资源简介

(共37张PPT)
Chapter 1
A Brief Introduction to
International Trade
In this chapter, you will learn the following key points:
The concept and importance of international trade
Reasons for international trade
Benefits of international trade
Problems or difficulties in international trade
Classification of international trade
Cases analysis
The concept of international trade
International trade is defined as the exchange of goods and services across international boundaries or territories, involving the use of two or more currencies. Besides, international trade concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.
Goods and services in Balance of Payments
In the Balance of Payment of China in year XXXX, you will know goods and services transactions in international trade.
International boundaries or territories
International boundaries or territories, in most cases, are national borders among countries. However, international trade may take place within a country with different customs area, such as those between China and Hong Kong, Taiwan or Macao; and some happen among different countries but in a same customs area, for example, businesses in European Union (EU) or North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), etc..
currencies
Two or more currencies may be used in international trade which is so called international settlement currencies or international payment currencies. Usually, convertible currencies are applicable for settlement, such as EUR, USD, JPY, POUND, CAD, etc.
If money must be converted to another currency to make settlement for transaction, then any change in the currency exchange rate will cause business value to either decrease or increase when the money is converted back into the original currency.
Q 1: If the settlement money is converted into original currency (RMB), does the transaction value decrease or increase (the total contract value is USD 10,000 ( USD/RMB: 1/6.6), and two month later, when the settlement is done, the exchange rate is 1/6.8. )
Q 2: Is RMB convertible currency and can be applicable for international settlement
Invisible goods
In short, invisible trade involves the exchange of services between countries. It consists of such items as transportation and insurance services that we provide for foreigners or that they provide for us; tourist expenditures abroad; net dividened and interest earnings from investments abroad, and so on.
Chinese tourists’ expenditures for wines in Paris =French wine to be drunk at home
Reasons for international trade
1. Resource Factors
Favorable climatic conditions and terrain; e.g. Coffee from Brazil and Colombia; Wheat from the US Great Plains
Natural resources; e.g. Oil from the Middle East
Skilled workers ; e.g. Jet aircrafts from US and France
Capital resources; e.g. developing and developed countries
Favorable geographic location and transport costs; e.g. Sino-Japanese; Canada and US, EU
Insufficient production; e.g, the United Kingdom -60% of agricultural consumption imported
Reasons for international trade
2. Economic Reasons
Theoretically:
Absolute Advantage ─ by Adam Smiths in the Wealth of Nations (1776)
Comparative Advantage ─ by David Ricardo in Principles of Political Economy (1871)
Reasons for international trade
3. Political Reasons
Politically, a country’s government may seek to protect jobs or specific industries. Some industries may be considered essential for national security purposes, such as defense, telecommunications, and infrastructure.
For example, a government may be concerned about who owns the ports within its country. National security issues can impact on both the import and export of a country, as some governments may not want advanced technological information to be sold to unfriendly foreign interests. Some governments use trade as a retaliatory measure if another country is politically or economically unfair. On the other hand, governments may influence trade to reward a country for political support on global matters.
Benefits of international trade
Greater variety of goods available for consumption
Efficient allocation and better utilization of resources
To promote efficiency in production
More employment
Consumption at Cheaper Cost
To reduce trade fluctuations
Utilization of surplus product
To foster peace and goodwill
Problems or difficulties in international trade
Distance
Different languages
Difficulty in transportation and communication
Risk in transit
Lack of information about foreign businessmen
Import and export restrictions
Documentation
Study of foreign markets
Problems in payments
Frequent market changes
Intense competition
Investment for longer period
Restrictions on international trade
While the past century has seen a major shift toward free trade, many governments continue to intervene in trade. Governments have several key policy areas that can be used to create rules and regulations to control and manage trade.
Tariffs. Tariffs are taxes imposed on imports. Two kinds of tariffs exist—specific tariffs, which are levied as a fixed charge, and ad valorem tariffs, which are calculated as a percentage of the value. Many governments still charge ad valorem tariffs as a way to regulate imports and raise revenues for their coffers.
Subsidies. A subsidy is a form of government payment to a producer. Types of subsidies include tax breaks or low-interest loans; both of which are common. Subsidies can also be cash grants and government-equity participation, which are less common because they require a direct use of government resources.
Import quotas and VER. Import quotas and voluntary export restraints (VER) are two strategies to limit the amount of imports into a country. The importing government directs import quotas, while VER are imposed at the discretion of the exporting nation in conjunction with the importing one.
Currency controls. Governments may limit the convertibility of one currency (usually its own) into others, usually in an effort to limit imports. Additionally, some governments will manage the exchange rate at a high level to create an import disincentive.
Local content requirements. Many countries continue to require that a certain percentage of a product or an item be manufactured or “assembled” locally. Some countries specify that a local firm must be used as the domestic partner to conduct business.
Antidumping rules. Dumping occurs when a company sells product below market price often in order to win market share and weaken a competitor.
Export financing. Governments provide financing to domestic companies to promote exports.
Free-trade zone. Many countries designate certain geographic areas as free-trade zones. These areas enjoy reduced tariffs, taxes, customs, procedures, or restrictions in an effort to promote trade with other countries.
Administrative policies. These are the bureaucratic policies and procedures governments may use to deter imports by making entry or operations more difficult and time consuming.
Classification of international trade
Barter Trade and Free-liquidation Trade
Visible goods trade and invisible goods trade
Direct trade, indirect trade and entrepot trade
Export trade, import trade and transit trade
Case 1
A company has an underwriting agreement with a foreign company to underwrite a commodity for a period of one year. At the end of the year, as the market changes, the underwriter “underwrites but does not sell”, and demands for return and claims for advertising expenses.
Question: Does the underwriter have the right to make such a demand Why
Analysis of case 1
The underwriter does not have the right to make such a demand. According to the definition and nature of underwriting, underwriters sell their own products independently, sell them on their own, and assume their own profits or losses. Based on the underwriting agreement, it is the underwriter’s contractual obligations to “underwrite but does not sell”, so the underwriter has no right to demand for return and claim for advertising expenses.
案例１
我某公司与国外一公司订有包销某商品的包销协议，期限为一年。年末临近，因行情变化，包销商“包而未销”，要求退货并索赔广告宣传费用
问：包销商有无权利提出此类要求？为什么？
分析：包销商无权提出这类要求。根据包销的定义和性质可知，包销商对其包销的商品自行行购，自行销售，自负盈亏。根据包销协议，该包销商“包而未销”，是他为履行合同的义务，所以包销商无权提出退货和索赔的要求。
Case 2
A has identified B as its consignee abroad and signed a consignment agreement. The goods were flooded on the way to the consignment market, and 20% of the goods were washed away by the flood. After the flood, the road subgrade needs to be repaired, and the warehousing fee of US $8000 incurred.
Question: Which side shall bear the cost of the above loss
Analysis: The cost of loss is generally borne by the consignor unless otherwise specified in the consignment agreement.
案例２
A公司在国外物色了B公司作为其代售人，并签订了寄售协议。货物在运往寄售地销售的途中，遭遇洪水，使20%的货物被洪水冲走。因遇洪水后道路路基需要维修，货物存仓发生了8000美元的仓储费，问：以上损失的费用应由哪一方承担？
分析：损失的费用一般由寄售人承担，除非寄售协议另外规定。
Case 3
Company A of the United States has signed an exclusive agency agreement with company B of China to designate company B as the exclusive agent of company A in China. Soon after, company A launched the improved product of the specified product and appointed company C in China as the exclusive agent for the improved product.
Question: Does company A have such rights
Analysis of case 3
Company A has no right to appoint the exclusive agent of company C in China, because company A authorizes the exclusive agency of company B in China, and company B enjoys the exclusive agency of the management right designated by the entrusting party in pany B has the exclusive right to sell products in China. Therefore, company A has no right to designate company C as the exclusive agent in China, and his behavior has constituted a breach of contract.
案例３
美国A公司与中国B公司签订了一份独家代理协议，指定B公司为A公司在中国的独家代理。不久，A公司推出指定产品的改进产品，并指定中国C公司作该改进产品的独家代理。
　问：A公司有无这种权利
分析：A公司无权指定C公司在中国的独家代理。因为A公司授权B公司在中国的独家代理，所以B公司在中国内享有委托商给与指定的经营权的独家代理。B公司具有在中国的代销专营权。因此，A公司无权再指定C公司为中国的独家代理，他的行为已经构成违约行为。
Case 4
A Chinese company is negotiating a compensation trade with a foreign trader, who has offered to provide the Chinese company with a set of equipment by credit and offered to sell the products for the Chinese company.
Question: According to the requirements of the compensation trade, do you think we can accept these terms Why
Analysis: Unacceptable, because the equipment supplier must simultaneously promise to buy back the products or services of the importer of the equipment.

案例４
我国某公司和外商洽谈一笔补偿贸易，外商提出以信贷方式向我提供一套设备，并表示愿意为我代销产品。根据补偿贸易的要求，你认为这些条件我们能接受吗？为什么？
分析：不可接受，因为设备供应方必须同时承诺回购设备进口方的产品或劳务。
Thank you !

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