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Lesson8时态：过去完成时
一、定义：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。
----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|---------------------------->
那时以前　 那时　 现在　　　
二、构成：
过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。
【例题领悟】
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning.
三、过去完成时的判断依据
1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
（1）by + 过去的时间点。如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
（2）by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
（3） before + 过去的时间点。如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
（1）宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。如：
She said that she had seen the film before.
（2）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：
Where did you study before you came here
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
（3）表示意向的动词 如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示 " 原本 … ，未能 …" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3.根据上、下文来判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since I went to Beijing.
【即讲即练】
用动词的适当形式填空（注意思考你的判定依据）
1 When I returned home， he _____ （leave）。
2 By ten yesterday evening， she ________（finish）writing.
3 He ______ （study） English for five years before he came here.
4 It ____ _____ （stop） raining when I wake up this morning.
5 I _____ （not read） the book because I had read it before.
6 She said she____ （be）to New Zealand twice.
7 When he _____（come） to China two years ago he found people didn't understand him at all though he ________（learn） some Chinese in his own country.
8 I saw Han Mei yesterday. We _____（not see） each other since I left Beijing.
9 When I got to his home， he_____（go） to bed.
10 She asked if Mr. Liu _____ already _____（come）back.
四、过去完成时的用法及标志
1.过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。
Before he knew the news,I had known it.（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）
2.过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。
He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )
3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already，yet，still，just，before，never等时间副词及by，before，until等引导的短语或从句连用。
1.Before she came to China,Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
2.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
4.过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。
By the end of last year,he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）
【即讲即练】
用动词的适当形式填空
The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen_______ (arrive).
2. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed.
3.Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call.
4.Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice.paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in.
5.I waited until he _______________(finish) his homework.She _________________(write) the book by the end of 1960.
五、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：
I have learned 1000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）
He has gone to Hainan for many times.
【即讲即练】
用动词的适当形式填空
We__________ ____________(have) the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child.
So far, I____________ _____________(learn) about 4000 English words.
They ____________ ________________ (be)away for two years.
She_________ _____________(be) with us since Monday.
六、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：
1.时间状语不同：
过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。
比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：
先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3.当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ，after，as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
用所给动词适当形式填空（注意有的不是过去完成时）
1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in.
2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die).
3. They _____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave).
4. The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen_______ (arrive).
5. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed.
6. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call.
7. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice.
8. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake.
9. When the chairman ______________ (finish) speaking, he _____________ (leave)the hall.
10.The Reads (finish) lunch when I ________________(get) to their house.
11. She _____________(play) the guitar while her sister_______________(sing).
12.We _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.
13. I waited until he _______________(finish) his homework.
14. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do)
15.She ____________(not go) to Qingdao because she ________________ (be) there before.
16. He ______________(not tell) you the news yet.
17. He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher.
18. I ______________(be) to Shanghai before.
19. She told me she _________________(be) to Sanya three times.
综合训练
单项选择。
1．He asked me ____ during the summer holidays.
A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone
2. What ___ Jane ____ by the time he was sever
A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done
3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。
A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learned
4. She ______lived here for ______ years.
A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of
5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.
A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked
6. She said she _________ the principle already
A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen
7. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war.
A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with
8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________.
A. has completed university B. has completed the university
B. had completed an university D. had completed university
9. She had written a number of books ____ the end of last year.
A. for B. in C. by D. at
10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.
A.had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano C.has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano.
完形。
Rob Howes wanted to spend a day on the beach. He __1____his daughter Nicky and her two friends,Helen Slade and Karina Cooper, to Ocean Beach in New Zealand, where Howes was a lifeguard.
The group swam and body surfed. Then they saw something _____2__. Suddenly,"There are these fins," said Howes.
The ___3__ saw seven dolphins moving towards them. The dolphins seemed worried. They ___4____the water with their tails. They kept moving in a circle around the swimmers. Then one large dolphin swam towards Howes and Helen.Next，it dived（潜水）down underwater. That's when Howes saw something grey moving in the __5_____.
A great white shark _6____ underwater. It wasn't far from the people.The shark headed straight
towards Nicky and Karina.Now the shark was not slow.It moved ___7____!So the dolphins used their tails to swim even faster. Each one splashed even more quickly. Then Howes knew _8___ the dolphins did so. The dolphins didn't want to __9_____ him and the girls.These sea mammals（哺乳动物）wanted to keep them safe. The dolphins stayed close to the group _10______ the shark left.When Howes and the kids were safe,the dolphins swam away.
"You want to say thank you and shake their flippers,"Howes said. This isn't a fishy tale! These dolphins are heroes.
1.A.brought B.missed C. returned D.searched
2.A.broken B.common C.strange D.polluted
3.A.trainers B.coaches C.fishermen D.swimmers
4.A.held B.hit C.cleaned D.provided
5.A.pool B.air C.island D.water
6.A.waited B.washed C.grew D.served
7.A.beautifully B.fast C.heavily D.away
8.A.where B.what C.why D.whether
9.A.play B.trust C.harm D.protect
10.A.until B.because C.if D.since
阅读。
Last week Scarlet and Ryan visited their grandmother.They were chasing each other through the house.They loved to chase each other in their grandmother's house because it was so big. There were practically hundreds of hiding places in different rooms. The best part was the balcony on the second floor.They could run along a long corridor（走廊）and went into the balcony.
Scarlet and Ryan were playing in the balcony happily.At that time, their grandmother was cooking in the kitchen. Suddenly, she heard a big noise. "What have you kids broken now " Grandmother asked them loudly. "Uh...nothing."Ryan lied.
Scarlet opened her eyes wide in horror as she looked down at Ryan. Ryan knocked down an antique（古董的）vase in pieces.They didn't know the price of the vase， but they knew that their grandmother loved the vase so much.
Ryan didn't want to tell their grandmother the truth. He thought their grandmother would be angry with him.____________She didn't want to lie to their grandmother. Finally, Scarlet and Ryan went to the kitchen and told their grandmother about the vase. Their grandmother felt very sorry for the vase. She paid $20 for the vase many years ago.It was an antique and might worth a lot of money. But she didn't punish Scarlet and Ryan because they didn't lie to her.
1.They loved to chase each other in their grandmother's house because______
it was very big B.it was very comfortable
C.they knew it well D.it had a long corridor
2.What was their grandmother doing when the vase broke into pieces
A.She was watching TV. B. She was cooking in the kitchen.
C. She was cleaning the room. D.She was reading a book.
3.Which of the following can be the missing part in Paragraph 5
And Scarlet agreed with Ryan.
Scarlet decided not to tell her the truth.
But Scarlet didn't agree with Ryan.
Their grandmother wouldn't punish them.
4.About the vase, we can know ____________.
A.its color B.its price C.its size D.its material
5.Which word can best describe Scarlet according to the passage
A.Patient. B.Silly. C.Hard-working. D.Honest.
完成对话。
A: Hello. This is Hope English Club. Can I help you
B: Yes. 1．
A: What are your problems
B: First of all, 2．
A: This is easy. Why not read aloud to practice it It will improve your speaking skills.
B: OK, I will. 3．
A: Listening to more tapes will help improve your listening skills.
B: What about new words
A: First, you should try to guess the meaning of them. 4．
B: OK, I will do as you say. Thanks a lot.
A: You’re welcome.5．
十二选十。
able catch difficult hold learn little possible speech success tie true we
A man walking through an elephant camp was surprised to find that the elephants weren't being kept in cages or held by chains. All that was holding them back from running away from the camp was a small piece of rope— it was just ___1___ to one of their legs.
As the man looked at the elephants, he couldn't understand it. Why didn't the elephants just use their power to break the rope and run away
Wanting to know the ___2___, he asked a trainer nearby why it was so.
"When they were very young and much smaller, we used the same size of rope to tie them, and at that age, it was enough ___3___ them. As they grew up, they still believed that they couldn't break away. Even now, they believe the rope can still control them, so they have the ___4___ courage to try to break free, "the trainer answered.
The man was ___5___. These animals were able to break away from the rope whenever they wanted, but it was only because over time, they believed that it was just ___6___.
How many of us go through life like the elephants -—believing that it was beyond(超越)our ___7___ to do something only because we failed once or some times before
Failure is part of ___8___. If we fail at something, we can still get something from it. Failure in the past doesn't mean we can never ___9___ in the future. We should keep on trying with confidence _____10_____ even after we have experienced failures in life.
用所给词的适当形式填空。
1.When I returned home, he _____ (leave).
2.By ten yesterday evening, she ________(finish)writing.
3.He ______ (study) English for five years before he came here.
4.It ____ _____ (stop) raining when I wake up this morning.
5.I _____ (not read) the book because I had read it before.
二、单项选择
( )(1)The police found that the house _______and a lot of things_________.
A. has broken into, has been stolen B. had broken into, had been stolen
C. has been broken into, stolen D. had been broken into, stolen
(　 )(2)By the end of this century, we__ ours into a strong modern country.
A. will build　　　 B. had built　　　C. have built　 　　D. will have built
(　 )(3)We _________the work by six yesterday evening.
A.finished　 　　　B.would finish C. had finished　 　D. had been finished
(　 )(4)I _________to help you but couldn’t get here in time.
A. want 　　　　　　B. had wanted C. have wanted　 　 D. was wanting
(　 )(5) Mrs. Wu told me that her sister___________.
A. left about two hours before B. would leave about two hours before
C. has left about two hours ago D. had left about two hours before
(　 ) (6)When I reached home, my parents __________their supper.
A.are having B.have already had
C.have had D. had already had
(　 ) (7)It seems that the old man _________something important.
A.has lost 　　　　 B. had lost C. lost　　　　　　　D. would lose
(　 ) (8)She __________in this school ________the past ten years.
A.was teaching, since B. had been teaching, since
C.would teach, for D. has been teaching, for
(　 ) (9)Did you see Xiao Li at the party No, ______by the time I arrived.
she’d left 　　　B.she's left 　　 C. She was left 　　 D.she must leave
(　 ) (10)The job proved to be much more difficult than I______.
A. expect 　　　　　B.expected C. would expect 　　 D.had expected

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