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（素材来源：广东省华附、省实、广雅、深中2024届高三四校联考英语试题）
①Is there actual evidence that a coin toss --the act of spinning a coin in the air with your thumb and catching it in your hand - tends to favor one side over the other Or is a coin flip 50/50 A new study questions the fairness of the flip.
②One side of the coin is, in fact, more likely to come up than the other, according to a team of scientists led by University of Amsterdam PhD candidate Franti ek Barto . Their study, which is still undergoing peer review, collected and analyzed the results of 350, 757 coin flips in 46 different currencies and registered that the coins landed on the same side they started on 51% of the time. This research was done in an effort to confirm a hypothesis proposed earlier by Stanford University statistics professor Persi Diaconis and his team. According to that theory, “vigorously flipped coins tend to come up the same way they started.”
③According to Diaconis’s team, when people flip an ordinary coin, they introduce a small degree of “precession”, meaning a change in the direction of the axis(轴) of turning throughout a coin's track. Consequently, the coin tends to spend more time in the air with the initial side facing up. This makes a coin flip not quite 50/50.
④In 2007, Diaconis’s team estimated the odds of a “same-side outcome” as approximately 51%. Nearly a decade and a half later, Bartos and his team found this very result. They published a preliminary report stating, “Our data lend strong support to the previous hypothesis -The coins landed on the same side more often than not.”
⑤Moreover, this was true for both sides of the coin and for all of the different coins tossed. As Diaconis stated back in 1986, "The more you think about randomness, the less random things become. But sometimes, you can take advantage of a lack of randomness. "Indeed, when it comes to flipping a coin, the quickest shortcut to making your own luck might just be calling it literally as you see it.
28. What's the purpose of conducting the study
A. To find evidence for the fairness of a coin toss.
B. To prove an assumption put forward years ago.
C. To state the definite chance of one side of a coin coming up.
D. To analyze the result of over 300, 000 coin flips in different currencies.
29. What does the underlined word "precession" in paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Progressing. B. Spinning. C. Bouncing. D. Dropping.
30. Which of the following may Diaconis agree with
A. There is no need to consider randomness too much.
B. We have to make good use of a lack of randomness.
C. Whatever coin it is, randomness turns out to be fair ultimately.
D. The harder we flip a coin, the greater chance we will gain its randomness.
31. What can be the best title for the text
Is a Coin Flip 50/50 A Perfect Randomness.
B. Is a Coin Flip 50/50 A Mysterious Guess.
C.Is a Coin Flip 50/50 Think Twice!
D. Is a Coin Flip 50/50 You Bet!
【五步法解析】
串联题干
What's the purpose of conducting the study
What does the underlined word "precession" in paragraph 3 probably mean
Which of the following may Diaconis agree with
What can be the best title for the text
得不出任何主题词，回文定位
31. What can be the best title for the text
A.Is a Coin Flip 50/50 A Perfect Randomness.
B. Is a Coin Flip 50/50 A Mysterious Guess.
C.Is a Coin Flip 50/50 Think Twice!
D. Is a Coin Flip 50/50 You Bet!
⑤Moreover, this was true for both sides of the coin and for all of the different coins tossed. As Diaconis stated back in 1986, "The more you think about randomness, the less random things become. But sometimes, you can take advantage of a lack of randomness. "Indeed, when it comes to flipping a coin, the quickest shortcut to making your own luck might just be calling it literally as you see it.
28. What's the purpose of conducting the study
A. To find evidence for the fairness of a coin toss.
B. To prove an assumption put forward years ago.
C. To state the definite chance of one side of a coin coming up.
To analyze the result of over 300, 000 coin flips in different currencies.
①Is there actual evidence that a coin toss --the act of spinning a coin in the air with your thumb and catching it in your hand - tends to favor one side over the other Or is a coin flip 50/50 A new study questions the fairness of the flip.
29. What does the underlined word "precession" in paragraph 3 probably mean
A. Progressing. （进步进展）
B. Spinning.（转动）
C. Bouncing.（跳动）
D. Dropping.（下滑）
③According to Diaconis’s team, when people flip an ordinary coin, they introduce a small degree of “precession”, meaning a change in the direction of the axis(轴) of turning throughout a coin's track. Consequently, the coin tends to spend more time in the air with the initial side facing up. This makes a coin flip not quite 50/50.
30. Which of the following may Diaconis agree with
A. There is no need to consider randomness too much.
B. We have to make good use of a lack of randomness.
C. Whatever coin it is, randomness turns out to be fair ultimately.
D. The harder we flip a coin, the greater chance we will gain its randomness.
④In 2007, Diaconis’s team estimated the odds of a “same-side outcome” as approximately 51%. Nearly a decade and a half later, Bartos and his team found this very result. They published a preliminary report stating, “Our data lend strong support to the previous hypothesis -The coins landed on the same side more often than not.”
①Is there actual evidence that a coin toss --the act of spinning a coin in the air with your thumb and catching it in your hand - tends to favor one side over the other
掷硬币——用拇指在空中旋转硬币并用手接住它的行为——是否有实际证据表明倾向于一方而不是另一方
Or is a coin flip 50/50
或者掷硬币是50/50
A new study questions the fairness of the flip.
一项新的研究对翻转的公平性提出了质疑
②One side of the coin is, in fact, more likely to come up than the other, according to a team of scientists led by University of Amsterdam PhD candidate Franti ek Barto .
阿姆斯特丹大学博士候选人Franti ek bartoski领导的一组科学家表示，事实上，硬币的一面比另一面更容易出现。
【高频词解析】
Be likely to 有可能做....
A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China, for instance.
2017年高考英语江苏卷 任务型阅读 原文
例如，中国很可能出现年轻劳动力大幅减少的情况。
Their study, which is still undergoing peer review, collected and analyzed the results of 350, 757 coin flips in 46 different currencies and registered that the coins landed on the same side they started on 51% of the time.
句子结构分析：which引导定语从句分析their study;that引导宾语从句;they started....省略了关系代词that引导定语从句修饰the same side
句意：他们的研究收集并分析了用46种不同货币投掷350,757枚硬币的结果，发现51%的硬币落在开始时的同一侧。
This research was done in an effort to confirm a hypothesis proposed earlier by Stanford University statistics professor Persi Diaconis and his team.
这项研究是为了证实斯坦福大学统计学教授Persi Diaconis和他的团队早些时候提出的假设。
According to that theory, “vigorously flipped coins tend to come up the same way they started.”
根据这一理论，“用力抛掷的硬币往往会以与开始时相同的方式出现。”
③According to Diaconis’s team, when people flip an ordinary coin, they introduce a small degree of “precession”, meaning a change in the direction of the axis(轴) of turning throughout a coin's track.
句子结构分析：when引导时间状语从句；meaning 是非谓语动词作伴随状语
句意：根据Diaconis团队的说法，当人们抛一枚普通的硬币时，他们会引入一个小程度的“进动”，这意味着在硬币的整个轨迹中，轴的方向会发生变化(轴)。
Consequently, the coin tends to spend more time in the air with the initial side facing up.
句子结构分析：facing up非谓语动词作定语修饰the initial side
因此，硬币倾向于花更多的时间在空中与最初的一面朝上。
This makes a coin flip not quite 50/50.
这使得抛硬币不是50/50。
④In 2007, Diaconis’s team estimated the odds of a “same-side outcome” as approximately 51%.
2007年，迪亚康尼斯的研究小组估计出现“同侧结果”的几率约为51%。
Nearly a decade and a half later, Bartos and his team found this very result.
近15年后，巴托斯和他的团队发现了这个结果。
They published a preliminary report stating, “Our data lend strong support to the previous hypothesis -The coins landed on the same side more often than not.”
他们发表了一份初步报告，称:“我们的数据有力地支持了之前的假设——硬币往往落在同一侧。”
【固定搭配解析】
Land on 降落于....
They were coming in to land on the north coast of Crete.
他们将从克里特岛北海岸登陆上岛。
⑤Moreover, this was true for both sides of the coin and for all of the different coins tossed.
此外，这对硬币的两面以及所有抛出来的不同硬币都是成立的。
As Diaconis stated back in 1986, "The more you think about randomness, the less random things become.
正如Diaconis在1986年所言:“你对随机性思考得越多，随机性就越少。
But sometimes, you can take advantage of a lack of randomness. "
但有时候，你可以利用缺乏随机性的优势。
【高频词汇解析】
Take advantage of...利用
Taking advantage of the new technologies, scammers can aim at victims precisely.
2019年高考英语北京卷 阅读理解 阅读C 题设
利用新技术，骗子可以精确地瞄准受害者。
Indeed, when it comes to flipping a coin, the quickest shortcut to making your own luck might just be calling it literally as you see it.
句子结构分析：when引导时间状语从句；as引导时间状语从句
句意：事实上，在抛硬币的时候，创造自己运气的最快捷径可能就是按你看到的说出来。
【固定搭配解析】
When it comes to...当提到....
Other research validates that when it comes to chocolate, type does matter.
其他的研究也证实了不同种类的巧克力确实功效不同.
【超纲词解析】
Shortcut noun.捷径
A shortcut is the shortest distance between two points.
捷径是两点之间最短的距离.
【全文翻译】
①掷硬币——用拇指在空中旋转硬币并用手接住它的行为——是否有实际证据表明倾向于一方而不是另一方 或者掷硬币是50/50 一项新的研究对翻转的公平性提出了质疑。
根据阿姆斯特丹大学博士候选人Franti ek bartoski领导的一组科学家的研究，事实上，硬币的一面比另一面更容易出现。他们的研究收集并分析了用46种不同货币投掷350,757枚硬币的结果，发现51%的硬币落在开始时的同一侧。这项研究是为了证实斯坦福大学统计学教授Persi Diaconis和他的团队早些时候提出的假设。根据这一理论，“用力抛掷的硬币往往会以与开始时相同的方式出现。”
根据Diaconis团队的说法，当人们抛一枚普通的硬币时，他们会引入一个小程度的“进动”，这意味着在硬币的整个轨迹中，轴的方向会发生变化(轴)。因此，硬币倾向于花更多的时间在空中与最初的一面朝上。这使得抛硬币不是50/50。
2007年，迪亚康尼斯的研究小组估计出现“同侧结果”的几率约为51%。近15年后，巴托斯和他的团队发现了这个结果。他们发表了一份初步报告，称:“我们的数据有力地支持了之前的假设——硬币往往落在同一侧。”
⑤此外，这对硬币的两面和所有抛出来的不同硬币都是如此。正如Diaconis在1986年所言:“你对随机性思考得越多，随机性就越少。但有时候，你可以利用缺乏随机性的优势。事实上，在抛硬币时，创造自己运气的最快捷径可能就是按你看到的说出来。

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