资源简介

体裁微解
体裁 阅读方法 体裁特点
应用文 跳读法(查找所需信息) 主旨大意常在首段
记叙文 略读法(了解文章大意) 主旨大意常在末段
说明文 研读法(理解深层含义) 主旨大意在首段；其中研究报告的结果就是中心
议论文 主旨大意在首段；论点就是中心
新闻报道 首段就是中心；小标题是段落中心
体裁微解1：应用文
应用文是高考中最简单的文章，因为段落之间没有连续性，故采用先题后文的方法，根据题目的关键词按图索骥去相关段落找答案，无关信息不用看，做题时间在5分钟左右。
(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)
Yellowstone National Park offers a variety of ranger programs throughout the park, and throughout the year. The following are descriptions of the ranger programs this summer.
Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone (May 26 to September 2)
Whether you’re hiking a backcountry trail (小径), camping, or just enjoying the park’s amazing wildlife from the road, this quick workshop is for you and your family. Learn where to look for animals and how to safely enjoy your wildlife watching experience. Meet at the Canyon Village Store.
Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics (June 5 to August 21)
Kids can test their skills and compare their abilities to the animals of Yellowstone. Stay for as little or as long as your plans allow. Meet in front of the Visitor Education Center.
Canyon Talks at Artist Point (June 9 to September 2)
From a classic viewpoint, enjoy Lower Falls, the Yellowstone River, and the breathtaking colors of the canyon (峡谷) while learning about the area’s natural and human history. Discover why artists and photographers continue to be drawn to this special place. Meet on the lower platform at Artist Point on the South Rim Drive for this short talk.
Photography Workshops (June 19 & July 10)
Enhance your photography skills—join Yellowstone’s park photographer for a hands－on program to inspire new and creative ways of enjoying the beauty and wonder of Yellowstone.
6/19—Waterfalls & Wide Angles: meet at Artist Point.
7/10—Wildflowers & White Balance: meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.
1. Which of the four programs begins the earliest
A. Photography Workshops.
B. Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics.
C. Canyon Talks at Artist Point.
D. Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：begins the earliest。
(2)根据四个黑体项目后括号内的内容，我们可以知道每个项目开始及结束的时间。
(3)把四个时间进行对比后可直接得出D项是正确答案。
2. What is the short talk at Artist Point about
A. Works of famous artists.
B. Protection of wild animals.
C. Basic photography skills.
D. History of the canyon area.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：the short talk和Artist Point。
(2)根据Artist Point，定位本题根据在第四段第一句“From a classic viewpoint, enjoy Lower Falls, the Yellowstone River, and the breathtaking colors of the canyon while learning about the area’s natural and human history”。
(3)根据句中“while learning about the area’s natural and human history(同时了解该地区的自然和人类历史)”，可得出D项是正确答案。
错项 排除 A 未提及Works，所以A项错，属于无中生有。
B 未提及Protection，所以B项错，属于无中生有。
C 未提及photography skills，所以C项错，属于张冠李戴。
3. Where will the participants meet for the July 10 photography workshop
A. Artist Point.
B. Washburn Trailhead.
C. Canyon Village Store.
D. Visitor Education Center.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：Where和the July 10 photography workshop。
(2)根据the July 10 photography workshop，定位本题根据“7/10—Wildflowers & White Balance: meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area”。
(3)根据句中“meet at Washburn Trailhead”可直接得出B项是正确答案。
错项排除 A、C、D三项均与本题关键词无关，属于张冠李戴。
(2023·浙江1月卷)
Explorers Camp
·Full day camp for kids aged 5－13.
·Monday—Friday, July 8－26, 9am－4pm.
Week 1 | July 8－12
Week 2 | July 15－19
Week 3 | July 22－26
·Register for a single week or multiple weeks.
·Fees：$365 per week.
·The last day to cancel registration and receive a full refund (退款) is June 15.
Camp Structure
The day is divided into two thematic sessions per age group. Campers have a three－hour morning class engaging with a morning theme (9am to 12 noon) and a one－hour lunch break, followed by another three－hour class engaging with an afternoon theme (1pm to 4pm). Snack periods are held throughout the day. All campers should bring their own bagged lunch and snacks.
Camp Content
Explorers Camp organizes engaging arts, history and science－related activities in every class, and focuses on a range of topics that emphasize active learning, exploration and, most of all, fun! All camp sessions are created with age－appropriate activities that are tailored to the multiple ways that kids learn.
Camp Staff
Campers enjoy a staff－to－child ratio ranging from 1∶4 to 1∶7 depending on the age group. Instructors are passionate educators who are experts in their fields and have undergone training and a background check.
1. On which of the following dates can you cancel your registration with a full refund
A. June 12.　　　　　 B. June 22.
C. July 19. D. July 26.
2. How are campers divided into different groups
A. By gender. B. By nationality.
C. By interest. D. By age.
3. How many hours of class will you have altogether if you register for a single week
A. 15. B. 21.
C. 30. D. 42.
答案与解析
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇应用文，介绍了儿童露营机构招收儿童的年龄、报名时间、收费情况、露营安排、露营活动内容以及露营工作人员的情况。
1. 答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第五个要点提示“The last day to cancel registration and receive a full refund is June 15.”可知，取消注册并获得全额退款的截止日期是6月15日。因此，在6月15日之前的日期是正确答案。故选A项。
2. 答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据Camp Structure 部分第一句“The day is divided into two thematic sessions per age group.”和Camp Staff 部分第一句“Campers enjoy a staff－to－child ratio ranging from 1∶4 to 1∶7 depending on the age group.”可知，露营者根据年龄进行分组。故选D项。
3. 答案　C
解析　数字计算题。根据第二个要点提示中Monday—Friday可知，一周有五天的课程。根据Camp Structure部分第二句“Campers have a three－hour morning class ..., followed by another three－hour class ...”可知，露营者上午上3小时课程，下午上3小时课程，全天共6小时。如果只注册一个星期，总共课程应为30个小时。故选C项。
体裁微解2：记叙文
记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容，以记叙和描写为表达方式的文章。命题多集中在多个事件的先后顺序和人物的情感态度上，阅读此类文章时要重点分析事情的发展脉络，弄清人物关系，透析文章的情感主线。
(2023·北京卷)
Sitting in the garden for my friend’s birthday, I felt a buzz (振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you ...” and my vision blurred (模糊). The position—measuring soil quality in the Sahara Desert as part of an undergraduate research programme—had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for.
I had put so much time and emotional energy into applying, and I thought the rejection meant the end of the road for my science career.
So I was shocked when, not long after the email, Professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked—and overjoyed—when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn’t seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all.
I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue.
When I applied to graduate school, I found three programmes promising to allow me to follow my desired research direction. And I applied with the same anxious excitement as before. When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undoubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective (视角) to keep it from sending me into panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted into one of the other programmes I was also excited about.
Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them.
1. How did the author feel upon seeing the email sender’s name
A. Anxious. 　　　　　 B. Angry.
C. Surprised. D. Settled.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：feel和upon seeing the email sender’s name。
(2)根据upon seeing the email sender’s name，定位本题根据在第一段第二句“My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name”。
(3)根据第一段第二句中“My heart raced(我的心跳加速)”及下句“The email started off: ‘Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest’ and ‘the review process took longer than expected.’ It ended with ‘We are sorry to inform you ...’ and my vision blurred”推知，作者收到的是被拒绝的邮件，所以推测作者在看到电子邮件发件人的名字时感到焦虑，故A项是正确答案。
错项排除 B、C、D三项均与本题无关。
2. After talking with Professor Devon, the author decided to ________．
A. criticise the review process
B. stay longer in the Sahara Desert
C. apply to the original project again
D. put his heart and soul into the lab work
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：Professor Devon和the author decided to。
(2)根据Professor Devon，定位本题根据在第三段“So I was shocked when, not long after the email, Professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked—and overjoyed—when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn’t seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all. (因此，在收到这封邮件后不久，负责这个项目的玛丽·德文教授邀请我去她的实验室观察正在进行的工作，这让我感到非常震惊。我欣然接受了这个机会，几周后，当她邀请我和她谈谈我可以在她的实验室里从事的潜在项目时，我同样感到震惊——同时也欣喜若狂。她提出的建议似乎没有我最初申请的项目那么令人兴奋，但我打算全力以赴)”。
(3)根据第三段中最后一句“What she proposed didn’t seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all.(她提出的建议似乎没有我最初申请的项目那么令人兴奋，但我打算全力以赴)”，对比四个选项后可得出D项是正确答案。
错项 排除 A A项和本题无关。
B B项与本题无关。
C 因为apply to ... again，所以C项错，属于断章取义。
3. According to the author, the project with the robotics professor was ________．
A. demanding B. inspiring
C. misleading D. amusing
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：the project with the robotics professor。
(2)根据the project with the robotics professor，定位本题根据在第四段第二、三句“That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue”。
(3)根据第四段第三句“In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue.(最后，我有了新的科学兴趣去追求)”，可推知这个项目是鼓舞人心的， 故B项是正确答案。
错项排除 A、C、D三项均不是作者的观点态度。
4. What can we learn from this passage
A. An invitation is a reputation.
B. An innovation is a resolution.
C. A rejection can be a redirection.
D. A reflection can be a restriction.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：What和learn from this passage。
(2)根据learn from this passage，定位本题根据在最后一段“Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them. (我明白了有时候我需要抓住被提供的机会，即使这些机会在当时听起来并不完美，也要充分利用，而不是一成不变地制定计划)”。
(3)本句话是作者结合自己被拒绝后得到了更好的职业发展机会后的感悟，告诉我们：最初的拒绝给予了更好的方向。故C项“拒绝可以是重定向”最符合文章的主旨。
错项 排除 A 因为reputation，所以A项错，属于无中生有。
B B项和本题无关。
D D项和本题无关。
(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)
By day, Robert Titterton is a lawyer. In his spare time though he goes on stage beside pianist Maria Raspopova—not as a musician but as her page turner. “I’m not a trained musician, but I’ve learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance.”
Mr Titterton is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group’s official page turner for the past four years. His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn’t have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves. He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage.
“A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot，” Mr Titterton explained.
Being a page turner requires plenty of practice. Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages. Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.
But like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong. “I was turning the page to get ready for the next page, but the draft wind from the turn caused the spare pages to fall off the stand，” Mr Titterton said. “Luckily I was able to catch them and put them back.”
Most page turners are piano students or up－and－coming concert pianists, although Ms Raspopova has once asked her husband to help her out on stage.
“My husband is the worst page turner，” she laughed. “He’s interested in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say: ‘Turn, turn！’ Robert is the best page turner I’ve had in my entire life.”
1. What should Titterton be able to do to be a page turner
A. Read music.　　　　 B. Play the piano.
C. Sing songs. D. Fix the instruments.
2. Which of the following best describes Titterton’s job on stage
A. Boring. B. Well－paid.
C. Demanding. D. Dangerous.
3. What does Titterton need to practise
A. Counting the pages.
B. Recognizing the “nodding”．
C. Catching falling objects.
D. Performing in his own style.
4. Why is Ms Raspopova’s husband “the worst page turner”？
A. He has very poor eyesight.
B. He ignores the audience.
C. He has no interest in music.
D. He forgets to do his job.
答案与解析
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了律师Robert Titterton在业余时间做钢琴师Maria Raspopova的乐谱翻页者的经历。
1. 答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“I’m not a trained musician, but I’ve learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance.”可知，想做钢琴师的乐谱翻页者需要会识谱。故选A项。
2. 答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中“A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot”可推知，乐谱翻页者的工作需要很多技巧，要求很高。故选C项。
3. 答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of ‘nodding’ to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.”可知，无声的舞台交流是关键，每个钢琴师都有他们自己的“点头”风格来暗示翻页，他们需要同他们的翻页者一起练习。所以Titterton需要练习及时识别钢琴师的点头翻页示意。故选B项。
4. 答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段的“He’s interested in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say：‘Turn, turn！’”可知，她的丈夫太专注于音乐了，还需要她去提醒翻页，所以推断出他总是忘记自己的翻页工作。故选D项。
体裁微解3：说明文
说明文是高考阅读理解中的重难点体裁，以科普知识类和环保生态类居多，命题方式多样化，词汇量较大，句子结构较复杂，考生失分较严重。
(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷)
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well－being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park－goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human－nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it，” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
1. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A. Pocket parks are now popular.
B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated.
D. People enjoy living close to nature.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：What phenomenon和at the beginning of the text。
(2)根据at the beginning of the text, 定位本题根据在第一段“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”。
(3)由此可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故B项为正确答案。
错项 排除 A 因为popular，所以A项错，属于无中生有。
C 因为overpopulated，所以C项错，属于无中生有。
D 因为enjoy living close to nature，所以D项错，属于无中生有。
2. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A. To compare different types of park－goers.
B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park.
D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：Why和code participant submissions into categories。
(2)根据code participant submissions into categories, 定位本题根据在第三段第二、三句“They surveyed several hundred park－goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”及第四段第一、二句“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a ‘nature language’ began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. (在这320份提交的信息中，一种被研究人员称为‘自然语言’的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”。
(3)通过对以上内容的分析可知，研究人员对参与者提交的内容进行了分类，以便在游客的总结中找到模式，并确定对游客最重要的自然体验。通过这样做，他们能够创造一种“自然语言”，帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动。对比四个选项，只有D项准确地反映了这一目的。
错项 排除 A 因为compare，所以A项错，属于无中生有。
B B项和本题无关。
C C项和本题无关。
3. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：example和paragraph 5。
(2)根据paragraph 5, 定位本题根据在第五段“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”。
(3)本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意且最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。由此推知，一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C项。
错项 排除 A 因为the best way，所以A项错，属于无中生有。
B 因为too busy to，所以B项错，属于无中生有。
D D项和本题无关。
4. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A. Language study.
B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education.
D. Intercultural communication.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：What和Kahn。
(2)根据Kahn, 定位本题根据在最后一段“‘We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human－nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it，’ said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (‘我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，’该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说)”。
(3)根据“And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it”可推知，彼得·卡恩认为我们在与大自然互动之前应该先要保护自然。选项B与protect nature意思相符，故为正确答案。
错项 排除 A 因为study，所以A项错，属于无中生有。
C C项和本题无关。
D D项和本题无关。
(2023·全国甲卷)
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy (哲学)．
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you—and then try to explain them.
Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding(解读) their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
1. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author
A. Foucault.　　　　　 B. Eric Weiner.
C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
2. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4
A. To compare Weiner with them.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
3. What does the author like about The Socrates Express
A. Its views on history are well－presented.
B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers.
D. It leaves an open ending.
4. What does the author think of Weiner’s book
A. Objective and plain.
B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow.
D. Humorous and straightforward.
答案与解析
【语篇解读】　这是一篇说明文。作者在13岁时开始喜欢哲学，随后Weiner的书The Socrates Express唤起了作者对哲学的热爱。文章通过介绍The Socrates Express这本书，倡导读者花时间去读这本书。
1. 答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段“I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy.(我大约13岁的时候，一个叔叔给了我一本Jostein Gaarder的《苏菲的世界》。书里面的观点对我来说都很新奇，所以我整个夏天都在钻研那本书。它对我说话，把我带入一个哲学的世界)”可知，Jostein Gaarder为作者打开了通往哲学的大门。故选C项。
2. 答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段中“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. (Weiner在每一章的开头都描述了一个城市之间火车旅行的场景，然后将每一位哲学家的著作框定在一个他们能够帮助我们做得更好的背景中。最终的结果是，我们学会了像苏格拉底一样思考，像梭罗一样观察，像叔本华一样倾听，像尼采一样没有遗憾)”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner的书的内容，接着作者通过列举几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiner的书。故选D项。
3. 答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中“This, more than a book about undestanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.(这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习运用哲学来改善生活的书)”可知，作者喜欢The Socrates Express这本书，是因为它的思想可以应用到日常生活中。故选B项。
4. 答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor.(他使哲学思想成为一种有吸引力的练习，可以提高我们体验的质量，而且他在做这件事的时候充满了幽默)”可知，Weiner的书很幽默。根据最后一段中“The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. (The Socrates Express是一本有趣而尖锐的书，它以其表面上的简单吸引着读者，并逐渐将他们拉进对欲望、孤独和衰老的深层思考中)”可知，Weiner的书简单易懂。由此可知，Weiner的书既幽默又简单易懂。故选D项。
体裁微解4：议论文
议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。选材主要是中外人们广泛关注的社会话题和热点话题。议论文命题多样化，文中会出现生僻词汇和长难句，难度相对较大。
(2023·全国乙卷)
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non－literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non－literate societies such as these, all our first－hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation,_we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. How past events should be presented.
B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words.
D. Why written language is reliable.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：What和the first paragraph。
(2)根据the first paragraph, 定位本题根据在第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不偏袒某一部分人的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经有过文本记录，而世界上大多数人在大多数时间里都没有。文字是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情)”。
(3)由此可知，第一段主要讲述历史应该如何呈现给我们，对比四个选项，A项为正确答案。
错项 排除 B 因为humanity，所以B项错，属于无中生有。
C C项与本题无关。
D 因为written language，所以D项错，属于无中生有。
2. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A. His report was scientific.
B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay.
D. His record was one－sided.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：indicate和Captain Cook in paragraph 2。
(2)根据Captain Cook in paragraph 2，定位本题根据在第二段第二句“The clearest example of this between literate and non－literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.(在有文字和无文字的历史中，最明显的例子可能是第一次冲突，在植物学湾，库克船长的航行和澳大利亚土著之间的冲突)”。
(3)再根据上文“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到)”和下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在逃跑中扔下的)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故D项是正确答案。
错项 排除 A 因为scientific，所以A项错，属于无中生有。
B 因为represented the local people，所以B项错，属于无中生有。
C 因为ruled，所以C项错，属于无中生有。
3. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Problem. 　　　　　 B. History.
C. Voice. D. Society.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：conversation和paragraph 3。
(2)根据paragraph 3, 定位本题根据在第三段最后一句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到‘对话’的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要看物件)”。
(3)再根据画线单词的上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact between literate and non－literate societies such as these, all our first－hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文字社会和无文字社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读物件。所以conversation指的是“history”。故B项是正确答案。
错项排除 A、C、D三项代入均与前文语境不符。
4. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects
D. How Art Works Tell Stories
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：the text和selected from。
(2)先根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不偏袒某一部分人的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人在大多数时间里都没有)”。
(3)再结合文章最后一段最后一句“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到‘对话’的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要看物件)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好地了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章选自C项这本书。
错项 排除 A 因为Maps，所以A项错，属于无中生有。
B 因为Australia，所以B项错，属于无中生有。
D 因为Art Works，所以D项错，属于无中生有。
(2023·怀化市二模)
If you are a parent of young children who visits parenting websites, you may be invited, through targeted advertising, to enroll (登记) your child in a Future School Global Maths Skill Assessment—“to see how they compare to other kids the same age globally”. You may be urged to consider the possibility that they are “gifted” in some ways, if not in maths, then in music or art. But the other day, a line caught my eye. “Talent isn’t everything，” read the copy. “The important thing is to teach your child to be kind.”
In line with common assumptions, I believed kindness wasn’t innate (天生的); instead, it was something entirely reliant on cultivation (培养). These days I wonder about that, and about our determination to see it that way. Of my two children, one can be pressured into sharing and being less greedy, which falls squarely within the normal range. The other child, more often than not, considers the feelings of others, naturally and without being asked. Like a 40－year－old, she uses phrases like “I’m happy for her” and “No, you go ahead.” It’s unusually mature and occasionally strange.
Real kindness is not this. Kindness, I try to tell my children, is strength. My child with the kind character is frequently let down by the rudeness of others, at which point I have to bite my tongue. “Jessica was rude to you because she is not capable of the things that you are” is not the ammunition (证据) I’m going to give to my seven－year－old. On the other hand, it seems fair to provide her with a basic knowledge of how insecurity works.
Can you teach someone to be kind Of course, but only sort of, not entirely. You can condition them with reason and rewards in the same way you can send them to piano every week. The fact remains that some people are kinder than others not as a result of external forces but from some preloaded ability.
1. Why are parenting websites mentioned in Paragraph 1
A. To stress the importance of talent.
B. To ease into the topic of kindness.
C. To encourage parents to learn online.
D. To show the popularity of such websites.
2. What did the author use to believe
A. Kindness was innate.
B. Kindness was self－taught.
C. Kindness was everywhere.
D. Kindness was an acquired quality.
3. How does the author show her children “kindness is strength”？
A. By asking other kids to be fair.
B. By offering her children ammunition.
C. By talking about other kids’ specific inability.
D. By explaining to her children how insecurity works.
4. What does the author think of kindness according to the last paragraph
A. It is a powerful force.
B. It is both inborn and learned.
C. It has to be rewarded regularly.
D. It grows only in the right conditions.
答案与解析
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇议论文。作者在文中主要谈论了善良究竟是与生俱来的还是后天培养的这一话题。
1. 答案　B
解析　写作目的题。根据第一段中的“If you are a parent of young children who visits parenting websites, you may be invited ... to enroll your child in a Future School Global Maths Skill Assessment”和“Talent isn’t everything”以及“The important thing is to teach your child to be kind”可知，作者以育儿网站为切入点谈论了孩子的天赋问题，紧接着强调了善良这一品质的重要性，再结合下文内容可知，作者旨在引出本文话题：善良是与生俱来的还是后天培养的？
2. 答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“In line with common assumptions, I believed kindness wasn’t innate; instead, it was something entirely reliant on cultivation”可知，作者之前跟大众的观点一致，认为善良这一品质并非天生，而是完全靠后天培养的。
3. 答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“On the other hand, it seems fair to provide her with a basic knowledge of how insecurity works”可知，作者通过向孩子解释人们在没有安全感时的一些行为来说明“善良就是力量”。
4. 答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Can you teach someone to be kind Of course, but only sort of, not entirely.”和“The fact remains that some people are kinder than others not as a result of external forces but from some preloaded ability”可推知，作者认为善良一部分是天生的，一部分是后天培养的。
体裁微解5：新闻报道
新闻报道的内容真实、新鲜，通常采用记叙的方式来讲清事实，第一句往往为全文的中心句，下文则补充事件的过程和细节，所以做题时要重点关注其结构和细节。
(2019·浙江卷)
Money_with_no_strings_attached. It’s not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”
People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars, many others pinned their own cash to the board. “People of all ages, races, and socio－economic (社会经济的) backgrounds gave and took, ” said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. “We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars.” Most of the bills on the board were singles, but a few people left fives, tens and even twenties. The video clip (片段) shows one man who had found a $20 bill pinning it to the board.
“What I can say for the folks that gave the most, is that they were full of smiles，” Bridges said. “There’s a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most.” Most people who took dollars took only a few, but Bridges said a very small number took as much as they could.
While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy. He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar projects and post their own videos on the Internet.
“After all, everyone has bad days and good days，” he said. “Some days you need a helping hand and some days you can be the one giving the helping hand.”
1. What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean
A. Money spent without hesitation.
B. Money not legally made.
C. Money offered without conditions.
D. Money not tied together.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：money with no strings attached和paragraph 1。
(2)根据money with no strings attached, 定位本题根据在第一段第三句“But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, ‘Give What You Can, Take What You Need.’(但是上个月在洛杉矶的联合车站，一块牌子上用别针别满了美元，上面写着‘给予你所能给予的，拿走你所需要的’)”。
(3)根据下文的语境，可判断出Money with no strings attached的意思是无条件地给你钱。故C项为正确答案。
错项排除 A、B、D三项均与下文语境不符。
2. What did Bridges want to show by mentioning the bride
A. Women tended to be more sociable.
B. The activity attracted various people.
C. Economic problems were getting worse.
D. Young couples needed financial assistance.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：Bridges和the bride。
(2)根据the bride, 定位本题根据在第二段第四句“We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars.(甚至有一位穿着婚纱的新娘来到了牌子前，拿走了一些钱)”。
(3)再根据第三句“People of all ages, races, and socio－economic backgrounds gave and took(不同年龄、种族和社会经济背景的人都付出和索取)”可知，Bridges提到新娘是想说明这项活动吸引了各种各样的人。故B项为正确答案。
错项 排除 A 因为sociable，所以A项错，属于无中生有。
C C项和本题无关。
D D项和本题无关。
3. Why did Bridges carry out the project
A. To do a test on people’s morals.
B. To raise money for his company.
C. To earn himself a good reputation.
D. To promote kindness and sympathy.
【解题流程】
(1)找出题干中关键信息提示词：Why和carry out the project。
(2)根据carry out the project, 定位本题根据在第四段“While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy.(尽管这段视频看起来像是一项新的广告活动的一部分，但是布里奇斯说这次活动唯一的目标是展现出慷慨和同情)”。
(3)再根据Why, 对应本句“the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy”，由此可知布里奇斯开展这个活动是为了提倡慷慨和同情。故D项为正确答案。
错项 排除 A 因为morals，所以A项错，属于无中生有。
B 因为raise money for his company，所以B项错，属于无中生有。
C 因为earn himself a good reputation，所以C项错，属于无中生有。
(2023·仙桃市二模)
Kayla Fratt stops a driver as he pulls his boat to the shore. “Can my dog check your boat？” she asks. “He’s looking for zebra mussels (斑马贻贝)．”
The driver, curious, agrees. He climbs out of the car, asking Fratt questions as Barley the dog goes to work. Barley sniffs (嗅) his way around the boat, while Fratt tells the driver about zebra mussels.
Native to Europe, the mussels have sprung up in lakes around the world. They’re small. Adults are usually the size of a fingernail. But they reproduce in massive numbers, and eat the seaweed that native mussels need to survive. Without food, the native species die off. The only way to fight these mussels is to stop them from getting a ride to new places. But they are tough to spot. They hide in boats and motors until they reach a new lake, where they float freely.
Barley sniffs intently. He senses something and lies down with his nose pointing to the spot. Fratt inspects the area closely and finds zebra mussels.
Fratt and Barley are key members of Working Dogs for Conservation. The organization trains dogs to help with conservation projects, including searching for invasive species (入侵物种) like the zebra mussels and tracking rare and endangered animals.
Most detection dogs did start off as pets, but they’re ball－crazy and full of energy. That can be too much for some owners to handle, but it’s ideal for a detection dog. A ball is a perfect reward. It’s easy for the dog’s handler to carry. And ball－crazy dogs will do almost anything to get that reward. That makes them easy to train.
“Working with detection dogs allows you to explore amazing cultures and meet incredible people，” says Fratt. And, she adds, “It can allow you to collect data on species in environments that are impossible using other survey techniques.”
1. Why does Fratt stop the driver
A. To beg him to help pull the boat.
B. To inquire about zebra mussels.
C. To ask him to give her and her dog a ride.
D. To check his boat for an invasive species.
2. How do zebra mussels affect native mussels
A. They mate with native mussels.
B. They outcompete native mussels for food.
C. They force native mussels to live in new places.
D. They stop native mussels from floating freely.
3. What kind of dogs can be great detection dogs
A. Those having a passion for balls.
B. Those turning up their noses at rewards.
C. Easy－to－handle pet dogs.
D. Long－trained rescue dogs.
4. What does Fratt think of working with detection dogs
A. Risky.　　　　　　 B. Well－paid.
C. Rewarding. D. Tiring.
答案与解析
【语篇解读】　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了嗅探犬搜寻入侵物种和濒危物种的工作。
1. 答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，Fratt拦下了一名正在拉船的司机，问他能否让自己的狗检查一下他的船，她的狗在搜寻入侵物种斑马贻贝。
2. 答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“they reproduce in massive numbers, and eat the seaweed that native mussels need to survive. Without food, the native species die off”可知，斑马贻贝会大量繁殖，吃光本地贻贝赖以生存的海藻。没有食物，本地贻贝就会灭绝。
3. 答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Most detection dogs ... ball－crazy and full of energy”和“ball－crazy dogs will do almost anything to get that reward. That makes them easy to train”可知，疯狂喜欢球的狗能成为很好的嗅探犬，因为这类狗为了得到玩球的奖励几乎会去做任何事情，因此它们很容易训练。
4. 答案　C
解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段的内容可知，Fratt认为和嗅探犬一起工作能够探索迷人的文化并认识了不起的人，而且还可以收集用其他技术无法收集到的物种的数据。由此可知，Fratt认为和嗅探犬一起工作很有意义。

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