的修饰语有：位于the之前的by far， nearly， almost， by no means， really， quite等以及位于the与最高级之间的序数词等。
I don’t think this film is by far the most boring.我认为这部电影不是最无聊的。
②最高级的常见结构：
[2020全国Ⅲ，62]One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait（画像） done so he called all great artists to come and present their 　 finest　（fine） work， so that he could choose the best.
三、倍数表达法
This star is absolutely huge. It’s 100 times 　 bigger　（big） than the sun and thousands of times 　 brighter　（bright）.
The pool stretches 150 metres， three times the 　 length　（long） of a standard Olympic swimming pool.
四、易混副词辨析：同根副词加-ly和不加-ly
　　有些副词有两种形式：一种与形容词同形，多表具体意义；另一种是"形容词＋-ly"构成的副词，多表抽象、引申意义。它们有时含义相同或略有不同，有时则完全不同。常见的这类易出错的副词有：
词汇 含义 例句
close closely 接近地 They live quite close.
密切地；仔细地 The two events are closely connected.
hard hardly 努力地 He worked hard to succeed.
几乎不 He hardly ever goes to bed before midnight.
late lately 晚，迟 I stayed up late last night.
最近，不久前 It’s only lately that she’s been well enough to go out.
most mostly 最；极其，非常 It was most kind of you to meet me.
通常，主要地 We’re mostly out at weekends.
wide widely 充分地 The door was wide open.
广泛地 The method is widely used.
deep deeply 在深处 The miners were trapped deep underground.
深刻地；非常，极其 Don’t be nervous！ Lie down and breathe deeply. He loved his younger brother deeply.
high highly 在高处，高 His desk was piled high with papers.
高标准地；非常；赞赏地 He spoke highly of the novel.
Acupuncture（针灸） and moxibustion（艾灸） have been 　 widely　（wide） practiced in China for thousands of years.
1.Even today， no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak， they can all still communicate 　　easily　（easy） in writing.
2.Also， coffee drunk on an empty stomach is not recommended because it can be 　 harmful　（harm） to your body.
3.Therefore， after graduating from university， I decided to achieve something more 　 beneficial　（benefit） that would help the wider community.
4.When the Spanish set out to explore the region， they hoped to find land as 　 valuable　（value） as what they had found earlier in Mexico.
5.On the other hand， plants which have a good adaptation to dry conditions or have the ability to store water in their cells require 　 less frequent　（frequent） watering.
6.Computers and mobile phones， though indeed making our life 　 easier　（easy） and more efficient， have reduced the need for face-to-face communication.
7.In Chinese cuisine， tomatoes are 　 frequently　（frequent） used as decorations， adding a refreshing sour-sweet flavor to meaty dishes.
8.[全国Ⅲ，67&68]They also shared with us many 　 traditional　（tradition） stories about Hawaii that were 　 hugely　（huge） popular with tourists.

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