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高考英语写作——英语的特殊结构（一）
一、强调句型
1. 构成：it is…that/ who…
that 可以指人也可以指物，但是who只能指人。比如：
我昨天在街上遇到了我的旧情人。
I met my old flame in the street yesterday.
如果强调主语：
就是我昨天在街上遇到了我的旧情人。
It was I that met my old flame in the street yesterday.
如果强调时间：
就在昨天我在街上遇到了我的旧日情人。
It was yesterday that I met my old flame in the street.
解析：当强调句型 it is…that 在向子中出现的时候，它们是不作成分的，本身也没有意思，它们就像一个框架，强调哪部分内容，就把哪部分内容放在it is. that 中间的“ ”处，强调部分不允许有任何修改。但是需要注意的是一般情况下强调句型不能强调句子的谓语。
强调句型既然只是一个框架，那么当它在别的句子中出现时，必须遵守别的向子的时态（就两种时态：要么是is要么是was，过去时态就是 was，其他都是is)。 它和主语从句的区别在于把it is…that 去掉后，如果读起来仍然正确的话，就是强调句型；如果读起来意思不正确就是主语从句。比如：
It is obvious that one should make friends with those who can make you become aggressive and optimistic.
去掉 itis… that 再读：Obvious one should make friends with those who can make you become aggressive and optimistic. 该句显然不正确，obvious放在句首，应该用副词 obviously。所以，这个是主语从句。
2.强调句型在写作中的使用
强调句型可以强调作文中的任何一句话除谓语以外的任何部分。推荐在第二、三段首句使用。比如：
The existing numerous factors account for the phenomenon.（第二段首句）
It is the existing numerous factors that account for the phenomenon. Asa consequence, measures could be adopted to relieve the current situation.（第三段首句）
As a consequence, it is to relieve the current situation that measures could be adopted.
二、倒装
1. 定义
倒装就是把一句话写成一般疑问何的形式，也就是在一向话的句首加助动词或 be 动词。
Do you love me Is your father an official Have you been to Europe
2.倒装在写作中的使用
（1）否定词放在句首时
1) The public can fail to pour attention into the issue of pollution under no circumstances.
倒装为 ：Under no circumstances can the public fail to pour attention into the issue of pollution.
2) Respecting parents not only keeps a Chinese conventional virtue but also proves the duty of their offspring.
倒装为 ：Not only does respecting parents keep a Chinese conventional virtue but also proves the d their offspring.
3) Cultural exchange not only enables Chinese citizens to widen their eyesight but also promotes friendship between nations.
倒装为：Not only does cultural exchange enable Chinese citizens to widen their eyesight but also promotes the friendship between nations.
该倒装可以在第二段分析原因的时侯或者是第三段首句总结的时候使用。
比如： 在任何情况下，父母都不能忽略培养孩子自信的重要性。 Under no circumstances could parents neglect the importance of cultivating children's confidence.
（2）含有so. that…结构的句子将so 引导的部分置于句首时
1) He was so excited that he cannot help laughing at midnight.
倒装为：So excited was he that he cannot help laughing at midnight.
2) He is teaching class so forcefully that everyone present was convinced.
倒装为：So forcefully is he teaching class that everyone present was convinced.
3) She looks so gorgeous that she can catch the eyes of everyone. 倒装为：So gorgeous does she look that she can catch the eyes of everyone.
这个句型在前面状语从句中已经讲过，出现形容词和副词的地方都可以写成so… that..句型。也就是说，只要出现形容词或副词的地方都能出现该句型的倒装。
（3）only 引出的状语位于句首时
1) You will call your mother only when you need living expenses.
倒装为 ：Only when you need living expenses will you call your mother. 2) The problem could be resolved a lot only by taking these actions.
倒装为：Only by taking these actions could the problem be resolved a lot. 3) The common can lead a happy and comfortable life only when the issue can be improved a lot.
倒装为 ：Only when the issue can be improved a lot can the common lead a happy and comfortable life.
该倒装可以在第三段尾句喊口号的时候使用。
（4） as 引导让步状语从句时
1) As I look ugly, I am quite gentle.
倒装为：Ugly as I look, I am quite gentle.
2) As the drawing seems simple, the meaning behind it is far-reaching.
倒装为：Simple as the drawing seems, the meaning behind it is far-reaching.
(注意：as 的倒装，只需要把表语提前，不需要把助动词放句首。）
三、虚拟语气
1. 定义
虚拟语气表示与事实相反或语气委婉。
2. 一般用法
if引导的条件句：
1）如果你再努力一点，你就会通过考试。
If you work harder, you will pass your exams.
2）如果他昨天改变了主意，就不会有人责怪他。
If he changed his mind yesterday, no one would blame him.
这两个句子就是普通的if引导的条件状语从句。那如何把正常的不虚拟的句子变成含虛拟语气的句子呢？只需要把已经写好的句子的时态变成它的过去时就可以了。
第1）句可以写成 If you worked harder, you would pass your exams.
第2）句中changed 是过去式，其过去时态是“过去的过去”，那就是过去完成时：had + done。would blame 中，would 是没有过去式的（有过去式的是实义动词或系动词)，所以，我们只能把blame 退到过去式，但是它的过去式你不能写成 blamed， 因为would 后需要加动词原形。那难道blame 的过去式只能写成blamed 吗？非也，有种时;态也表示过去，那就是现在完成时（动作发生在过去，但是对现在造成了影响)。于是would blame 的过去式就是 would have blamed。 第2）句就可以写成 If he had changed his mind yesterday, no one would have blamed him.
1）如果大至数年轻人都没有自信的话，我们的社会将会付出修重的代价。
If most of the youngsters failed to be confident, our society would pay a heavy price.
2）如果大学生沉溺于上网，他们将不能顺利毕业。
If university students were indulged in surfing the Internet, it would be hard for them to graduate smoothly.
虛拟语气在作文中用到的可能性不大（不会写关系也不大)，只需要在阅读或翻译中见到时，知道它是虛拟语气就行了。
3）如果父母都溺爱孩子的话，长大后的孩子们将变得非常自私又不独立。
If kids were almost spoiled by their parents, they would become quite selfish as well as dependent when they grow up.
if引导的虛拟语气可以在第二段句尾进行反面论证的时候使用。
3. 特殊用法
（1）以下情況，从句用“should+动词原形”表示虛拟，并且should 可以省略
以防：in case that, for fear that, lest
命：order, direct, command
建（贱）：suggest, advise, propose
要求：ask，request, require, demand
是必要的 / 重要的/ 紧急的：it is necessary/important/urgent that...
竖着看这些汉字：“以防命 ‘贱’，要求用虚拟是必要的”（你的“命”不好，写作文 用以上这些虚拟语气，“命”就好了）。

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