2024届高三英语一轮复习:名词性从句讲义素材

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2024届高三英语一轮复习:名词性从句讲义素材

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名词性从句
一、主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中担任主语的句子。其特点有:
(1)引导词:
从属连词 that, whether;
连接代词 who, what, which;whoever, whatever, whichever;
连接副词 when, where, how和why。
语序:陈述句语序
That he will win the match is certain. It is certain that he will win the match.
(3)在主语从句中只能用whether,不能用if
1. 一般来说主语从句都是放在句首,但有时为了使句子保持平衡,避免"头重脚轻",常用it作形式主语,从而把主语从句放后面。常以it作形式主语的句型有:
①It is+形容词+that... eg. It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
②It is+名词词组(no wonder,an honour,a good thing,a pity,no surprise,common knowledge,a surprise,
a fact,etc. )+that... eg. It’s a pity that we can’t go.
③It is+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged,etc. )+that...
Eg. It has been suggested that much should be done to prevent the river from being polluted.
④It appears/seems that...|It happens that...|It occurred to me that...|It turned out that...
Eg.It turned out that nobody remembered the address. 结果发现没人记得这地址。
⑤It doesn’t matter that...|It makes no difference that...
Eg.It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.
2. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow?
3. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时,要以it作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。
How strange it is that the children are so quiet!
二、表语从句
表语从句放在连系动词之后,充当复合句中的表语。
一、引导表语从句的关联词的种类:
1. 可接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,seem,sound,appear等。
China is no longer what she used to be.
The question remains whether they will be able to help us.
At that time,it seemed as if I couldn’t think of the right word.
2. 从属连词whether,as,as if / though引导的表语从句。
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.
3. because,why引导的表语从句。
That’s because he didn’t understand me. (That’s because…强调原因)
That’s why he got angry with me. (That’s why…强调结果)
4. 连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever
连接副词 where,when,how,why
The problem is who we can get to replace her.
The question is how he did it.
That was what she did this morning .
5. 从属连词that
The trouble is that I have lost his address.
三、宾语从句
▲陈述句作宾语从句
  陈述句包括肯定句和否定句。我们先复习陈述句作宾语从句时的三大方面的问题。
(一)连接词,陈述句作宾语从句时,用连接词that,通常that可以省略。
e.g.I think (that) English is difficult to learn.
但在有些动词后连接词that不能省略,在初中阶段我们学过的动词有learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, feel, mean。
e.g.However, he went on to explain that he was not too sure about the grammar.
(二)语序,宾语从句要用陈述句的语序,而陈述句就是陈述句的语序,所以不必作任何改动。
(三)时态。在带有宾语从句的句子中,主句和从句的谓语动词在时态上是互有联系的,具体说来有三条。
1.当主句的谓语动词用的是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候,从句的谓语动词通常不受主句的限制,即从句的时间是什么,从句的谓语动词就用什么形式。
e.g.She says (that) she likes English.
2.当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时的时候,从句的谓语动词通常要和主句保持一致,要用过去了的某种时态。我们来做一些练习。
She said. She likes English. →She said (that) she liked English. She said. She will like English. →She said (that) she would like English next term.
She said. They are swimming. →She said (that) they were swimming. She said. The girl has been there. →She said (that) the girl had been there.
(3)当主句的谓语动词用的是一般过去时,而从句表示的是客观事实或真理时,从句的谓语动词不受主句的限制,通常用一般现在时。
e.g.The teacher said (that) the earth goes around the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。
▲一般疑问句作宾语从句
一般疑问句作宾语从句也有三大方面的问题。
(一)连接词。一般疑问句作宾语从句时用连接词if或whether,if和whether的中文意思是“是否”。
  注意:一般疑问句作宾语从句时,if和whether这两个连接词在大部分情况下是可以通用的。但是有时候有些词后或搭配中通常用whether,不用if。下面我们来看一下if和whether的用法区别。
①if/ whether在作“是否”讲时引导的宾语从句常放在动词know, ask, care, wonder, find out等之后。
②少数动词如leave, put, discuss, doubt后的宾语从句常用whether引导。
③whether后可与or not直接连用,但if不可以。
④与不定式连用只能用whether。
⑤有时为避免歧义,常用whether引导宾语从句,而不用if。
e.g.Let me know whether you can come.
⑥在介词后通常用whether,不用if。
⑦whether引导的宾语从句可置于句首。
e.g.Whether they will join in the Winter Camp I don’t care.
他们能否参加冬令营,我不在乎。
(二)语序。要用陈述句的语序,我们来看例句。
(三)时态。时态的变化与陈述句作宾语从句相同,即:
(1)主现——从不限(主句用一般现在时,从句不限制用什么时态)。
(2)主过——从过(主句用一般过去时,从句要用过去了的某种时态)。
(3)客观真理不遵循主过,从过。
▲特殊疑问句作宾语从句
(一)连接词。特殊疑问句作宾语从句时不需要再加连接词,疑问词就是连接词,并且不能省略。
(二)词序。用陈述句的词序,与一般疑问句变宾语从句时基本相同
(三)时态。时态变化与陈述句,一般疑问句作宾语从句的变化相同。其中特别要注意主句用一般过去时,从句要用过去了的某种时态。我们来看几个句子。
特别提示:
  当主句中的谓语动词是think, say, guess, suppose, suggest, believe, feel, consider等时,宾语从句的引导词常是who, which, what, when, where, how, why等疑问词,经常将这类引导词置于句首。
e.g.Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year
你认为今年大众会选谁作为他们最喜爱的歌手
What do you suggest we should prepare for Thanksgiving Day
你建议我们该为感恩节准备点什么
▲哪些词可以接宾语从句
1.接宾语从句的动词:大多数动词可以带宾语从句
常用必背:
可带宾语从句的常见动词有:
hope 希望   tell 告诉    say 说    think 认为
consider 认为 imagine 想象  expect 期望  suppose 猜测
guess 猜测   know 知道   hear 听说   wonder 想知道
2.动词短语有的也可带宾语从句
常见的这类词有:
make sure 确保 make up one’s mind 下定决心  keep in mind 牢记
3.需用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
①动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe等后有宾语补足语时,则需要用it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。
e.g.I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.
我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的。
②有些动词跟宾语从句时需要在宾语从句前加it。
这类动词主要有hate, take, owe, have, see to等。
e.g.I hate it when people talk with their mouths full of food.
我讨厌人们满嘴食物时说话。
特别提示:
如若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替。
e.g.We all consider what you said to the unbelievable.
我们都认为你所说的是不可信的。
4.介词的宾语从句
wh-类引导的介词宾语从句
一般情况下介词后跟wh-类引导的宾语从句。
e.g.We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部。
that引导的介词宾语从句
偶尔可见到except, but, besides三个介词后跟that引导的宾语从句的情况。
e.g.I know nothing about my new neighbour except that he used to work with a company.
对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他的一无所知。
5.形容词的宾语从句
常可引导宾语从句的形容词有sure, certain, glad, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied(满意的), sorry等。
e.g.I’m sure that they’ll make it in spite of the terrible weather.
我确信不管天气如何,他们会取得成功的。
四、同位语从句
在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它一般放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, belief, thought, doubt, promise, question等抽象名词的后面,对前面的名词作进一步的解释,说明前面名词的具体含义。
1. 同位语从句的引导词选择原则
that 只起连词作用,无任何含义,不省略
whether 是否
when 什么时候
where 什么地点
how 什么方式
2. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别
同位语从句 定语从句
功能不同 对名词加以补充说明 与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系,起连接作用
that 不作成分;起连接作用,不可省略 作主语或宾语,起连接作用;并且作从句的宾语时可省略
whether/how 不作成分;起连接作用"是否";"如何" 不引导定语从句
wh words 作成分;起连接作用;有自己的含义,但与先行词之间无关 作成分;起连接作用;没有自己的含义,但是代替先行词在从句中作成分
The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.
李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。(同位语从句,that不可省略)
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true.
他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。(定语从句,that在从句中作宾语,可省略)
定语从句
定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当,也可以由一个句子来充当。充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词,故又称为形容词性从句。
定语从句用来修饰名词或整个主句。
e.g.Tom is a hardworking student who always gets first in his class.
Football is played over 80 countries, which makes it popular.
一、先行词与关系词
(1)什么是先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。可以这样理解,之所以称它为先行词,是因为先行词总是出现在定语从句之前,而不同于普通形容词修饰名词,形容词常位于名词之前。
e.g.Don’t forget the book that I told you to bring.
(2)先行词与关系词的关系:引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。关系词根据其在定语从句中的功能可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
  含有定语从句的句子一般分为两层:即主句层(第一层),定语从句层(第二层)。
▲特别提示:
  ①关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句。定语从句总在被修饰的先行词后面。
  ②在定语从句中,关系代词起着代词和连词的作用,关系副词起着副词和连词的作用。
  ③在定语从句中,关系词代替先行词,因此在定语从句中不能再重复作用相当于先行词的词。
  关系词的种类
  ①常见的关系代词
指代对象 代指人 代指物 既可指人也可指物
主格 who, that which, that, as that
宾格 whom, that
所有格 whose whose
e.g.Our chemistry teacher is a man who/ that can make his class lovely and interesting.
②常见的关系副词
指代对象 先行词 关系副词及相应介词结构
时间 时间先行词:day, year, date, time when, during which time
地点 地点先行词:the place, the city, Beijing where, in which, from which
原因 原因先行词:the reason why, that, for which
e.g.Make marks in places where you have questions.在你有问题的地方做出标记。
(where为关系副词,在定语从句中作地点状语。)
I still remember the time when we first met scores of years ago.我依然记得几十年前我们第一次见面的情景。
(when为关系副词,在定语从句中作时间状语。)
▲特点提示:选择关系代词三步骤:
步骤一:首先找出先行词。
e.g.The hook that/ which you just laid on the top shelf is mine.
你刚才放在高层书架上的书是我的。(the book是先行词,指物。)
步骤二:确定先行词在从句中所作的成分。
  先行词the book在后面的定语从句中作laid的宾语,因此选择指物的关系代词which/that作宾语。
步骤三:确定关系代词的人称和数。
  在此处由先行词the book可知是第三人称单数,如果关系代词作主语,则从句的谓语动词相应用单数。
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
  根据定语从句与先行词关系的紧密程度,将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
(1)限制性定语从句
  限制性定语从句用来修饰和限定先行词,与先行词间的关系非常密切,它所修饰的先行词代表一个(些)或一类特写的人或物,说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况,如果去掉,则意思含混不清。
e.g.A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health.
(who引导的限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the man。who在从句中作主语。)
  (2)非限制性定语从句
  ①非限制性定语从句的特点
  非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明的作用,缺少了也不会影响对全句的理解,译为汉语时常常不译作定语,而是根据句意翻译成两个并列的句子。它与主句的关系不像限制性定语从句的关系那么紧密,只是对先行词作些附加说明,即使去掉,主句的意思依然清楚。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号与主句隔开,如若将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间,其前后都需要用逗号。
e.g.Yesterday, Jimmy left for Canada, where he had stayed two years.
②引导非限制性定语从句的关系词
  引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词如下表所示:
指代对象 代指人 代指物
主格 who which, as which, of which, whose
宾格 whom, of whom
所有格 whom, of whom, whose
  引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词主要有:when, where。
  ③运用非限制性定语从句的情况
  1)当关系代词指代整个主句内容时,用非限制性定语从句。
e.g.She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much.
(which在从句作宾语,代指整个主句。)
  注意:关系代词that,关系副词why不可引导非限制性定语从句。
2)当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或专有名词时,用非限制性定语从句。
e.g.We all honour and respect Albert Einstein, who is the greatest physicist in the world.
我们都尊重这位伟大的物理学家——阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。(who在定语从句作主语。)
The moon, which is 384 400 kilometers away from the earth, creates many beautiful stories.
(which在定语从句中作主语。)
3)先行词指的是某人的一个亲属(son, daughter, father, mother, wife等)时。
e.g.My father, who is an excellent violinist, is leaving for Canada for performances.
4)当出现some/ many/few/a few/little/much/most/two of which(whom)等结构时,常用非限制性定语从句。
e.g.I have three foreign teachers, two of whom are from Canada.我有三个外籍教师,其中两个来自加拿大。
(3)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
  限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句在结构、用法及意义上差别很大。其区别如下表所示:
▲用法比较:
限制性定语从句
e.g.In our school there are eight foreign teachers who come from Australia.
我们学校有8位来自澳大利亚的外籍教师。
(本句表达的意思是,我们学校有8位来自澳大利亚的外籍教师,还有不是来自澳大利亚的外籍教师。)
非限制性定语从句
e.g.In our school there are eight foreign teachers, who come from Australia.
我们学校共有8位外籍教师,他们全来自澳大利亚。
(本句表达的意思是,我们学校共有8位外籍教师,他们全来自澳大利亚。)

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