资源简介

(共44张PPT)
高考英语
长难句分析
选自2023高考真题阅读
01/
02/
写作句式拓展练习
长难句分析 练习
CONTENT
Revision——三长两短一平行的标记原则
主干 三长 两短 一平行
主谓SV 介词短语 非谓语 短语 从句 形容词 副词
并列结构
主谓宾SVO
主谓宾宾SVOO
主谓宾补SVOC
主系表SLP
Compulsory (括号原则) 不做标记 △
下划线
※ 同位语、插入语、强调句、省略句、倒装句的嵌套
Revision——“一括二划三会意”三步法
① 去繁存简抓主干
无论句子多长,结构多么复杂,句子都是由一些基本成分组成的。因此突破长难句的关键在于先找到句子的主干,再分析其他成分
② 借助连词/引导词划意群
运用语法知识,借助连词/引导词的提示,将长句分解成若干意群,以降低理解难度
③ 调整语序明句意
理解句意时,应注意英、汉两种语言的差异,合理调整语序。
Revision——攻克三个“拦路虎”
① 非简单句
并列句：句子+并列连词(and, but, or, while, so, not only ...but also ..., either... or ...等) 十句子
主从复合句：主从复合句中的三大从句为:定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句。
② 非谓语动词(短语)
非谓语动词(短语)在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语和状语，主要形式为：to do，doing，done。
③ 非正常语序
非正常语序的句子主要指倒装句和强调句。
高考长难句分析
1
1. A person is thought to develop a habit in the course of pursuing goals by beginning to associate certain cues (刺激) with behavioural responses that help meet the goal.(2023年北京卷阅读表达)
本句为主从复合句。
主干：A person is thought to develop a habit。
其修饰成分为：
① in the course of pursuing goals
② by beginning to associate certain cues with behavioural responses
③ that help meet the goal
翻译：人们认为，一个人在追求目标的过程中，会将某些特定的刺激与有助于实现目标的行为反应联系起来，从而养成一种习惯。
2. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.（2023年新高考I卷阅读理解D篇）
本句含有多个从句。主句：The key finding of the study was ...。
① that引导的表语从句，that在句子中不作成分，无含义，该从句的主干是the averages were more accurate。
② when引导的时间状语从句。
③ that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词smaller groups。
翻译：该研究最重要的发现是，当人群被进一步分成更小的组，允许彼此进行讨论时，这些小组的平均结果比同等数量独立个体的平均结果更加准确。
3. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.（2023年新高考I卷阅读理解C篇）
本句是主从复合句。主句：I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism。
① starting作非谓语动词，引导状语，相当于which start with...；其中，that引导的是定语从句，修饰the forces。
② moving作非谓语动词，引导状语，且与①形成先后顺序的逻辑关系。
③ 注意在英译汉中，定语从句和“名介名”的短语需要从后往前翻。
翻译：在第一部分里，我描述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，首先分析了让许多人的数字生活越来越难以忍受的因素，然后详细探讨了什么是数字极简主义哲学。
4. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice.（2023年全国乙卷阅读理解D篇）
本句是主从复合句。主句：The CT, AA, AP, I can speak to us。
① all of whom引导的是定语从句。
② speak (to sb.) of sth. 意为“谈论，提及...”。
③ through the objects they made作方式状语，they made是定语从句，省略了关联词that。
④ a history told through things gives them back a voice中told through things作定语，修饰history。
翻译：加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的原住民、非洲的贝宁人和印加人，所有这些出现在本书中的人们，都可以通过他们制造的物品最有力地向我们讲述他们过往的成就：通过物品讲述的历史让他们重新得到了发声的机会。
5. The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.（2023年新高考I卷阅读理解C篇）
本句是主从复合句。主句：The goal is to make...and then to teach...。
① make the case for sth 意为“说明某物的情况”。
② including引导的状语用来补充具体内容，后面只能加名词(性短语)。
③ why&who&how引导的是宾语从句；work作为动词时意为“起作用，生效”。
④ if引导的是条件状语从句。
⑤ it’s right for you是decide的宾语从句，省略了关联词that。
翻译：本书的目的是说明数字极简主义的理由，包括详细探讨它有何要求，以及为什么有效，然后教你如何应用这种哲学，如果你确定适合自己。
6. Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.（2023年全国乙卷阅读理解C篇）
本句是主从复合句。本句虽然较长，但是结构简单，只需找准结构既可快速拆分句子，理解整体大意。
主句：it is producing more top class chefs。
① even though引导的是条件状语从句。
② who&whose作为并列的定语从句，修饰先行词chefs。
③ top在本句中作谓语动词，意为“登上顶峰，名列前茅”。
翻译：尽管英国的菜肴有个不怎么样的名声，但是越来越多的顶级厨师来自英国，他们经常出现在电视屏幕上，他们的食谱经常在畅销书列表上名列前茅。
7. It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.（2023年全国乙卷阅读理解C篇）
本句是强调句。
该句主要结构为：It is + 强调内容 + that/who 从句，其主要特征是删除掉结构后整个句子仍然完整。
主句：Britons are turning away and becoming more adventurous。
① from和in引导的介词短语作为修饰词，对句子的内容进行进一步解释说明。
② 一般用连字符“-”连接在一起的合成词都为形容词。
翻译：正是由于这些电视大厨而不是任何广告活动，英国人正在远离一荤两素和预制菜，他们的烹饪习惯变得更加大胆。
8. Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.（2023年全国乙卷阅读理解B篇）
本句是主从复合句。
主句：they are some of my best shots。
① looking back引导的是现在分词作状语，意为“回顾”。
② thought引导的是让步状语从句。
③ if引导的是条件状语从句；would have done为虚拟语气，表示“本应该，本能够”，指代与现在事实相反。
翻译：不过，回顾这些照片，它们是我拍得最好的照片，虽然如果我能做好准备并且合理管理时间，它们可能会好得多。
【真题再现】How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake
A. Amusing. B. Satisfying. C. Encouraging. D. Comforting.
9. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation.（2023年全国甲卷阅读理解C篇）
本句是并列句。
主句：Weiner enters ...and he becomes...。
① with的复合结构表示伴随。
② part of引导的介词短语作becomes的宾语。
③ by引导两个并列动词作非谓语，表示“通过...方式”。
翻译：韦纳与历史上最重要的一些哲学家进行对话，在这个过程里，通过解读他们的话语并加入自己的解释，他也融入到了哲学家之中。
10. Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them.（2023年北京卷阅读理解B篇）
本句是主从复合句。主句：I’ve learned that I need to take the opportunities and make the most of them。
① rather than作状语，是直接被转折短语否定掉的信息，侧重的内容在后面；set ... in stone意为“板上钉钉”。
② learned后的that引导宾语从句；而opportunities后的that引导定语从句。
③ even if引导的是让步状语从句；and连接的是并列句。
翻译：我明白了有时需要去抓住出现的机会，并且充分利用它们，而不是一成不变地按照计划做，即使这些机会当时听起来并不完美。
写作长难句拓展
2
01
追加成分
注意：“1.词数80左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯”。
※ 目的：扩展句子，充实文章
※ 方法：在要点句基础上适当增加合乎逻辑的附加成分，如定语(从句)、状语(从句)(如目的、条件、原因、结果、方式等)、非谓语结构、独立主格结构、举例等，使表达更丰满，内容更充实，主题更突出。
※ 特点：结构多变，句式多样
1. (提醒演讲参赛选手) 要守时、讲卫生、守纪律。
Please arrive on time, keep quiet and don't litter around.
→ Please arrive there on time, for whoever is late won't be allowed to enter(因为迟到的人不让进). It's bad manners to litter around. And always keep quiet while waiting for your turn (在等待轮到你的时候).
2. (演讲注意事项) 要面带微笑；要讲慢些，讲清楚。
Be sure to wear a smile on your face. Besides, remember to speak slowly and clearly.
→ Be sure to wear a smile on your face when you speak(当你说话的时候), which will make you relaxed(这能使你放松). Besides, remember to speak slowly and clearly so that you can leave a good impression on the audience and judges(这样子你可以给观众和裁判留下好印象).
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)(告知将举办音乐节)我们学校音乐厅将举办一场中国古典音乐会。
As we all know, there is a Chinese classical music concert that will be held in the music hall of our school on November 8th. According to the concert poster, many music masterpieces will be played by a famous band.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)(介绍语言能力)克服语言障碍。
What's more, with a good command of English, I’m sure I can overcome the language barrier, which allows me to comm-unicate smoothly with British painting lovers.
3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)(通知学校放映电影)这部英文短片主要与我们学校的发展有关。
The English short film is mainly related to the development of our school, which will greatly help us students know the school's history better and appeal to us to make contributions to our school's development.
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)(介绍学校体育馆)体育馆已经建立起来，许多运动项目可在里面举行。
To begin with, a new stadium has been built up, which has become the new landmark in our school. Moreover, with the stadium set up, a wide range of sports events are able to be held, of which table tennis, football as well as running competitions enjoy great popularity.
5．(2018·北京高考书面表达)(咨询来北京上大学)建议你上北京大学，中国文学专业适合你。
Learning your keen interest in Chinese culture, I suggest you apply for Peking University, one of the best universities in China. Its Chinese Literature major is perfect for you where you can be completely soaked in Chinese profound history and rich culture.
02
补加语句
补加语句是常见的“增加细节”的方法，这可以使文章显得错落有致，这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章读起来铿锵有力，从而使作文在内容上更加连贯、丰满。
※目的：充实文章，增强连贯性
※方法：根据行文走向，适当增加一些与主题相关的语句，或由要点衍生的句子，既起到前引后联的作用，又能补充一些相关信息，帮助阅卷者理解所写内容。同时，还能协调句式，避免句式单调的问题
※特色：协调句式，结构多样
技法1　列举具体的实例进行补充说明
①我喜欢读书。
I like reading books,
+ such as novels, short stories, magazines and newspapers.
②我要花一些时间和父母在一起。
I'll spend some time staying with my parents.
+ chatting with them and doing some housework.
③我想找一个像我一样喜欢旅行的笔友。
I'd like to seek a pen pal who is interested in traveling just like me.
+ If possible, we can travel together or share our unforgettable traveling experiences.
技法2　增添与所写信息相关的神态、动作、心理描写以及背景渲染等内容
①我有时去村西的小河游泳。
I go swimming in the river of the west of the village now and then.
+ The water in the river is very clear. (背景渲染)
+ Weather permitting, I go swimming in the river of the west of the village now and then.(相关条件)
②旅行了一周后，他回到了家。
After a week's trip, he returned home.
+ tired but very happy.(心理描写)
技法3　增加相关信息的时间、地点等内容
①我要和父母一起去超市购物。
I'm going to do some shopping with my parents in the supermarket.
+ and won't be back until about 5: 00 in the afternoon.(增加时间)
②我已经带来了你让我归还的这两本书。
I have taken with me the two books you asked me to return.
+ to the City Library.(增加地点)
③(谈论善款用途)募捐得来的钱将送给最急需的人。
The money collected in the charity sale will be sent to those in great need.
+ This will not only help them get through difficulties, but also give them warmth and happiness.(增加意义)
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)(介绍音乐节的情况)As scheduled, the festival will start at 9:00 a.m.on August 15th. (1) It will last two and a half hours. (持续时长)(2) Additionally, we will be fully absorbed in the attractive and fascinating performances. (活动内容) (3) And at the same time we will sit on the grass and enjoy the tasty food and drinks provided by sponsors. (其它活动)(4) Furthermore, we also expect to see you on the stage then. (表达期待)
2．(说明自己所擅长的两项技艺) As a Chinese, I'm good at many skills related to our traditional culture. But among them, Tai chi is my favorite because it does much good to my health.(1) I'm sure American friends will be also crazy about it after they touch it. (这项技能对竞选这一职位的好处)And as you know, Chinese cooking is popular all over the world. (2) It happens that I'm expert at it, and I'm glad to present some traditional Chinese dishes to everybody.(这项技能对竞选这一职位的好处)
3．(2018·天津高考书面表达) 邀请他的原因(1)We are desperately in need of your help. (邀请的原因)So as the group leader, I sincerely invite you to join us. (2) I am convinced that with our joint efforts we can undoubtedly get good results. (我坚信我们共同的努力会得到好的结果)(3) What's more, I will e-mail you our training plan soon, hoping you can offer some constructive suggestions regarding it. (我邮件发你我们的培训计划，希望你可以提供一些建设性的建议)
4．(2018·浙江高考书面表达)(应聘志愿者的相关经验)Firstly, I can speak fluent English and (1)I have little difficulty communi-cating with foreigners. (这项技能对竞选这一职位的好处)Secondly, I helped receive some visiting foreigners to our school last year. (2)This experience is sure to enable me to do better this year. (这项技能对竞选这一职位的好处)
5．(互联网的好处)The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life. We can not only read news from home and abroad, but also get information, send emails and attend online schools.(不仅可以...而且可以...)
03
增加过渡
增加过渡是常见的“增加细节”的方法，过渡性词语和过渡性语句的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的最常用手段。在句与句之间、段与段之间恰当地使用一些承上启下的过渡(连接)性词语，句子可避免语句陡转直下，不联不搭，通过合理过渡，实现语句的衔接顺畅。这就需要考生在日常学习中积累背诵常用的过渡词。例如：表示列举的firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally；表示自己看法的as far as I'm concerned, from my point of view, in my opinion；表示转折的on the contrary, however, every coin has two sides等。
※目的：增加凝聚力，突出连贯性
※方法：根据行文或段落需要，在句与句或段与段之间适当增加过渡性词语，或者过渡句，以使文章浑然一体，提高说服力
※ 特色：行文连贯，条理清晰
1．(话题：家长用车接送学生引起校门口拥堵) Our traffic department should strengthen management to make the parents obey traffic rules. Our school should appeal to us students to walk or ride a bike to and from school, which is not only friendly to our traffic environment but also is good for students' health.
2．(去美国学习英语询问具体问题)
I'm concerned with how far it is from the host family to my school. I'm wondering whether a private bedroom will be offered to me. I tend to know if there are any special customs that I should pay attention to. Would you please give me some more suggestions on how to get along well with the host family I'm sure your advice will benefit me a lot.
2．(去美国学习英语询问具体问题)
I'm concerned with how far it is from the host family to my school. I'm wondering whether a private bedroom will be offered to me. I tend to know if there are any special customs that I should pay attention to. Would you please give me some more suggestions on how to get along well with the host family I'm sure your advice will benefit me a lot.
1. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)First of all/To begin with (首先), I'm a big fan of traditional Chinese paintings. Therefore (因此), I am capable of offering visitors detailed explanations on the stories of famous Chinese painters.2. (2018·浙江高考写作)We lost our way in the forest and to make matters worse/worse still (更糟的是), it got dark.3. (2018·北京高考书面表达)In my opinion/view (依我看), studying for a degree in a different culture is never easy.
4. On the one hand (一方面), they can sweep the tombs for the dead. On the other hand (另一方面), they can go for a walk in the country in spring when the grass has just turned green.5. In a word/In conclusion/In short/In brief (总之), success is important, and so is failure, because it's the mother of success.
Recently, it has been a great public concern that the students lack selfprotection awareness. There is a lack of social experience among students and therefore learning how to protect ourselves is of great significance to us all. 1.For one thing, security comes first. 2.For another thing, protecting ourselves contributes to the healthy development of us students. 3.Meanwhile, it also helps to build a more harmonious society. 4. Personally, in order to protect us students, 5.above all, we should strengthen our security awareness. 6.Besides, when accidents occur, we should calm down and turn to teachers or parents for help. 7.In a word, only by the combined efforts of every side involved can we live and study in harmony.
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)(话题：申请作为伦敦一家美术馆举办中国画展览的志愿者的优势)First of all, (1)having lived in China for sixteen years and having learnt English since I was a child, I have a good command of English and Chinese, (2)which is beneficial for introducing Chinese paintings. Besides, (3) having a good knowledge of Chinese paintings, I can get foreigners and the locals to know more about it. (4)Last but not least, through my introduction and efforts, I believe, I can strengthen the friendship between China and England.
04
详加描述
详加描述是常见的“增加细节”的方法，这可以使文章词数达标、内容充实、结构连贯、语意顺畅。
※目的：有详有略，主次分明
※方法：根据提示要求，首先确定主要点和次要点，然后在主要点上着笔泼墨。除了前面提到的采用“追加成分”以扩展句子的方式外，还可把一些主要点分开详述，从而提升这些要点的分量
※ 特色：详略得当，重点突出
Dear James, I'm very excited and inspired by the news that your first novel has been published. I'd like to offer my sincere congratulations to you on your great success. Actually, I have witnessed your progress with admiration all these years, and I can imagine how much effort you have put into your writing. Besides, I'd like to thank you for mailing a sample copy of your novel to me. I can hardly wait to read it. By the way, I'm also very interested in writing and I am anxious to know how to choose a good topic for a novel and develop it. Will you give me some advice I'm looking forward to your early reply. Yours sincerely, Li Hua
Dear Sir/Madam, I'm Li Hua, a middle school student from China, who is studying in London in summer holidays. I'm writing to apply to be a volunteer of the exhibition of traditional Chinese paintings. Here are my advantages. First of all, I am greatly interested in paintings. I have received some professional trainings in my spare time. More importantly, I consider it a good chance to spread Chinese culture and develop my ability. So I think I am highly qualified for the job. I would be very grateful if you could give me a chance. Looking forward to your reply. Yours, Li Hua
感谢聆听
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