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直接引语与间接引语
一、直接引语和间接引语的特点
　　直接引语和间接引语是人们用来直接引述或间接转述别人话语的重要形式，这两种形式各有特点。
1．直接引语的特点
　　直接引语用来直接引述别人的话语，一般说来具有以下五个特点：
　　（1）被引用的话放在引号内；
　　（2）被引用的话是原话，不作任何改动；
　　（3）引用的话之前用“，”或“：”；
　　（4）引用的话结束后，需用“．”、“!”、“ ”等标点符号；
　　（5）引出直接引语的引述动词常为say(说道)，ask(问道)，shout(喊道)，cry(喊道)，order(命令)，add(补充道)，smile(微笑道)，laugh(大笑道)等。
e.g.Laura said,“I would like to visit China this summer.” “Mary will give me a nice present,”Bobbie said.
David said to me,“I have been ill since 1ast week.” Justin asked his mother,“Can I watch TV for a while ”
The girl smiled,“I’m delighted to see you again.”
2．间接引语的特点
　　间接引讲用来转述别人的话语，它主要有如下几个特点：
　　（1）在引述谓语和被引用的话语之问不用逗号、冒号、引号等；（2）有时态的变化；
　　（3）有人称、时间、地点等的变化； （4）常用的引述动词有say(说道)，ask(问道)，shout(喊道)，cry(喊道)，order(命令)，add(补充道)，smile(微笑道)，laugh(大笑道)等。
e.g.Mill said that he would stay in China for another year.
The girl asked me if I could help her.
Tamara asked Tanya when they would start off.
二、直接引语与间接引语的转换
　　直接引语在很多情况下可以转换成间接引语，此时应注意人称、时态、地点状语和时间状语的变化，同时还应注意不同句式的变化。
1．人称的变化
　　直接引语中的代词变为间接引语时，要根据句意情景进行变化。变化规则如下表所示：
直接引语 间接引语
第一人称 第三人称或第一人称
第二人称 第三人称或第一人称
第三人称 第三人称
e.g.I said,“I won’t lose heart.”→I said that 1 wouldn’t lose heart.
I told Mary,“We will help you out of trouble.”→I told Mary that we would help her out of trouble.
Nancy told her parents,“Evan is a nice boy. He is always ready to help.”→
Nancy told her parents that Evan was a nice boy and that he was always ready to help.
2．时态的变化
　　主句中谓语动词的时态如果是现在时或将来时，则间接引语中时态和原直接引语的时态一样，不作改变。
e.g.Carson says,“I will have all of you over and enjoy our free and easy time.”→
Carson says that he will have all of us over and enjoy our free and easy time.
（1）时态变化的情况
如果主句为过去的某种时态，则间接引语的时态应相应向前推一个时态，如下表所示：
直接引语 间接引语 直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 过去将来时
一般过去时 过去完成时 现在完成时 过去完成时
现在进行时 过去进行时 过去完成时
e.g.Tina said,“I usually get up at six.”→Tim said she usually got up at six.
Martin told me,“I rang Alice yesterday.”→Martin told me that he had rung Alice the day before.
Nina told me,“Lisa is studying abroad.”→Nina told me that Lisa was studying abroad.
Hayley said to me,“I will see you at the same place tomorrow.”→Hayley said to me that she would see me at the same place the next day.
Nell said,“I have worked out this problem.”→Nell said that she had worked out that problem.
Bob told me,“I had worked here for years before I moved out.”→Bob told me that he had worked there for years before he moved out.
（2）时态不需要变化的几种情况
一般说来当直接引语转为间接引语，被转述的话依然有效或在当时、当地转述时，常常不改变时态。具体有以下几种情况。
①直接引语有确定的过去时间时。
e.g.Chloe said,“The story took place in the 1930s.”→Chloe said that the story took place in the 1930s.
②只着眼于转述事实，而不侧重动作先于转述动作的时间时。
e.g.The boy said,“I found the dog just at the edge of the wood.”→The boy said that he found the dog just at the edge of the wood.
③所转述的动作或状态说话时仍在继续，并对此点加以强调时。
e.g.The reporter said,“The war is now still on.”→The reporter said that the war is now still on.
记者说战争依然在继续。
Charlie told me,“I am just helping my dad on the farm right now.”→Charlie told me that he is just helping his dad on the farm right now.
④所转述的是自然现象、科学真理、名言警句等，并对此加以强调时。
e.g.Our English teacher said,“All work no play makes Jack a dull boy.”→Our English teacher told us that all work no play makes Jack a dull boy.
我们的英语老师告诉我们只顾学习不休息，聪明的孩子也变傻。
3．指示代词的变化
直接引语中的this在变为间接引语时应改为that，these改为those。
e.g.Toby said to me,“This is the School Computer Center.”→
Toby said to me that was the School Computer Center.(this变为that)
Kerry told me,“These photos were taken ten years ago.”→
Kerry told me that those photos had been taken ten years before.(these变为those)
4．时间状语的变化
直接引语 间接引语
now现在 then那时
today今天 that day那天
this evening今晚 that evening那天晚上
yesterday昨天 the day before前一天
yesterday morning昨天上午 the morning before前一天早晨
last night昨天晚上 the night before前一天晚上
two days ago两天前 two days before两天前
next week下周 the following week第二周
tomorrow明天 the next day第二天
e.g.Nell said,“I’m now visiting China.”→Nell said that she was then visiting China.
Rebecca asked me,“Have you got anything on this evening ”→Rebecca asked me whether I had got anything on that evening.
Joanna said,“Professor Black is going to give a lecture on SARS next week.”→
Joanna said that Professor Black was going to give a lecture on SARS the next week.
乔安娜说布莱克教授第二周要做一场有关非典的讲座。(next week变为the next week)
5．地点状语的变化
常见的地点状语变化是把here，变为there。另外over here应变为over there。
e.g.The boy said,“This is the first time I have been here.”→The boy said that that was the first time he had been there.
Roman told me,“I just put all the things over here.”→Roman told me that he had just put all the things over there.
6．方向性动词的变化
在直接引语变为间接引语时，表示方向性的动词bring，come应变为take，go。
e.g.My sister asked me,“Could you bring the chairs upstairs ”→My sister asked me if I could take the chairs upstairs.
Helen told me,“I’d prefer you to come to the party this weekend.”→Helen told me that she would prefer me to go to the party that weekend.
三、不同句式的直接引语怎样转换为间接引语
人们在说话时常用四种不同的句式，即陈述句式、疑问句式、祈使句式和感叹句式，在转述这些不同的内容时应运用不同的句式。
1．陈述句
将直接引语中的陈述句转化为间接引语时变成由that引导的宾语从句，that可以省略。主句引述动词主要为say(说)，tell(告诉)，repeat(重复)，answer(答道)，reply(答道)，explain(解释说)，think(认为)，believe(坚信)，suggest(建议)，advise(建议)等。
e.g.Chad said,“I’m going to take up literature this term.”→Chad said (that) he was going to take up literature that term.
Perry told his parents,“What I want is not money, but love from you.”→Perry told his parents (that) what he wanted was not money but love from them.
2．疑问句
直接引语中的疑问句变为间接引语时必须用陈述句语序，句末用句号。主句引述动词是say时，要改为ask(问)，wonder(想知道)，don’t know(不知道)，want to know(想知道)，be not sure(拿不准)，be puzzled(纳闷)等。
e.g.Bridget said,“Do all of you often write to your parents ”→Bridget asked if/whether all of us often wrote to our parents.(一般疑问句变为if/whether引导的宾语从句)
Carmen asked me,“You are interested in computer studies, aren’t you ”→Carmen asked me if/whether I was interested in computer studies.(反意疑问句变为if/whether引导的宾语从句)
I asked Sally,“Will you stay with me or go by yourself on a picnic ”→
I asked Sally whether/if she would stay with me or go by herself on a picnic.(选择疑问句变为whether/if…or…引导的宾语从句)
“What are your parents and where do they live ”the policeman asked me.→
The policeman asked me what my parents were and where they lived.
(特殊疑问句变为由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句)
3．祈使句
祈使句变为间接引语时须将祈使句的谓语动词变成不定式，作宾语补足语，原主句引述动词say须改为ask(让)，tell(告诉)，order(命令)，beg(乞求)，warn(警告)，advise(建议)等。否定句需要在不定式前加上not。有的祈使句表示建议需要改成“suggest/advise that…+(should)+…”结构。
e.g.“Come in and sit down, please!”Cher said to us.→Cher told/asked us to come in and sit down.
“Don’t always be so nervous, John”, one of them said.→One of them told John not to be so nervous.
“Try one more time and see what will happen”, the teacher said.→The teacher advised that they should try one more time and see what would happen.
4．感叹句
感叹句变为间接引语时可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。
e.g.“What a lovely day it is!”they all shouted.→
They all shouted what a lovely day it was.
They all shouted how lovely a day it was.
They all shouted that it was a lovely day.

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