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辅导讲义――语法专题之名词
学员姓名： 年 级： 九年级 辅导科目：英语
授课日期 授课时间 组长签字
授课类型 T C T
星级 ★★ ★★★ ★★★★
教学目的 学生掌握可数名词和不可数名词用法 学生掌握名词所有格用法 学生会利用积累的名词功底进行词义辨析 学生了解构词法之名词的构成
重点难点 在一定语境中名词的词义辨析（尤其形近词）
教学内容
考查要求: 名词表示人载事物的名称，可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语或与介词构成介词短语等它遍布在单项选择、完形填空、词汇等考项中，因而掌握名词的用法是很重要的。 历年中考及自招试题都有对名词的考查，主要考查名词的数及名词的词义，从名词词义的理解和名词与动词的搭配方面设题，同时，题干也会从呼应、对比等方面提供足够的信息，考查考生根据语境理解和判断词义的能力。 为此，考生应着重掌握以下知识点:在一定语境中名词的词义辨析;名词与介词构成的介词短语;名词所有格的构成及用法;名词作定语的形式;名词作主语时与谓语动词的主谓一致性。 1. 可数名词和不可数名词： 　　英语的名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。表示可以计数的事物的名词叫可数名词，一般有单数和复数形式两种形式。可数名词的单数变为复数的规则为： 1）一般情况下，在可数名词的单数形式后面加字母-s构成复数形式。 如：book－books；　 pen－pens；　 eraser－erasers 2）以字母x；s；ch；sh结尾的单词，其复数形式是在单词后面加字母-es。 如：bus－buses；box－boxes；watch－watches 3）以辅音字母＋ｙ结尾的可数名词，其复数形式是把字母ｙ变为i再加-es。 如：baby－babies；　 country－countries； 　city－cities 注意：如果是以元音字母＋y结尾的单词则直接加字母-s。 如：boy－boys；toy－toys 4）以字母f或者fe结尾的可数名词，其复数形式是先把字母f变为v再加-es。 如：wife－wives；leaf－leaves；knife－knives 5）以字母o结尾的可数名词，其复数形式一般加-s，或－es。 如：photo－photos，radio－radios，piano－ pianos， tomato－tomatoes，potato－potatoes 6）一些特殊变化的复数形式。 如：man/woman－men/women； child－children；　 foot－feet；tooth－teeth；　mouse－mice 7）有些名词的单复数形式相同： 如：sheep，deer，Chinese，Japanese，yuan（元）， jin （斤） 注意： 有些集体名词本身既表示单数意义又表示复数意义。当这些名词指代一个单位、机构 或被看成一个整体时，作单数形式理解；如果表示这个群体的所有成员，通常被看作复数。 常用的这类词有： class 班级； team 队（员）； family 家庭/人； government 政府； group 组（员） The family is not large. 这个家庭不大。（指家庭这个整体） The family are all music lovers. 这一家人都是音乐爱好者。（指家庭中的成员） Almost all families in this village have taken part in the program. （指多个家庭） 在这个村庄几乎所有家庭都参加了这个节目。 2．不可数名词“量”的表示方法 1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少。如： 　　The rich man has a lot of money．那个富人有很多钱。
　　There is some milk in the bottle．瓶子里有一些牛奶。
　　Is there any water in the glass？杯子里有一些水吗？ I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice． 我不喜欢冬天，因为有太多的冰和雪。 2）用a piece of 这类定语修饰不可数数名词.。 a piece of paper ; a piece of wood; a piece of bread a bottle of orange ; a glass of water（milk）; a cup of tea 如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数。
two cups of tea; four pieces of paper; three glasses of water; three bags of rice 3. 名词所有格 　　名词所有格是中考的重点。名词所有格表示人或者事物的所有及所属关系，在句子中作定语。 1）表示人或者有生命的名词的所有格的形式，单数名词的后面加“-’s”。 如：This is my father’s car. 　这是我父亲的汽车。 2）表示集体、时间、距离、世界、国家等名词的所有格也可以用“-’s”形式。 如：Is there anything strange in today’s newspaper 今天报纸上有什么特别的消息吗？ 3）表示无生命的名词所有格要用of＋名词的形式，有时也用于有生命的名词。 如：Look at the map of China, please. 请看这张中国地图。 　　I know the girl’s name/ the name of the girl. 我知道这个女孩的名字。 注意： 1）用连词and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共同所有关系时，只在最后一个名词的后面加“-’s”， 如：This is Li Lei and Li Ping’s father. 这是李雷和李平的父亲。（两个人共同的父亲） 如果两个名词分别所有，则在两个名词的后面分别加 “-’s”， 如：These are Li Lei’s and Li ping’s books. 这些是李雷和李平的书。（两个人各自所有） 2）以s或es结尾的复数名词，其所有格只在字母s的后面加“’”；而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格形式仍然要加“-’s”。 如：It’s about ten minutes’ walk from my home to my school. 从我家到学校步行大约十分钟。 　 Here is the Children’s Palace. 这里是少年宫。 3）双重所有格： “of +名词的-’s所有格/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格。如果在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用双重所有格。 　 例如：Tom is a friend of my father’s. 汤姆是我父亲的一位朋友。 I gave him two photos of mine. 我给了他我的两张照片。 4. 构词法之名词的构成 构词法包括派生法、合成法、转化法、缩写和简写。 派生法即由一个词根加上前缀或者后缀构成另外一个词。添加前缀往往改变词义，添加后缀往往改变词性。 形容词变名词的常用后缀 常用后缀例词-ageshort→shortage 不足；短缺-cyfluent→fluency 流利；流畅-domfree→freedom 自由；自主 wise→wisdom 明智；智慧-encedifferent→difference 差异 silent→silence 沉默-nessweak→weakness 虚弱，弱点 kind→kindness 仁慈，好意-thstrong→strength 力气；优点 warm→warmth 温暖；热情 true→truth 真相-y -ty -ityhonest→honesty 诚实 safe→safety 安全 difficult→difficulty 困难 disable→disability 伤残
2）动词变名词的常用后缀 常用后缀例词-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationdiscuss→discussion 讨论 invite→invitation 邀请 educate→education 教育 conclude→conclusion 推断-er/-ordrive→driver 司机 visit→visitor 拜访者，游客 work→worker 工人-mentachieve→achievement 成就 treat→treatment 对待，治疗-ance/-enceexist→existence 存在；生活 prefer→preference 偏爱-ingbegin→beginning 开始-ure/-turefail→failure 失败 mix→mixture 混合；混合物-yrecover→recovery 恢复；痊愈
合成法是两个或者两个以上的词按照一定的规则合成一个新词的方法。如： 名词+名词 chairman 主席，postman 邮递员 形容词+名词 blackboard 黑板，supermarket 超市 动名词+名词 swimming pool 游泳池，washing machine 洗衣机 动词+副词 breakdown 故障 转化法指的是单词在词形不变的情况下，由一种词性直接转化成另外一种词性的方法。如：water（n.水；v.浇水） -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A■真题再现■: 1. — It’s said that a college student had a ______ to Tibet with 500 yuan for a month. — How surprising! Once you have an idea to go somewhere, do it! (山西) A. match B. travel C. change 2. — I am just going to the ______. Do you want anything — Yes, a bag of rice. ( 沈阳) A. market B. classroom C. library D. park 3. — Nobody knows which team will win the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. (连云港) — Yes. That is the ______ of the beautiful game. A. question B. luck C. hope D. magic 4. Mum, it’s so hot. Could I have some ______ (黑龙江龙东地区) A. hamburgers B. bread C. ice-cream 5. Miss Black is a friend of ______, she always looks after my sister. (黑龙江龙东地区) A. Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother’ C. Mary mother’s 6. Wang Yaping and Liu Yang are our ______ in China. We’re proud ______ them. (黑龙江龙东地区) A. women astronauts; of B. woman astronauts; of C. women astronauts; in 7. My teacher gave me much ________ on how to study English well when I had some trouble.( 菏泽) A. advice B. question C. suggestion D. problem 8. US First Lady Michelle Obama encouraged students to study abroad in her ________ when visiting Peking University on March 22, 2014. (镇江) A. story B. speech C. letter D. diary 9. There are some _______ in Dayton Art Museum. For example, no food or drinks is allowed inside. (温州) A. jobs B. records C. rules D. paintings 10．Mickey mouse is one of the most famous _______ in American _______． (广东) A．symbol，culture B. symbol，cultures C．symbols，culture D. symbols，cultures 11. In 1998, Liu Xiang’s ______ in hurdling was noticed by Sun Jiangping. (天津) A. ability B. trade C. electricity D. memory 12. Yesterday Lucy told us such good that we are all amazed at it. (青岛) A. news B. ideas C. suggestion D. answer 13．Health is important for us teenagers, so we should eat more vegetables such as ________ to keep healthy. (哈尔滨) A．tomatoes and potatoes B．tomatos and potatos C．tomatos and potatoes 14. She says her favorite ________ is English. (成都) A．color B．sport C．subject 15. Annie has a ________, and she is going to see her dentist today. (温州) A. cold B. fever C. cough D. toothache 16. Jeff will come to understand you one day. It’s a matter of ________ . (厦门) A. pleasure B. value C. time 17．Maori people in New Zealand touch _______ when they meet．(南宁) A．trees B．noses C．caps D．desks C■巩固练习■: I. 单项选择。 1. Mr. Black gave us ____ on how to learn English well. A. an advice B. many advices C. some advice D. some advices 2. You can get much ______ about the World Expo on the Internet. A. map B. picture C. ticket D. information 3. I saw many _________ eating grass on the hill. A. horse B. cow C. rabbit D. sheep 4. I don’t think looking after children is just work. A. woman B. woman’s C. women D. women’s 5. The hospital is a bit far from here. It’s about _______. A. forty minutes walk 　　　B. forty minute’s walk C. forty minutes’ walks 　 D. forty minutes’ walk 6. There are a lot of ______ planting trees on the hill. 　　A. boy　　　　　 B. people　　　　 C. girl　　　　　 D. student 7. －Your English is very good. Who taught you －Nobody. I taught ______. 　　A. me　　　　　 B. him　　　　　 C. himself　　　　 D. myself 8. Listen! The ______ are singing in the next room. 　　A. twins babies　　 B. twin babies　　 C. twins’ baby　　 D. twin’s baby 9. We all think football is not only ____ game. Some girls like football, too. 　　A. a boy’s　　　 B. boy’s　　　 C. boys’　　　　 D. the boys’ 10. There are a lot of yellow _____ on the tree when autumn comes. 　A. leafs　　　 B. leaves　　　C. apple　　　　 D. banana 11. There are about one hundred teachers in our school. Two thirds of them are _______. 　A. women teachers　 B. woman teachers　 C. women teacher　 D. woman teacher 12．— They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ 　 — Certainly. 　A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water 　C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters 13．Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday. 　A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear 14．There is some _______ on the plate. A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears 15．The______ has two _______ . 　A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch II. 用括号中所给的词的适当形式填空。 1. Please take some ________ (medicine) and stay in bed for two days. 2. The baby has already had four ______ (tooth) when she was seven months old. 3. Could you help me to clean the fallen _______ (leaf) on the ground 4. We need a lot of ______ (dictionary) in our class. Could you buy some for us 5. We had better take three ________ (week) holidays after the hard work. 6.－Whose car is this 　 －I think it must be your ________ (father). 7. I hear the yellow car is ________ (Dave and Jane).Is it right 8. Our teacher is very angry with your brother because he made many ________ (mistake) in his homework. 9. There is a lot of ______ (salt) in my soup. It is too salty to drink. 10. The Olympic Flame was carried to different ________ (city) in China. D

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