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题型微解4：主旨大意题
主旨大意题考查学生对文章内容的深层次理解、概括能力，一般分为：段落大意题、标题归纳题、文章大意题。
(1)段落大意题
段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。
(2023·全国乙卷)
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. How past events should be presented.
B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words.
D. Why written language is reliable.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：What和the first paragraph。
(2)根据文章选段可知，如果你想讲述不偏袒人类历史上任何一方的一段世界历史，你就不能仅依靠文字。文字是人类的后期成果之一，直到最近甚至许多有文字的社会不仅用文字，还用实物来记载他们重要的事情。所以此段是说过去的历史事件应结合文字和实物来呈现，故A项正确。
　(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
1. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation.
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors.
D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
答案　B
解析　段落大意题。通读文章第二段内容可知，本段解释了“群体智慧”效应背后的逻辑。故选B项。
　(2022·全国甲卷)
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there—broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
2. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. Sydney’s striking architecture.
B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development.
D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
答案　C
解析　段落大意题。根据文章选段“Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. (20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚的悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口)”以及“But it is the harbor that makes the city. (但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C项。
(2)文章大意题
文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。
(2023·浙江1月卷)
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump_on_that_bandwagon．
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not－always－supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries(洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes，you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing，which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
What is the text mainly about
A. How to get on well with other family members.
B. How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C. How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D. How to control the budget when buying groceries.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：What, the text。
(2)通读文章可知，第二、三段提到作者五年前在家里开始转向零废弃的生活方式，第四段是为实现家庭零废弃生活方式而做出的改变。最后两段阐释了在群体生活中得不到理解和支持时，“用行动说话”是最好的办法。整篇文章都在讲述如何在家庭中过上零废弃的生活方式，故得出正确答案为C项。
(2022·全国甲卷)
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick－started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take_the_plunge．
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last－minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go，” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has，” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
What is the text mainly about
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
答案　B
解析　文章大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了Ginni Bazlinton去南极旅行的经历，再根据第一段“These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick－started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. (这些温柔可爱的看门人欢迎了她，并开始了一次Ginni永远不会忘记的旅行)”和倒数第二段Ginni Bazlinton对南极之旅的评价可知，文章主要介绍了Ginni Bazlinton的非常难忘的南极洲之旅。由此可知，“An unforgettable experience. (一次难忘的经历)”能够概括文章主旨。故选B项。
(3)标题归纳题
标题归纳题要求学生在理解文意的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给的选项中选出适合文章的标题。
(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low－income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks，” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands－on experiments such as soil testing, flower－and－seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently，” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside，” she says, “and they feel successful.”
What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Rescuing School Gardens
B. Experiencing Country Life
C. Growing Vegetable Lovers
D. Changing Local Landscape
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：suitable title。
(2)通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo发起Urban Sprouts项目，并带领学生种植蔬菜的故事，对学生影响深远。分析选项得知C项适合作为本文标题。
(2022·全国甲卷)
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape－recognition abilities to a human two－year－old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial－and－error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two－year－old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and workout whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers
B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal－Readers
D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape－Sorters
答案　D
解析　标题归纳题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape－recognition abilities to a human two－year－old. (戈芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于澳大拉西亚的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos: Skilful Shape－Sorters (凤头鹦鹉：熟练的形状分拣者)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D项。

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