资源简介 (共51张PPT)高考英语二轮复习(通用版)应用文写作之图画图表类考纲解读图画作文是近年来高考书面表达考查的热点题型之一。它是指根据某幅图画所提供的图像信息写一篇短文或叙述一个故事;或通过几幅相关的图画说明某个问题或得出某个结论。体裁多样,可以是记叙文、议论文或说明文等。图画作文要求考生将画面所包含的有效信息直接运用英语思维转成英语,旨在避免考生运用汉语思维布局谋篇。图表作文要求将图表形式的信息转化成段落文字信息。信息以图表的形式呈现出来,考生需要弄清所给的图表、数据、标题及文字说明等各种信息之间的关系,通过分析、研究提炼和确定文章的中心思想,得出令人信服的结论。考情分析考情分析:分析2021-2023年图画图表类写作考向分布。题型 图画图表类写作2022全国乙卷 柱状图。按照Learning English Beyond the Classroom调查结果写一篇投稿。知识链接一、分类及做题方法图表类书面表达常以曲线图形式、流程图形式、柱形图形式、饼式图形式、数据表格形式及平面图形式出现。这类题型具有文字少、信息简洁、要点分散等特征。图表类书面表达在近年的高考中时有出现,主要是一些关于情况调查、生产、销售、发展进程等各种项目统计的示意图。这类统计图在日常生活中应用得非常广泛,因此,读懂它并能用英语清晰地表述出来具有很强的现实意义。图表作文主要是介绍或说明某方面的情况,文体上属于说明文。考生应按照说明文的形式和特点来进行写作。由于这类试题文字少、信息简洁,如果只是把图表中的内容一点一点地记叙出来,进行清单式的罗列,就会索然乏味,并且达不到字数要求。考点清单一 图表类知识链接因此,对于这类形式的书面表达,考生首先要根据图表前的文字说明,弄清楚图表的性质、内容、规律,并做到如下几点:1.细读图表,抓住特征图表中的数据信息往往较多,首先要读懂其中的符号和数字所代表的意思。然后,从图表的整体着手,认真分析各项数据,抓住其主要特征,弄懂它们所揭示的规律。经常使用的词汇有:table,chart,figure,graph,describe,tell,show,represent等。2.认真审读,确定主题认真审读试题所提供的数据信息,结合文字提示,确定短文的主题。短文的主题往往隐含在图表中,需要考生从图表数据中概括出事情或事件的规律和特征,然后归纳出主题。有时,试题给出了短文的题目,也就等于为考生点明了主题。知识链接3.巧用数据,突出主题引用数据说明基本趋势,比较数据揭示基本特征。由于图表中的数据信息较多,写作时要巧妙地引用一些数据来说明主题,不要作任何发挥。表达时,既要包含所有要点,但又不能面面俱到。经常使用的词汇有:rise,drop,reduce,increase,decrease,fall,while,but,on the contrary,however,compare...to/with...,in contrast to,as...as,the same as,similar to,different from,difference between,among,more than,less than等。4.词句多变,表达灵活由于图表数据比较单调,很容易使人选用相同的词语和句式进行表达,结果文章显得很乏味。因此,写作时要尽量避免重复使用同一词语或句型,选择一些异曲同工的词语和句式来表达。知识链接5.适当发挥,表明观点图表类书面表达有时要求考生在对数据进行分析、对比后,简单地谈谈自己的看法或提出建议,这属于让考生自主发挥的部分,更是短文最精彩的部分。考生要在该部分陈述自己的看法,表明自己的观点,提出解决问题的方法或建议。表述观点时,可以引用人们普遍的观点,也可说出自己独到的见解。借题发挥时,不可偏离主题,只要把观点表述清楚即可,不必作更多的解释或说明。经常使用的词有:in a word,in short, generally speaking,It’s clear from the chart that...,we can draw the conclusion that...,we can learn/know...等。知识链接对于图表作文,写作内容主要包括三个方面:描述图表信息+从中总结出变化规律+提出建议或解决 之道(这一部分可以根据实际要求进行取舍)。准备过程中,应着重从以下几个方面入手。1. 读出图表所传达的信息,并对信息进行分类将图表所传达的信息进行全面的转换,并根据不同的项目对信息进行分类,这是进行数据整合的基础, 这一过程中要尽量确保信息全面。2. 整合信息,总结规律/分析原因信息经过分类之后,以某一个标准为参照(比如时间、地域等),总结出同一对象在不同时间/地域/…… 下的变化规律,或通过对同类信息的对比分析出问题出现的原因。找出规律/原因是解决问题/提出建议的基础。二、写作技巧知识链接3. 数据处理对数据进行处理时,要根据题干的要求,着重处理差异比较大或变化比较明显的信息。这样呈现数据时才能有所侧重,写的时候才能有详略之分。4. 段落构建一般而言,图表作文可分为三个段落来写。第一个段落点明调查/统计对象并进行图表信息的转换,转换过程中需要注意的是信息的取舍和详略程度。第二段主要是根据信息总结出规律或找出问题出现的原因。 第三段则主要是建议的提出或解决方法的提出。其中第一段和第二段是重点段落,第三段可根据题干要求进行取舍。知识链接三、常用词汇1. 点明图表所反映的主题时常用的词汇:table 表格,chart 图表,diagram 图解/示意图,figure图形/数字,describe 描述,tell 告诉,show 表明, represent 描绘/展示,indicate 显示2. 分析数据差异及变化趋势时常用词汇:(1)表示上升或增加的:rise, increase, go up(2)表示下降或减少的:decrease, fall, reduce, decline, drop, go down(3)表示变化特点的:sharply 急剧地,quickly 迅速地,rapidly 快速地,dramatically 戏剧性地,slowly 缓慢地,gradually 逐渐地。(4)表示比较的:compared different from, difference between, while, contrary, however, more than, less than。知识链接四、常用句式图表类满分作文必备词汇 示例 1● 表示“说明”的常用句式在说明图表的时候,要使用下列表示“说明”的常用句式,它们可以帮助读者弄清楚所引信息的出处,有效地将你要说的话带出来。1.As we can see from the chart/graph / table/diagram,…从图表中可以看出……(eg: 模板(一)How People Spent Their Holidays)2.The chart/graph / table/diagram shows/displays that,…如图所示……知识链接3.As can be shown in/According to the chart/graph / table/diagram,…如图所示……4.The figures/statistics in the chart reflect/show/reveal that…图表中的数据表明……5.The chart/graph/table/diagram illustrates/describes…图表描述了……6.It is clear/apparent from the chart/graph / table/diagram that…从图表我们可以清楚地看到……知识链接图表类满分作文必备词汇● 表示“数据”的常用句式1.…had the largest percentage/proportion of… ……在……方面具有很大的百分比。2.…account (s) for/take (s) up 10%.……占有10%。3.Compared with A, B has a higher percentage.与A相比,B有更高的比例。知识链接4.On the top of the list is…, which accounts for 60%.占比重最高的是……,占60%。5.At the bottom is…, which takes up 20%.占最低比重的是……,占20%。6.A is second to B. A仅次于B。7.A is ranked/rated first, followed by B at 30% and C at 25%.A占最高比重,紧随其后的是占30%的B和占25%的C。知识链接● 表示“数据变化”的常用句式 在描述图表的过程中,考生有必要对图表的数据进行描述,因此,掌握相应地表示变化的句式也是相当重要的。a.表示增加、减少和波动的常用结构1.The number of (private cars) increased/rose suddenly/rapidly/dramatically/substantially/considerably/sharply/steeply from…to…从……到……期间,(私家车)的数量有了急剧的增长。2.There was a sudden/rapid/dramatic/substantial/considerable/sharp/steep increase/rise in the number of (private cars) from…to…从……到……期间,(私家车)的数量有了急剧的增长。知识链接3.There was a boom in the number of (private cars) from…to…从……到……期间,(私家车)的数量有了急剧的增长。4.The number of (private cars) climbed/jumped/rose suddenly/went sharply up/soared to…in…在……(时间),(私家车)的数量猛增到……(辆)。5.There was an evident/ apparent/ obvious increase in…from…to….从……到……期间,在……方面有明显的增长。6.The number of (private cars) increased/rose steadily/gradually from…to…从……到……期间, (私家车)的数量有了稳定持续的增长。知识链接7.There was a steady/gradual increase/rise in the number of (private cars) from…to…从……到……期间, (私家车)的数量有了稳定持续的增长。8.There was a slight/slow increase/rise in the number of (private cars) from…to…从……到……期间,’ (私家车)数量有了稍微/缓慢的增长。9.The number of (private cars)increased/rose slightly/slowly from…to…从……到……期间,(私家车)的数量有了稍微/缓慢的增长。10.The number of (private cars) decreased/fell/dropped suddenly/rapidly/dramatically/substantially/sharply/steeply from…to… 从……到……期间,(私家车)的数量有了急剧的下降。知识链接11.There was a sudden/rapid/dramatic/substantial/sharp/steep decrease/drop/reduction/decline in the number of (private cars)from…to…从……到……期间,(私家车)的数量有了急剧的下降。12.There was a (n) evident/apparent/obvious reduction/decline in...from....to...从……到……期间,在……方面有明显的下降。13.The number of (private cars) dropped sharply/went sharply down to…in…在……(时间),(私家车)的数量急剧下降到……(辆)。14.The number of (private cars) increased/rose by …% from…to…在……(时间),(私家车)的数量增加了百分之……知识链接15.The number of (private cars) fell/dropped/declined by …%from…to…在……(时间),(私家车)的数量下降了百分之……16.There was a slight fluctuation in the number of (private cars) from…to…从……到……期间,(私家车)的数量有轻微的波动。b.表示变化不大或没有变化的常用结构1.The number of (private cars) remained steady/stable/constant between…and…从……到……期间,(私家车)的数量保持稳定。2.The number of (private cars) stayed the same between…and…从……到……期间,(私家车)的数量并没有发生变化。知识链接3.There was little/hardly any change in the number of (private cars ) between…and…从……到……期间,(私家车)的数量并没有发生变化。4.The number of (private cars) remained level between…and…从……到……期间,(私家车)的数量趋于稳定。5.The number of (private cars) remained steady at approximately…between…and…从……到……期间,(私家车)的数量稳定在……(辆)左右。6.The number of (private cars) appeared to level off.(私家车)的数量开始稳定下来了。知识链接c.表示最高点或最低点的常用结构1.The situation/figures reached a peak/a high at …% in…情况(数据)在……(时间)达到顶点,为……(数目)。2.The situation/figures bottomed out at …% in…情况(数据)在……(时间)达到最低点,为……(数目)。3.The situation/figures peaked at …% in.....情况(数据)在…(时间)达到顶点,为……(数目)。4.The situation/figures hit a trough at ...% in…情况(数据)在……(时间)达到最低点,为……(数目)。5.The number soared to a record high of…数量剧增至历史新高,为……(数目)。知识链接d.表示倍数的常用结构1.A is twice/three times/four times what it was in…与……(时间)相比,A是原来的两倍(三倍、四倍)。2.A is twice/three times/four times the amount in…与……(时间)相比,A是原来的两倍(三倍、四倍)。3.A is twice/three times/four times as much/many as...in…与……(时间)相比,A是原来的两倍(三倍、四倍):4.A is twice/three times/four times more than...in...与……(时间)相比,A是原来的两倍(三倍、四倍)还要多。知识链接5.From…to…, A increased/dropped more than six fold.从……到……期间,A增加(减少)了六倍。6.The output of steel in 1990 was 400% up compared with in 1980. 与1980年相比,1990年钢铁产量增加了四倍。7.The figure was roughly doubled/tripled/quintupled between…and…从……到……期间,数字大概是原来的两倍(三倍、五倍)知识链接图表类满分作文必备词汇 示例21. 描述图表变化趋势的词汇上升 (v.):increase; go up; rise; improve; grow;jump; rocket; soar; surge; shoot up(猛增)上升 (n.):increase; rise; growth; jump; surge下降 (v.):fall; drop; decrease; decline; go down; sink; dipplummet; plunge(暴跌)知识链接下降 (v.):fall; drop; decrease; decline; go down; sink; dipplummet; plunge(暴跌)下降 (n.):decrease, decline, fall, reduction, drop波动 (v.):fluctuate波动 (n.):fluctuation持平(v.):stabilize; remain the same trend; remain stable; remain constant; level off多条曲线趋势一致:A and B share the same trend; the trend of A happens to coincide with B知识链接2. 描述图表变化程度的词汇程度很大significantly;considerably;rapidly;sharply;dramatically;drastically; enormously;substantially;markedly程度较轻 slightly;gradually;slowly; steadily;moderately知识链接3. 极值类词汇最高点:reach the peak/top/highest point;increase to the peak/top/highest point(所有上升类的动词都可以替换掉increase)最低点:reach/hit the bottom/lowest point;drop to the bottom/lowest point(所有下降类的动词都可以替换掉drop)占比最多:occupy/ make up/ take up/ account for/ the largest proportion/number/percentage of …占比最少:occupy/ make up/ take up/ account for the smallest proportion/number/percentage of… 知识链接4. "大约"的表达方式about/around + 数字数字 + or soapproximately + 数字 知识链接图表类满分作文必备词汇 万能句型① The mobile-phone subscriptions soared to 4 billion in 2008.② Conversely, the urban population saw a rising trend, growing from only 300 million to 680 million by 2010.③ Domestic cars had a dramatic increase in the market share, as high as 9.8%, while/whereas(然而)Japanese cars declined by nearly 10%.④ The percentage of students taking part-time jobs remains a continuous increase all through the four years in university, starting from 67.77% in freshmen, reaching 71.13% and 71.93% respectively in sophomores and juniors, and ending at 88.24% in seniors at length.知识链接④ 饼状图描述最大占比:We cannot fail to see that the biggest share is acquiring knowledge, with a proportion as high as 59.5%./ We cannot fail to see that the biggest share is acquiring knowledge, accounting for 59.5%.⑤ 饼状图分别描述比例:Meanwhile, it is also not difficult to find that service, environment, price and other factors occupy 26.8%, 23.8%, 8.4% and 4.7% respectively(分别地).知识链接● 第一句:① Three major factors / reasons give rise to (引起)the situation(情况)/ phenomenon (现象)mentioned above.② What gives rise to the situation / phenomenon can be summarized as follows.③ It is of no difficulty to come up with(提出,想出) some possible factors for these changes.④ The contributing factors(成因)responsible for this phenomenon can be summarized as follows.⑤ What accounts for this situation At least, for my part, three factors contribute to it.⑥ This situation can be traced to(追溯到)a multitude of(众多的)factors; the fundamental ones, however, can be sought as follows.解释原因的功能句型 知识链接●分条描述原因:First and foremost, these changes are closely related to...In the first place, this trend is bound up with(与...有密切关系)...In addition, we must admit that this tendency/situation also has a lot to do with ...Moreover, it must be stressed that the present situation, to a certain degree, stems from….... is another significant factor that cannot be ignored.Finally, we may notice that ... also plays a positive roles in leading to this phenomenon知识链接评论预测的功能句型 评论类① It is of great importance for (the government and authorities concerned) to (place a higher value on) (the practical education and integrated development of college students).② For one thing, relevant laws and regulations have to be established and implemented (to protect the rights of college students when they take part in part-time jobs). For another, it is high time that a nationwide campaign was launched to educate (college students to strike a balance between their social work and study). In these ways, a brighter future will surely await the young generation when they step into real society.③ In view of the description and analysis above, I’m convinced that ....知识链接预测趋势类①From what has been discussed above, the trend can be predicated(预测) to continue in the following years with the rapid development of economy and society.② I firmly believe that this tendency will continue in the forthcoming years.③ And there is every possible reason to believe that this condition will go on in the near future.④ And we can predict with assurance that the situation will continue maintaining an upward trend in the following years.⑤ Thus, how to tackle this problem properly should be placed on a high value by the public and relevant departments.⑥ And accordingly, immediate measures must be taken to reverse(逆转)or at least ease this worsening situation.知识链接五、图表类满分作文写作模板1. ①The bar chart_______(给出图表的出处)reflects______(解释图表所反映的现象). From these statistics, it can be seen that______(具体说明这一现象).②Generally speaking, _______(分析这一现象产生的几点原因)factors have contributed to this phenomenon.For one thing, _______(第一点原因). For another, ______(第二点原因).③As far as I am concerned,______(发表个人看法). First,_______(其中一条解决办法). Second, _______(另外一条解决办法).知识链接2. ①The two charts reveal the striking changes in______(引出图表揭示的现象). From the charts we can see that the percentage of _____(其中一项变化)is growing steadily, and the percentage of______(另外一项变化)rises from _____ to ______(通过具体数据加以说明), while the percentage of______(第三项变化)decreases dramatically from_____ to _____(通过具体数据加以说明).②The changes are chiefly due to the following reasons. To start with,_______(第一点原因). Besides,______(第二点原因).Furthermore,_______(第三点原因).③With the above analysis, we can conclude that_______(对以上分析加以总结). What’s more, _______(进一步提出解决方法)知识链接考点清单二 图画类一、解题方法图画类作文要求将画面所包含的信息转换成文字,旨在避免汉语思维,要求直接用英语思维。它要求根据图画提供的图像信息写一篇短文,包括叙述一个故事,或通过几幅相关的图画说明某个问题或得出结论。图画类作文就内容而言,可以写观察到的内容,也可以根据合理想象适当进行发挥来补充一些内容;就表达方式而言,可以单纯地理解、说明,也可以在说明中加以描写、叙述,因此该类文体不仅具有一定的观察分析能力,还要有较强的语言表达能力、想象力和逻辑思维能力。写好图画类作文的关键是:一定要根据自己掌握的词汇与熟悉的句型结构构思短文内容,并直接用英语表达,千万不要先想好一句句的中文,然后逐句译成英文,那样就往往会超出自己的英语水平,作文中就会出现"生造"的英语句子,难免会出错。另外,对于与图画无关的事要少写,还要注意人称、时态的呼应,整个作文要通篇考虑。知识链接二、写作要领1.准确审题。这是看图作文写作的基础。准确审题就是注意文体、人物和时态。2.把握情境。这是看图作文的关键。要根据图画,合理想象,围绕特定的主题,把握情景,(利用图中人物间的关系、人物的对话、人物的活动及所处场所,以及图中的文字说明和标识来)提炼要点等。3.发表感想。围绕主题展开合理的想象,发表自己的联想或感想。知识链接三、具体步骤1.根据提示,全面审题(1)确定体裁。针对此类题型,考生应仔细阅读图画及文字说明,首先确定文章体裁。目前图画作文的体裁主要涉及记叙文、议论文和夹叙夹议文。对多幅图来说,体裁主要是记叙文,有时也会是夹叙夹议文。多幅图有时反映了事件背后的某种现象,这样就需要加上适当的议论,进而变为夹叙夹议文。对于单幅图来说,体裁主要为议论文。(2)确定人称。如果以日记、回忆录等形式来写,一般采用第一人称;如果是以将故事的形式来写,则一般采用第三人称。但不管用哪种人称,全文一般都必须一致。(3)确定时态。根据图画内容及所采用的的文章体裁,确定文章所要用的时态。知识链接(4)确定主题。在审题时,考生要认真分析图画所反映的内容以及出题者的意图,分析图画的表层含义和深层含义,通过表层含义分析图画真正想要说明的问题是什么,从而挖掘出其深层含义以确定文章的主题。2. 认真读图,进行图文转换图画是作文的信息基础。考生应对图画进行全面而细致的研究,尤其是要注意图画中人或物的特点和背景,确定人物之间、人物与背景之间的主要关系,以便正确掌握图画所传达的信息。如果图画以系列形式(即多幅)出现,考生除需掌握每一幅图画的信息外,还应该对图画之间的相互联系有所了解,从整体上把握图画所呈现的主要内容。然后将图画所传达的信息以文字的形式呈现出来,并对转换后的信息重新整合,确定主要内容。知识链接3. 确定段落,草拟提纲根据图画内容及体裁的不同采用不同的段落发展方式。一般情况下,图画作文可以当作三段式的提纲作文来写:第一段用来描述图画并揭示其寓意(寓意一般用一句话来概括),第二段分析原因,最后一段发表评论或提出建议。其中第二、三段是写作的重点。叙事型图画作文(通常会涉及多幅画,要求对某一事件的发生、发展进行描述)可根据图画的数目和具体内容来确定段落。4. 斟词酌句,组句成文根据要点内容,选择恰当的词语和固定结构。结合要点间的关系及文章的体裁,选择恰当的句子类型。知识链接【特别提醒】考生在写图画作文时,有时难以取得比较理想的成绩,其原因主要有:1. 观察图画不细致,不能准确地对图画内容加以分析概括;2. 分不清内容的主次,从而不能层次分明地表达作文的主题;3. 图与图之间的意思不衔接、不连贯;4. 找出的要点太乱、太杂,没有条理性;5. 不能紧扣主题,随意发挥。知识链接四、写作技巧纵观近几年高考,图画作文大致可分为两类:事件记叙类和描画感怀类。对于事件记叙类图画作文而言,无非是要求考生按照图画次序将事件的发生、发展及结果表达出来,此类图画作文主要采用叙述这一表达方式。描图感怀类图画作文要求考生首先描写图画内容,之后在图画内容的基础上表达个人感想,此类图画作文通常采用描写和议论的写作手法。知识链接1. 事件记叙类图画作文写作技巧(1)大略审图,明确事件一般而言,事件记叙类图画作文的图片不止一幅,我们首先要做的是大致浏览图片,找出所要记叙的事件是什么。(2)图文转化,提炼要点每幅图片都会传达特定的信息,因为图片是静态的,上面不可能传达太多的信息,所以单幅图片的信息量一般不会特别大。我们要把每幅图片所传达的信息找出来,这就是我们需要的要点,而所有要点集合起来也就是文章的提纲了。所以准确找出每幅图片的信息,并将它们用文字呈现出来是写好事件记叙类图画作文的关键所在。知识链接(3)呈现要点,斟词酌句对基础比较差的学生而言,为了保险起见,用常见的词和简单的句式将各幅图中的要点表述出来,并用适当的词或结构将它们串联起来就可以构成一篇完整的文章。准确地完成这 样一篇要点齐全的文章基本可以拿到比较理想的分数。如果能够在此基础上对文章的细节信 息进行合理的扩展,并对文章的句式、结构进行优化(采用比较高级的句式、结构等),那么 得到一个很高的分数并非难事。知识链接2. 描图感怀类图画作文写作技巧描图感怀类图画作文通常只有一幅图。对于此类书面表达,所要做的基本上也就两项工作:描图和议论。描图和议论可以分为两个段落来呈现。(1)认真读图,细致描图将图中的内容用文字信息表述出来,这是一个比较客观的信息转化过程,不需要掺杂个人情感。(2)理解图魂,理出寓意从图画内容的描写中理出图画所要传达的主题,并推断出图画信息的寓意,这是对图画内容的升华,也是发表议论的基础。(3)联系实际,发表感言结合图画的寓意和生活实际,阐述个人的看法。这是图画寓意在现实生活中的回归。知识链接五、常用句式1. 描述图画部分From the picture we can see that…As is shown in the picture…As we can see in the picture…The picture shows us that…This is a funny and instructive picture, from which we can see…Look at the picture. It is a picture about…知识链接2. 论述图画寓意及所反映现象部分The picture reflects/implies that…The picture illustrates a common phenomenon in today’s society.Apparently, the picture reflects a major social problem.This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.What the picture reflects sets me thinking a lot.3. 发表评论与观点部分In my view/As for me/As far as I’m concerned, we should take measures to avoid this phenomenon happening again.知识链接六、 写作模板As is shown in the picture above,_________(图画的内容). The first thing we notice is that_________(图画的最大特点).This means that _________(进一步说明). The implied meaning of the picture should be considered/taken into account seriously/paid more attention to. First, _________(分析、说明原因或结果①). Second/What’s more,________(分析、说明原因或结果②). Last but not least/Finally, ________(分析、说明原因或结果③) And the problem has aroused the great concern/care of the whole society/world/all the people around. In my view/As for me,we should take measures to deal with the problem shown in the picture. First, we should_________(措施、建议、办法①). And then we have to_________(措施、建议、办法②). Only in these ways can we solve/settle the problem of_________(图画主要问题).谢谢21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源网站兼职招聘:https://www.21cnjy.com/recruitment/home/admin 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源预览