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专题十八 完形填空——2024届中考英语一轮复习进阶讲义【人教版】
一、完形填空考查的类型
1.词汇题。这种题型从句子和语境层次上来全面考查名词、代同、数词、形容词、副词、连词、介词、动词等词类的意义和用法。
2.动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词和主谓一致题。这类题也是从语境的层次上来全面考查学生对上述内容的掌握程度。
3.常用固定搭配和习惯用法题。这种题涉及动词短语介词短语，副词短语等的搭配和用法。
4.句法题。这种题型涉及简单句的五种句型、并列句、状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句等。
5.逻辑分析题。这种题型主要考查学生的阅读理解能力、综合分析能力和语言运用能力。
二、完形填空解题技巧
1.略读全文，掌握大意
略读即快速地读，以了解文章内容和结构为目的。完形填空首先是测试理解能力，所有的题目只有在比较准确地理解短文意思，了解其文章结构和句子结构后，才能有把握地去填选。很多考生在考试时为了节省时间，边读边选，但这样做是十分容易出错的。因为边读边选会一再打断阅读理解的整体连贯性，不易统览全文，理清文章的脉络。边读边选还很有可能造成断章取义，一空填错，后面都跟着填错。较好的办法还是先花1~2分钟把文章略读一下，注意：快读的目标是读懂，只快不懂或似懂非懂，走个过场，那只是浪费时间和精力。考生要根据文章内容和自己的情况，调整自己的阅读速度。略读之后，对文章的内容、结构及文章的主要线索，都要心中有效。
完形填空短文的第一句通常不挖空。这是便于考生对短文主题、内容或背景有个大概了解。第一句也常直接点明主题内容，是设置语境的框架性句子。
通读全文时，不要拘泥于一词一义的理解。对个别不认识的单词、短语，只要不影响理解全文就可以不管它。
2. 瞻前顾后，谨慎选择
文意既明，就开始选择。完形填空的每个空格究竟该选哪个选项才恰当。取决于以下几个方面；第一，语境。语境即上下文，它包括选择项与所在句子的语义联系，所在句与周围语句的意义上的关系，所在句在本段中所起的作用，所在句在整篇短文中所起的作用以及与文章内容主线的关系。有些选项根据上下句就能此较容易地做出正确判断，而有些选择项则必须根据整篇文章的大意才能推出。第二，语法知识。从语言环境角度筛选后，不能得出最终答案，还要从语法角度再考虑动词的形式、句子的结构等。第三，必要的常识。第四，注意同义词，近义词的细微区别和一些固定搭配。总之，判断正确答案要从多角度去考虑，把语境、语法、词法、常识、固定搭配等有机地结合起来综合考虑是做完形填空题的最佳方法。
3.复读全文，仔细检查
完成选择后，最好事用一两分钟将短文从头看一意。为了使这一难阅读顺场，建议考生第二步就把选择的词语填在空格中。阅读时，对感觉不恰当的，可尝试这样的解题步骤：
第一步：纵观加联想，通读全文，掌握大意，在通读的过程中，通过前后联想，猜测空格词的意思，以期达到掌握大意的目的。
第二步：先易且定夺。对照选项再读全文，验证、修正原来的猜测，将有把握的答案确定下来。这时往往绝大多数小题都已解出。
第三步：攻难再复读。重点检查尚未解出的小题的前后句，解出那些原来拿不准的少数题。
第四步：反思并修正。将所选单词放入原文中。重读全文。看看有无逻辑上的问题，以期发现蜡误、改正错误。
4. 注意：
(1) 重视首、尾句。“完形填空”所选短文一般无标题，首句通常不挖空，它很可能是文章开篇的重要交代，为预测短文体裁及全文大意提供重要信息。尾句往往是段落的灵魂，首句往往是段落的主题句，在主题句中，一般可能出现文章的背景知识。故事性文章的时间、地点、人物、事件等，抓住并理解主题句对统观全文有很大的帮助。
(2) 做题时应先易后难，借助前后句便可选出较易的答案。通过上下文的帮助，一般都可以较顺利地选出，绝对不要把大量的时间花在一两全难题上。
(3) 如果句子中有个别生词，要通过上下文或构词法知识来推断出它的词义。有时，这些词对解题根本没有影响，所以碰到生词根本不用紧张。
(4) “热词新义”的情况有时也会碰到，要注意灵活处理，通过前后的逻辑关系猜出它的引申义或转义。
(5) 以长补短，灵活应答。由于初中生的语言背景知识相对较少，语感差一些，但语法知识比较扎实，做完形填空题因上下文或个别句子理解不准确而难以确定答案时，应跳过去继续做下面的题目，因为短文中的不少空白处，即使不考虑上下文，仅凭语法词汇知识也能顺利选出答案，往往通过下文的选择，思路受到启发，忧然大悟，跳过去的空白处也可迎刃面解。
三、方法技巧
方法一：根据上下文确定答案
There were so many people on the bus that there were 1 empty seats. When a young man got on, an old man near him wanted to 2, but the young man pushed him back to his seat.
“Thank you,” he said, "but please don't do that. I can stand."
1. A. many B. some C. enough D.no
2. A. sit down B. get on C. set out D. stand up
分析：第1小题所给的选项从单句来看均可和后面的empty seats 搭配。但根据上文的“There were so many people on the bus…”来判断，不可能有many（许多）、some（一些）、enough（足够的）“空位”。因此，该题的正确答案应为D。
第2小题所给的选项是四个动词短语，根据下文的“…pushed him back to his seat.”和“I can stand.”来看，年轻人误认为老人要给他让座，而实际上老人是想站起来下车。所以，该题的正确答案是D。
方法二：根据惯用法确定答案
It's Sunday. Some students are going 1 a trip with their teacher. 2 their way they saw a bus behind them…
1. A. to B. for C. on D.at
2. A. On B. By C. At D. To
分析：短文是叙述老师领着学生旅游的事情。第1小题看似“be going to”结构，其实“go on a trip”是固定搭配，意为“去旅行”，所以应选C项。
第2小题是习惯用法，表示“在（去）…的路上”，英语中要用“on one's way（to）……”，故应选A项。
方法三：运用逻辑推理确定答案
Mr. Brown began to walk at eight it in the morning. Now the sun was about to set. He was tired and hungry. He was walking slowly towards the and his shadow lay long behind him. He had to look for a place for the night.
A. east B. west C. south D. north
分析：此题所给的选项是四个表示方向的名词，均可和前面的介词“towards（朝着）”搭配，很难判断哪一个是正确答案。只有运用逻辑推理的方法才能找出正确答案。根据上文的“太阳就要落山了”判断此时应为下午，太阳是在西方。再根据下文的“他的影子长长地拖在后面”就可以推断出，此时布朗先生正朝着西方慢慢地走着，故选B。
方法四：根据词语用法确定答案
A little cock lived near the river. One morning the little cock his beautiful clothes and went for a walk by the river. On his way he met a little duck.
A. wore B. had on C. dressed D. put on
分析：所给的四个选项是一组同义词语，都可表示“穿”，但它们在用法上有所不同。wear和have on 都可接“衣物”作宾语，意为“穿着”，表示状态；put on也可接“衣物”作宾语，意为“穿上”，表示动作；而dress的宾语只能是人，而不能是“衣物”。根据以上分析，再结合原句的意思，可以确定正确答案为D。
典例剖析
A
【2023年辽宁盘锦】
On a hot and wet summer day, Nura and her dad found a place to cool off at the city museum. Suddenly the lights went out, leaving the room completely 1 .
“Dad, what’s going on ” Nura called out loudly.
“Don’t worry. The lights might come back on soon.” Dad said 2 to comfort (安慰) Nura. In a moment, a worker waved the flashlight at them and said, “Excuse me, sir. There is a power cut (停电) across the city. We have to 3 the museum. I will walk you to the gate.”
Nura and her dad stopped at their favorite shop for ice cream. The shop owner refused when Nura’s dad tried to 4 . “Forget about it,” he said, “It will all be soup soon, anyway!”
After Nura and her dad arrived home, they found the neighbors 5 their apartments. Everyone shared ice water, talking and laughing about the hot weather.
“I can’t 6 the heat in my room.” Mrs. Fong said, fanning herself with a newspaper.
A woman who lived downstairs was standing in the doorway. “If the power doesn’t come on soon, I’ll have to 7 all the food,” she said.
“The meat in the 8 will go bad without power,” said Nura’s dad. “Let’s take out the grill (烤架) to cook it.”
“I’ll see what I have,” the woman in the doorway said. “I’ll make sure to bring enough for everyone.”
As they had their 9 , night fell over the city. The air was thick and hot, but Nura didn’t mind anymore. She had enjoyed 10 ice cream, and she had shared a meal with her neighbors. She smiled to herself and continued to watch the stars.
1.A. cold B. crowded C. dark D. empty
2.A. peacefully B. weakly C. fairly D. strangely
3.A. open B. close C. tidy D. visit
4.A. spend B. cost C. pay D. afford
5.A. along B. inside C. above D. outside
6.A. stand B. suggest C. raise D. create
7.A. take off B. throw away C. look through D. cut up
8.A. market B. bowl C. glass D. fridge
9.A. breakfast B. drink C. lunch D. dinner
10.A. smooth B. fresh C. free D. cheap
B
【2023年山东淄博】
Rachel spends a lot of time playing outdoors. She has a huge 1 that produces over 1000 pounds of food each year! But for this seven-year-old girl, gardening is about people, not just about fruits and vegetables. “My favorite thing is growing food 2 my family and friends,” she says.
Rachel 3 gardening at the age of three, when her grandmother gave her some fresh vegetables. “Grandma Kate told me, ‘Don’t throw away the stems (茎). 4 you put them in the ground, they will grow back’” Rachel tried it and was 5 when the stems grew new leaves.
Soon after, her parents put in a small garden. When friends came over, Rachel enjoyed sharing what she knew. She says, “My friends helped me water and 6 the plants.”
At the age of 6, she became the 7 farmer in Georgia. Today, her garden has grown to include sixty plant beds and twelve trees! 8 the vegetables and fruits are ready to eat, Rachel says, “I harvest (收获) them, then my family and friends can have some. People who don’t have enough food are invited to take what 9 need.”
Rachel wants to influence other kids, 10 . She speaks at schools and hosts a garden club for kids. “Growing food takes a lot of work, but together we can do it. It’s so fun!” she says.
1.A.factory B.garden C.park D.school
2.A.in B.to C.as D.with
3.A.began B.left C.finished D.forgot
4.A.And B.If C.SO D.Although
5.A.angry B.bored C.sad D.surprised
6.A.care for B.sell out C.give away D.cut up
7.A.funniest B.tallest C.youngest D.strongest
8.A.What B.When C.Where D.Why
9.A.I B.you C.we D.they
10.A.also B.either C.too D.well
答案以及解析
A
1.答案：C
解析：句子的中文意思：突然间，灯熄灭了，房间一片漆黑。cold寒冷的；crowded拥挤的；dark黑暗的；empty空的。根据 "Suddenly the lights went out" 可知灯熄灭了，房间一片漆黑。所以答案为C。
2.答案：A
解析：句子的中文意思：爸爸平静地安慰努拉。peacefully和平地；weakly虚弱地；fairly公平地；strangely奇怪地。根据 "comfort （安慰） Nura" 可知是平静地安慰她。所以答案为A。
3.答案：B
解析：句子的中文意思：我们不得不关闭博物馆。open打开；close关闭；tidy整洁；visit参观。根据 "There is a power cut （停电） across the city" 可知停电了要关闭博物馆。所以答案为B。
4.答案：C
解析：句子的中文意思：当努拉的父亲试图付款时，店主拒绝了。spend花费，主语是人；cost花费，主语是物；pay支付，主语是人；afford支付得起。根据 "The shop owner refused when Nura's dad tried to" 可知是她爸爸要为冰淇淋付钱，用pay。所以答案为C。
5.答案：D
解析：句子的中文意思：Nura和她的父亲到家后，他们在公寓外发现了邻居。along沿着；inside在里面；above在上方；outside在外面。根据 "their apartments" 可知停电了，邻居应在公寓外面。所以答案为D。
6.答案：A
解析：句子的中文意思：我受不了房间里的热。stand忍受；suggest建议；raise筹集；create创造。根据 "the heat in my room" 可知是不能忍受热气。所以答案为A。
7.答案：B
解析：句子的中文意思：如果不尽快通电，我将不得不扔掉所有的食物。take off起飞；throw away扔掉；look through浏览；cut up切碎。根据 "If the power doesn't come on soon, I'll have to…all the food" 可知如果没有电，食物会坏掉，最后要把这些食物都扔掉。所以答案为B。
8.答案：D
解析：句子的中文意思：冰箱里的肉没电就会变质。market市场；bowl碗；glass玻璃；fridge冰箱。根据 "The meat in the" 可知是冰箱里的肉。所以答案为D。
9.答案：D
解析：句子的中文意思：当他们吃晚饭时，夜幕降临了整个城市。breakfast早饭；drink饮料；lunch午饭；dinner晚饭。根据 "night fell over the city" 可知晚上吃晚饭。所以答案为D。
10.答案：C
解析：句子的中文意思：她喜欢免费的冰淇淋，还和邻居们一起吃了一顿饭。smooth顺滑的；fresh新鲜的；free免费的；cheap便宜的。根据 "The shop owner refused when Nura's dad tried to" 可知冰淇淋是免费的，没有要钱。所以答案为C。
B
1.答案：B
解析：句意：她有一个巨大的花园。factory工厂；garden花园；park公园；school学校。根据“produces over 1000 pounds of food each year”以及下文内容可知是在花园里种植食物。故选B。
2.答案：D
解析：句意：我最喜欢的事情是和家人朋友一起种植食物。in在……里面；to到；as作为；with和。根据“growing food...my family and friends”可知是和家人朋友一起种植食物。故选D。
3.答案：A
解析：句意：瑞秋在三岁时开始园艺，当时她的祖母给了她一些新鲜蔬菜。began开始；left离开；finished结束；forgot忘记。根据“ gardening at the age of three”可知是在三岁时开始园艺。故选A。
4.答案：B
解析：句意：如果你把它们放在地里，它们会长回来的。and和；if如果；so所以；although虽然。“you put them in the ground”是“they will grow back”的肯定条件，用if引导条件状语从句。故选B。
5.答案：D
解析：句意：当茎长出新叶子时，她很惊讶。angry生气的；bored无聊的；sad悲伤的；surprised惊讶的。根据“when the stems grew new leaves”可知当长出新叶子时，她很惊讶。故选D。
6.答案：A
解析：句意：我的朋友们帮我浇水和照料植物。care for照顾；sell out卖光；give away捐赠；cut up切碎。根据“helped me water and...the plants”可知是照顾这些植物。故选A。
7.答案：C
解析：句意：6岁时，她成为佐治亚州最年轻的农民。funniest最有趣的；tallest最高的；youngest最年轻的；strongest最强的。根据“At the age of 6”可知她6岁时应该是最年轻的农民。故选C。
8.答案：B
解析：句意：当蔬菜和水果准备好可以吃的时候，Rachel说。what什么；when当；where哪里；why为什么。根据“the vegetables and fruits are ready to eat”可知是当蔬菜和水果可以吃的时候，用when引导时间状语从句。故选B。
9.答案：D
解析：句意：没有足够食物的人会被邀请拿走他们需要的东西。I我；you你；we我们；they他们。根据“People who don’t have enough food are invited to take what”可知人们可以拿走他们需要的东西。故选D。
10.答案：C
解析：句意：瑞秋也想影响其他孩子。also也，放句中；either也，放否定句句尾；too也，放肯定句句尾；well好。此处表示“也”，肯定句句尾，且由逗号隔开，所以用too。故选C。

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