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题型微解2：推理判断题
推理判断题是高层次的阅读理解题，考查形式主要有：事实细节题、观点态度题、文章出处题、写作目的题、读者对象题。
(1)事实细节题
事实细节题就是根据语篇内容，推断具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、时间等。
(2023·全国乙卷)
One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil’s Lake, Wisconsin, to climb the purple quartz(石英) rock around the lake. After we found a crazy－looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks, we decided to photograph the scene at sunset. The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background. We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset. However, we did not mark the route(路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. Once we found the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time. Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
　What can we infer from the author’s trip with friends to Devil’s Lake
A. They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.
B. They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset.
C. They reached the shooting spot later than expected.
D. They had problems with their equipment.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：trip with friends to Devil’s Lake。
(2)根据题干信息提示词，定位本题根据在本段，然后仔细阅读原文字面信息。
(3)逐个分析选项，找到错项的问题之处。本题根据第五句“我们没有在路线上做标记，所以我们几乎完全错过了日落”可推知作者一行人到达拍摄地点的时间比预期的晚，由此推断出C项答案正确。
　(2023·全国甲卷)
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Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant－free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits，” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
1. What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
答案　B
解析　事实细节题。根据文章选段中“If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. ‘Our hope is to have a clean, attractant－free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits，’ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.”可推知，如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B项。
　(2022·全国乙卷)
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high－tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on－time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
2. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
答案　A
解析　事实细节题。根据文章内容第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high－tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.”可推知，无人机检查高压电力线路的能力使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A项。
(2)观点态度题
观点态度题旨在考查考生对作者或文中人物的观点或态度的理解能力，需要考生在理解原文的基础上进行推理判断。
高考阅读理解题常见的表达作者观点态度的词：
褒义 positive积极的　optimistic乐观的　sincere真诚的　tolerant容忍的　respectful尊敬的　friendly友好的　beautiful美好的　supportive支持的　favourable支持的，赞同的　approving同意的
贬义 negative消极的　pessimistic悲观的　critical批评的　ironic讽刺的　disgusted厌恶的　disappointed失望的　discouraging令人沮丧的　disapproving不同意的　unfavourable不赞同的　unconcerned不关心的，不感兴趣的　indifferent漠不关心的　uncaring冷漠的，无同情心的　doubtful怀疑的　skeptical怀疑的　particular挑剔的
中性 subjective主观的　objective客观的　ambiguous模棱两可的　neutral中立的　unexpected意想不到的
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)
In a follow－up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision－making are enormous.
　What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear.　　　　　 B. Dismissive.
C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：attitude toward Navajas’ studies。
(2)根据题干信息提示词，定位本题根据。
(3)通过分析，最后一句表达了作者的观点态度，由此可推断出D项是正确答案。
(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill－based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well－being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re－evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant.
C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
答案　A
解析　观点态度题。根据第三段第一句“Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.”中的“more beneficial than harmful”可知，作者认为宣传的整体效果是有益的，所以作者的态度是支持的。故选A项。
(3)文章出处题
文章出处题要求考生根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处。
(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books，” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed(描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate_to．
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st－century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery－powered e－reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off－line” activity.
　Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An introduction to a book.
B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum.
D. A review of modern paintings.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：Where。
(2)根据全文，尤其是第一段第一句：《阅读艺术：书籍爱好者的艺术》展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品，可知本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。
(3)通过分析选项，A项应为正确答案。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90—100, A; 80—89, B; 70—79, C; 60—69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 ＝10%; Essay 2＝15%; Essay 3＝15%; Essay 4＝20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In－Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in－class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class’ lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
Where is this text probably taken from
A. A textbook. B. An exam paper.
C. A course plan. D. An academic article.
答案　C
解析　文章出处题。根据文章标题“Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature (文学概论课程评分办法)”和Essays (60%)部分中的“Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course(你的四篇主要文章将构成本课程评分的主要部分)”可知，文章介绍了文学概论这门课的评分办法，可得出本文是出自一个课程计划。故选C项。
(4)写作目的题
写作目的题要求学生在理解文章大意的基础上归纳总结和推理判断出作者想要传达的某种想法或观点。
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer－causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco－machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco－machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse－like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1，600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco－machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor，” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self－repair.”
　What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John’s research plans.
B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs.
D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：purpose, Fuzhou。
(2)根据题干信息提示词，定位本题根据在第五段。第五段的主题句为“Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs”，福州的例子就是来阐述这个观点的。
(3)再结合第五段主题句后的例子，分析对比四个选项，推断出B项是正确答案。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain，” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw－dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time—but for him, it’s more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D．C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807，500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat，” Curtin says.
　What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A. We pay little attention to food waste.
B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat.
D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
答案　B
解析　写作目的题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多；我扔掉的可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B项。
(5)读者对象题
读者对象题要求考生根据文章内容和文中的措辞来推断文章的读者对象。
(2022·惠州三调)
Home delivery meal kits have been one of the bits of the pandemic: they have enabled diners to carry on getting a taste of restaurant－quality food, while helping restaurants to stay in business, and even make you an excellent chef. Here are four of the best offering delivery in our region：
Berenjak ()
“The kabab kits from this London－based Iranian restaurant—which range in price from ￡25 to ￡45—are a ‘class act’，” says Jay Rayner in The Observer. “My kit even included a pair of plastic gloves for me to wear while dealing with the raw meat. This is the best kind of meal kit—the cooking is fun, and the finished product is utterly delicious.”
Gujarati Rasoi (gujaratirasoi.co.uk)
“I love this vegetarian restaurant，” says Marina O’Loughlin in The Sunday Times. “And its meal boxes are ‘electrifyingly good’ too. Family boxes for four cost ￡65, and I especially love the starter (￡15.50). The dishes were complicated, yet quite easy to cook.”
Lyle’s ()
“This Michelin－starred London restaurant delivers its ‘exquisitely delicious’ menu boxes each Friday，” says Xanthe Clay in The Daily Telegraph. “At ￡140 for two, they aren’t cheap, and with multiple courses, they do take a bit of work and concentration to cook.”
Santo Remedio (santoremedio.co.uk)
“Order a Remedy kit from Santo Remedio and what you will get is an incredibly generous, sharing－style Mexican feast for two，” says Anna Lawson on BBC’s “Good Food”. “The kits come with a choice of slow－cooked meat, accompanied by all the ingredients to make your own pancake. Preparation is simple, thanks to a colour－coded instruction.”
　Who are the potential target readers of the text
A. Restaurant cooks.
B. Trainee chefs.
C. Ordinary housewives or househusbands.
D. Hotel managers.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：the potential target readers。
(2)根据文章第一段“they have enabled diners to carry on getting a taste of restaurant－quality food, while helping restaurants to stay in business, and even make you an excellent chef. (它们使得食客能够继续品尝到具有饭店品质的食物，同时也能帮助餐馆继续营业，甚至让你成为一名优秀的厨师)”可知，作者就是想让人订套餐，所以谁最有可能买谁就是潜在的目标读者。
(3)通过分析四个选项可知，普通家庭主妇或主夫最可能订套餐。故选C项。
(2023·济宁高三期末)
Employers today tend to hire students who truly made the most of their time on campus. Getting involved in an extracurricular club could be one of your highlights.
Media & Publication Club
It focuses on publishing a campus newspaper, creating a website, or writing ads. The skill sets required to successfully create media today are incredibly varied. You may have a passion for the written word or love graphic design. Whatever the case, you are likely to find your place within the club.
Academic Club
This club is among the most popular on campus, which can be a great benefit to a degree－seeker, because they allow you to connect with other students in the same major and often even to network with professionals from industries in which you plan to seek employment after graduation.
Community Service Club
If you are eager to make a difference to the world, the club focusing on serving others might be the perfect match for you. This club is intended for children, seniors, underserved populations, animals, the environment, and so on. If you have a desire to help, the opportunity to serve likely exists on your campus.
Sports & Recreation Club
If you are passionate about the sport you’re pursuing, it does not matter if you aren’t playing at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) level. Club sports are usually not regulated by the rules of the NCAA, but you have chances to travel to other colleges in order to compete. The level of competition is generally not quite as intense, which makes club sports an extremely popular option if you’re just looking to play for fun.
Who is the text targeted at
A. Employers. B. Professors.
C. Undergraduates. D. Children.
答案　C
解析　读者对象题。根据第一段“Employers today tend to hire students who truly made the most of their time on campus. Getting involved in an extracurricular club could be one of your highlights.(如今的雇主倾向于雇用真正充分利用在校时间的学生。参加课外俱乐部可能是你的重要事情之一)”可推知，这篇文章针对的是大学生。故选C项。

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