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2024学年焦作市博爱县高三（下）开学摸底考试
英　　语
考生注意：
1.答题前，考生务必用黑色签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号、座位号在答题卡上填写清楚；
2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，在试卷上作答无效；
3.考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分 听力部分　略
第二部分 阅读（共两节，满分50分）
第一节（共15小题：每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
The Self-Portrait Challenge
Have you ever done a self-portrait in an art lesson at school Today, we’re challenging you to write self-portrait poems. It’s not uncommon to feel like the way people see you on the outside doesn’t quite match up with how you feel on the inside. So creating a self-portrait can be a good opportunity to address those differences and present the realest, truest version of yourself.
Your challenge is to create a self-portrait in lines, using words instead of paint. Read on for some more inspiration.
Writing Tips
● Have a go at writing a list of metaphors exploring your physical appearance, starting from your head and working your way down towards your feet.
● Instead of representing yourself directly, take on another character, such as a fictional character, a historical figure, or even a different version of yourself.
● Play around with personification, by taking on the voice of a physical object in your poem. Think about what a self-portrait from the point of view of a mirror, or a bowl of your favourite food would look like
How to enter
This challenge is for writers aged up to 25 based anywhere in the world. The deadline is 23:59 GMT, 17 March 2024. You can send a poem, or poems, written down, or as video or audio files. We are using Submittable to accept submissions to this challenge. You will need to make a free Submittable account to submit in this way. Using Submittable helps our team to administrate and process entries more quickly. Selected poets will be published on Young Poets Network.
1．What does the Self-portrait Challenge encourage participants to do
A．Explore true selves. B．Convey positive emotions.
C．Illustrate personal profiles. D．Compare different personalities.
2．What is suggested to better handle the challenge
A．Using simple language. B．Presenting yourself directly.
C．Taking a different point of view. D．Focusing on physical appearance.
3．What is “Submittable” likely to be
A．A writing tool. B．A search engine.
C．An email account. D．An online platform.
B
Some people say global English is no longer just controlled by British or American English, but is running free and developing uniquely local forms. Can you figure out the following terms
“I like your smile, but unlike you put your shoes on my face.” This is a way of saying “Keep off the grass.” Or “people mountain, people sea”, which means “very crowded”.
These examples are what we call Chinglish. When it comes to Chinglish, if all you know is “good good study, day day up”, you will be considered “out man”.
Nowadays, more Chinglish words have been created, for example, a Chinese idiom is translated as “smilence”, a combination by the English word “smile” and “silence”.
Chinglish usually offers a humorous look at misuses of the English language in Chinese street signs, products, and advertising. They are favored by some English-speaking tourists and visitors. Dominic Swire has been living in Beijing for a couple of years. “I think many Chinese people complain about the Chinglish and badly translated English. But you know, sometimes for us foreigners, it’s actually quite charming to see them. I think if the translations of English in China were all perfect, then something would be lost from Chinese culture.”
However, Chinglish will probably become a “cultural relic” in the near future. Beijing has made a comprehensive plan to improve foreign language services and correct Chinglish within five years. “It is very ridiculous to see Chinglish on the signs in some scenic spots. And they are a kind of barrier for communication between Chinese and people from other countries,” a Beijinger said.
Some Chinese university experts side with Chinglish. They argue that English has absorbed elements from other languages such as French and Spanish in its growth, and now it’s Chinese’s turn.
4．Which of the following statements explains what Chinglish is
A．English words which get new Chinese meanings.
B．The Chinese words which are difficult to translate.
C．The words combining English vocabulary and Chinese grammar.
D．The local words preventing foreigners from learning Chinese well.
5．Who will be called “out man” according to the passage
A．A person who knows little about Chinglish word.
B．A student who hates learning foreign languages.
C．A tourist who fails to understand local translations.
D．An expert who doesn’t support Chinglish at all.
6．Which statement about Chinglish will Swire probably agree with
A．It can show the humour of Chinese. B．It helps him to learn Chinese well.
C．It will attract more foreign tourists. D． It seems part of Chinese culture.
7．Why Chinglish is likely to become a “cultural relic” in Beijing
A．Because it has become a unique bridge between Chinese and English.
B．Because Chinglish is a chance to enrich Chinese and English.
C．Because it improves the understanding between Chinese and foreigners.
D．Because Beijing is determined to get rid of Chinglish signs.
C
A new study by researchers at the University of British Columbia (UBC) and the University of Victoria has shown that common levels of traffic pollution can damage human brain function in only a matter of hours.
“For many decades, scientists thought the brain may be protected from the harmful effects of air pollution,” said senior study author Dr. Chris Carlsten. “This study, which is the first of its kind in the world, provides fresh evidence supporting a connection between air pollution and cognition.”
For the study, the researchers briefly exposed 25 healthy adults to diesel exhaust (柴油废气) and filtered air at different times in a laboratory setting. Brain activity was measured before and after each exposure using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
The researchers analyzed changes in the brain’s default mode network (DMN) , a set of inter-connected brain regions that play an important role in memory and internal thought. The fMRI revealed that participants had decreased functional connectivity in widespread regions of the DMN after exposure to diesel exhaust, compared to filtered air.
“We know that altered functional connectivity in the DMN has been associated with reduced cognitive performance and symptoms of depression, so it’s concerning to see traffic pollution interrupting these same networks,” said Dr. Jodie Gawryluk, a psychology professor at the University of Victoria and the study’s first author. “While more research is needed to fully understand the functional impacts of these changes, it’s possible that they may impair (损害) people’s thinking or ability to work.”
Notably, the changes in the brain were temporary and participants’ connectivity returned to normal after the exposure. Dr. Carlsten assumed that the effects could be long lasting where exposure is continuous. He said that people should be mindful of the air they’re breathing and take appropriate steps to minimize their exposure to potentially harmful air pollutants like car exhaust.
8．How does traffic pollution affect people according to the study
A．Exhausting their body. B．Decreasing their income.
C．Endangering their safety. D．Harming their brain function.
9．What may the DMN be responsible for
A．Growth. B．Sport. C．Memory. D．Behaviour.
10．What can people do to reduce the impact according to Dr. Carlsten
A．Avoid being exposed to the polluted air constantly.
B．Be mindful of the air quality in a new city.
C．Measure the brain activity in laboratories.
D．Stay inside a house as often as possible.
11．What is the best title for the text
A．A Role Of Brain Will Be Ruined
B．Traffic Pollution May Impair Brain Function
C．A Famous UK University Did A Vital Study
D．A Source Of Pollution Has Drawn People’s Attention
D
Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel. And he surely deserves additional praise: the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.
I say clever because anti-slavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the Civil War. H. B．Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin is only the most famous example. These early stories dealt directly with slavery. With minor exceptions, Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely. He drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.
Again and again, in the postwar years, Twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race. Consider the most controversial, at least today, of Twain’s novels, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Only a few books have been kicked off the shelves as often as Huckleberry Finn, Twain’s most widely read tale. Once upon a time, people hated the book because it struck them as rude. Twain himself wrote that those who banned the book considered the novel “trash and suitable only for the slums (贫民窟).” More recently the book has been attacked because of the character Jim, the escaped slave, and many occurrences of the word nigger. (The term Nigger Jim, for which the novel is often severely criticized, never appears in it. )
But the attacks were and are silly — and miss the point. The novel is strongly anti-slavery. Jim’s search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic. As J. Chadwick has pointed out, the character of Jim was a first in American fiction — a recognition that the slave had two personalities, “the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual: Jim, the father and the man.”
There is much more. Twain’s mystery novel Pudd’nhead Wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day. Written at a time when the accepted wisdom held Negroes to be inferior (低等的) to whites, especially in intelligence, Twain’s tale centered in part around two babies switched at birth. A slave gave birth to her master’s baby and, for fear that the child should be sold South, switched him for the master’s baby by his wife. The slave’s light-skinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the education of the slave-holding class. The master’s wife’s baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.
The point was difficult to miss: nurture (养育), not nature, was the key to social status. The features of the black man that provided the stuff of prejudice — manner of speech, for example — were, to Twain, indicative of nothing other than the conditioning that slavery forced on its victims.
Twain’s racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth — mostly with white men performing in black-face — and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.
Was Twain a racist Asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln. If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him. And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.
12．How do Twain’s novels on slavery differ from Stowe’s
A．Twain was more willing to deal with racism.
B．Twain was openly concerned with racism.
C．Twain’s themes seemed to agree with the plots.
D．Twain’s attack on racism was much less open.
13．What best proves Twain’s anti-slavery stand according to the author
A．Jim grew up into a man and a father in the white culture.
B．The slave’s voice was first heard in American novels.
C．Twain suspected that the slaves were less intelligent.
D．Jim’s search for his family was described in detail.
14．What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 7 refer to
A．The attacks. B．The shows. C．White men. D．Slavery and prejudice.
15．What does the author mainly argue for
A．Twain’s works had been banned on unreasonable grounds.
B．Twain’s works should be read from a historical point of view.
C．Twain was an admirable figure comparable to Abraham Lincoln.
D．Twain had done more than his contemporary writers to attack racism.
第二节（共5小题：每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to build a habit in 4 steps
Having developed good habits, little to no will power (意志) is required to choose wisely. Sounds great, right The only catch is that building good habits takes effort and insight. 16
17 The way you define the goal you hope to turn into a habit does matter. Goals such as “meditate regularly” (定期冥想) are too abstract.You’ll benefit from being more specific about what exactly you aim to do and how often. Don’t say “I’ll meditate regularly.” Say, “I’ll meditate for 15 minutes each day.” Having a bite-size objective makes it less daunting to get started and easier to see your progress.
Make it fun to repeat. Rresearch has shown you’ll persist longer and ultimately achieve more if you focus on finding ways to make goal pursuit fun. Because you are far more likely to stick with something you enjoy. 18 .
Foster (培养) flexibility. A flexible habit means you can still do what you need to even when a wrench is thrown in your first best plans—say, a traffic jam on the way to dropping the kids off at school that gets in the way of your morning meditation. 19 A couple of emergency reserves each week give you the flexibility to miss a day when a real emergency arises without getting discouraged and abandoning your objective entirely.
Find the right kind of social support. 20 Want to start running regularly You’re probably better off joining an established running club. People in the running club have already built the habits you want. You can learn from them about what works and gain friends who will make you feel like a slouch when you slack off.
A．Set a specific goal.
B．Create a detailed, cue-based plan.
C．We’re strongly influenced by the behaviors of the people around us.
D．One way that’s proven useful is by giving yourself “emergency reserves”.
E．Making this kind of plan reduces the chances you’ll forget to follow through.
F．And repetition is key to habit formation, making the experience positive is critical.
G．Here are a few steps that can set you on the path to good habits.
第三部分 语言运用 (共两节，满分30分)
第一节 (共15小题； 每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
I was halfway across Indiana headed home to Kentucky when my car broke down. My phone was 21 , too. I managed to get to a gas station, but it was Sunday in the early fall, and there was no 22 on duty. I was working my way through university then and had little money for 23 the car.
I sat alongside my car for several hours trying to 24 the heat when an older gentleman 25 to fuel his car. He asked about my car, and I 26 my predicament (困境). To my 27 , the gentleman told me that he had a daughter my age, and then he opened his trunk and 28 a tool set.
Right then and there, this total 29 examined my engine, explaining as he worked that my spark plugs (火花塞) hadn’t been charged for so long that they were 30 to function. After about an hour, he 31 that my car was safe to finish the trip.
32 came at the hands of a stranger. 33 his clothes, working on a hot September afternoon, this man 34 a college student from disaster, just because she could have been his 35 .
21．A．busy B．loud C．dead D．secure
22．A．mechanic B．policeman C．manager D．guide
23．A．washing B．parking C．purchasing D．maintaining
24．A．feel B．beat C．absorb D．produce
25．A．promised B．refused C．stopped D．volunteered
26．A．solved B．noticed C．escaped D．explained
27．A．surprise B．regret C．amusement D．disappointment
28．A．called up B．pulled out C．put down D．threw away
29．A．liar B．beginner C．stranger D．loser
30．A．free B．ready C．uncertain D．unable
31．A．pronounced B．agreed C．discovered D．doubted
32．A．Tiredness B．Kindness C．Loneliness D．Carefulness
33．A．Folding B．Drying C．Soiling D．Mending
34．A．saved B．called C．judged D．banned
35．A．friend B．daughter C．coworker D．customer
第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Whenever you have to write a paper, a letter, or any other document for work or school, you probably head toward the computer. Now, most people reach for 36 (keyboard) faster than they pick up pens. In a Scottish primary school, however, Mr. Norman Lewis is taking a different approach. He feels that neat handwriting 37 (be) still an important skill, so he has his students write not only by hand but also 38 old fashioned fountain pens.
Fountain pens 39 (use) in schools long ago and have been regaining popularity lately because they are refillable. Today, a writer 40 (simple) throws an empty pen away and gets 41 new one.
So far, Mr. Lewis is pleased with the results of his experiment. He reports that his students are taking more care with their work, and their self-confidence has improved as well. He is happy with the 42 (improve) he sees in his students’ writing 43 in his own writing. He knows that computers are here 44 (stay) and that they will not disappear. However, he believes that the practice with fountain pens helps students to focus, to write faster, and they can feel proud of 45 (they).
第四部分 写作（共两节，满分40分）
第一节（满分15分）
46．假定你是李华，你的美国朋友Peter暑假要来中国旅游，他希望你推荐一家中国主题公园，请你给他写一封邮件，内容包括：
1.主题公园的名字和位置;
2.你推荐的理由;
3.表示欢迎。
注意：1.词数80左右;
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Peter,
Yours,
Li Hua
第二节（满分25分）
47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
It was a beautiful day outside. The sky was a pale blue and the clouds were big and fluffy which made me delighted. I decided to take a walk in the park and enjoy the lovely weather. As I was walking, I saw a little girl sitting on a bench, looking sad and lonely. I approached her and asked if she was okay. She looked up at me with big, round eyes filled with tears and shook her head.
I sat down next to her and asked her what was wrong. She said that she had lost her doll and couldn’t find it anywhere. I offered to help her look for it and we searched the park together. We looked in every nook and cranny, behind trees and bushes, but couldn’t find the doll. We all felt frustrated and depressed. Just when we were about to give up, I saw a glimmer of pink behind a park bench. I picked up the doll and handed it to the little girl.
She was so grateful and gave me a big, warm hug. She told me that her doll was very special to her because the gift was given by her best friend who had gone abroad and she missed the best friend very much. She couldn’t thank me enough for helping her find it. As we walked back to her house, the little girl told me that she was new to the area and didn’t have any friends yet. She always felt lonely and sad and didn’t want to go to school. I comforted her and promised to come back and visit her again, and we exchanged phone numbers.
注意：
1.续写词数应为150 左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Paragraph 1: As promised, I went to visit the little girl the following week.
Paragraph 2: Years passed, and I received a wedding invitation from my childhood friend.
参考答案
第一部分 听力(略)
第二部分 阅读（共两节，满分50分）
第一节 (共15小题; 每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
A
【答案】
1．A 2．C 3．D
【解析】
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“So creating a self-portrait can be a good opportunity to address those differences and present the realest, truest version of yourself.(因此，创作一幅自画像是一个很好的机会，可以解决这些差异，展示最真实、最真实的自己)”可知，自画像挑战鼓励参与者探索真实的自我。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据Writing Tips部分中“Think about what a self-portrait from the point of view of a mirror, or a bowl of your favourite food would look like (想象一下，从镜子的角度看一幅自画像，或者从一碗你最喜欢的食物的角度看是什么样子？)”可知，要更好地应对这一挑战应该采取不同的角度。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“We are using Submittable to accept submissions to this challenge. You will need to make a free Submittable account to submit in this way. Using Submittable helps our team to administrate and process entries more quickly. (我们正在使用Submittable来接受本次挑战的提交。您需要创建一个免费的Submittable账户以这种方式提交。使用Submittable可以帮助我们的团队更快地管理和处理条目)”可推知，Submittable可能是在线平台。故选D。
Ｂ
【答案】
4．C 5．A 6．D 7．D
【解析】
4．推理判断题。根据第二段内容““I like your smile, but unlike you put your shoes on my face.” This is a way of saying “Keep off the grass.” Or “people mountain, people sea”, which means “very crowded”. (“我喜欢你的笑容，但不喜欢你踩在我脸上”这是在表达“不要践踏草坪”或者“人山人海”意思是很拥挤)”和第四段“Nowadays, more Chinglish words have been created, for example, a Chinese idiom is translated as“smilence”, a combination by the English word smile and silence.(现在，更多的中式英语词汇被创造出来，例如，一个汉语成语被翻译成“smilence”，由英语单词微笑和沉默组合而成)可知，文中举的中式英语的例子都是把英语词汇按照汉语语法表达出来，与C选项“英语词汇和汉语语法相结合的词汇。”描述相符。故选C项。
5．推理判断题。根据第三段的“When it comes to Chinglish, if all you know is “good good study, day day up”, you will be considered “out man”.( 说到中式英语，如果你只知道“good good study, day day up”，你就会被认为是“out man”)”可推断，如果关于中式英语，你只是知道“good good study, day day up”，你被认为是“out man”，因此推断一个对中式英语知之甚少的人将被称为“out man”。故选A。
6．推理判断题。根据第五段中Swire说话的内容“I think many Chinese people complain about the Chinglish and badly translated English. But you know, sometimes for us foreigners, it’s actually quite charming to see them. I think if the translations of English in China were all perfect, then something would be lost from Chinese culture. (我想很多中国人抱怨中式英语和翻译不好的英语。但是你知道，有时候对我们外国人来说，看到它们真的很迷人。我认为如果中国的英语翻译都是完美的，那么中国文化就会失去一些东西)”可知，他认为中式英语是中国文化的一部分。故选D项。
7．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Beijing has made a comprehensive plan to improve foreign language services and correct Chinglish within five years. “It is very ridiculous to see Chinglish on the signs in some scenic spots. And they are a kind of barrier for communication between Chinese and people from other countries,” a Beijinger said. (北京已经制定了一项全面计划，在五年内提高外语服务和纠正中式英语。一个北京人说道：“在一些景点看到中式英语的标语是很可笑的。并且它们也是中国人与其他外国人交流的障碍。”)”可推知，中式英语会成为文化遗迹是因为在政府的政策下会逐渐消除中式英语，尤其是那些标语。故选D项。
Ｃ
【答案】
8．D 9．C 10．A 11．B
【解析】
8．细节理解题。由文章第一段“A new study by researchers at the University of British Columbia (UBC) and the University of Victoria has shown that common levels of traffic pollution can damage human brain function in only a matter of hours. (英属哥伦比亚大学(UBC)和维多利亚大学的研究人员进行的一项新研究表明，普通水平的交通污染可以在几个小时内损害人类的大脑功能。)”可知，交通污染会损害人们的大脑功能。故选D。
9．细节理解题。由文章第四段“The researchers analyzed changes in the brain’s default mode network (DMN) , a set of inter-connected brain regions that play an important role in memory and internal thought. The fMRI revealed that participants had decreased functional connectivity in widespread regions of the DMN after exposure to diesel exhaust, compared to filtered air. (研究人员分析了大脑默认模式网络(DMN)的变化，这是一组相互连接的大脑区域，在记忆和内部思维中起着重要作用。功能磁共振成像显示，与过滤空气相比，接触柴油废气后，参与者DMN广泛区域的功能连通性下降。)”可知，DMN可能负责记忆。故选C。
10．细节理解题。由文章最后一段中“Dr. Carlsten assumed that the effects could be long lasting where exposure is continuous. He said that people should be mindful of the air they’re breathing and take appropriate steps to minimize their exposure to potentially harmful air pollutants like car exhaust. ( Carlsten博士认为，如果持续接触，这种影响可能会持续很长时间。他说，人们应该注意自己呼吸的空气，并采取适当措施，尽量减少接触汽车尾气等潜在有害空气污染物。)”可知， Carlsten博士认为，人们可以避免经常暴露在被污染的空气中来减少影响。故选A。
11．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“A new study by researchers at the University of British Columbia (UBC) and the University of Victoria has shown that common levels of traffic pollution can damage human brain function in only a matter of hours. (英属哥伦比亚大学(UBC)和维多利亚大学的研究人员进行的一项新研究表明，普通水平的交通污染可以在几个小时内损害人类的大脑功能。)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项新研究，该研究表明普通水平的交通污染可以在几个小时内损害人类的大脑功能。故选B。
Ｄ
【答案】
12．D 13．A 14．B 15．D
【解析】
12．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“H. B. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin is only the most famous example. These early stories dealt directly with slavery. With minor exceptions, Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely. He drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.(H. B.斯托的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》只是最著名的例子。这些早期故事直接与奴隶制有关。除了一些小的例外，吐温把他对奴隶制和偏见的攻击植入了一些表面上完全不同的故事中。他通过把读者引入故事来吸引他们加入辩论)”可知，吐温关于奴隶制的小说与斯托的不同之处在于吐温对种族主义的攻击就没那么公开。故选D。
13．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The novel is strongly anti-slavery. Jim’s search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic. As J. Chadwick has pointed out, the character of Jim was a first in American fiction — a recognition that the slave had two personalities, ‘the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual: Jim, the father and the man.’(这部小说强烈反对奴隶制。吉姆在蓄奴州寻找他被迫与之分离的家庭是英勇的。正如J.查德威克所指出的，吉姆这个角色是美国小说中的第一个角色——承认奴隶有两种性格，‘在白人奴隶文化中生存的声音和个人的声音：吉姆，父亲和男人。’)”可推出，吉姆在白人文化中成长为一个男人和一个父亲，作者认为这最好地证明了吐温反对奴隶制的立场。故选A。
14．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段中的“Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.(然而，我们没有理由认为吐温认为这些表演代表了现实。他对奴隶制和偏见的频繁抨击表明，他敏锐地意识到它们并非如此)”可知，划线词they是指代上文中的表演。故选B。
15．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel. And he surely deserves additional praise: the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.(马克·吐温被称为美国小说的发明者。他当然应该得到额外的赞扬：他让对种族主义的巧妙的文学攻击得以普及)”和最后一段中“And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.(吐温在一个蓄奴州长大，曾短暂当兵，还是吉姆的创作者，他可能比上个世纪的任何小说家都更能激起美国人对种族不平等的愤怒，更能唤醒美国人的集体良知)”可知，作者主要论证了在抨击种族主义方面，吐温比同时代的作家做得更多。故选D。
第二节 (共5小题; 每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
【答案】
16．G 17．A 18．F 19．D 20．C
【解析】
16．上文“The only catch is that building good habits takes effort and insight.”指出养成良好的习惯需要付出努力和洞察力。下面每段介绍了一个养成好习惯的方法，由此可知，空处应该是引起下文，指出有一些方法能帮助你养成好习惯，G项“以下几个步骤可以帮助您养成良好的习惯。”符合，故选G项。
17． 此处是本段小标题，下文“The way you define the goal you hope to turn into a habit does matter. (你如何定义你希望变成习惯的目标是很重要的)”可知，设定目标很重要，由此推断出，本段主要介绍了和设定目标相关的内容，A项“设定特殊的目标”作为本段的小标题，结合其他小标题，用祈使句，符合题意。故选A。
18． 根据本段小标题“Make it fun to repeat.(让重复变得有趣)”及上文“Because you are far more likely to stick with something you enjoy.(因为你更有可能坚持你喜欢的东西)”可知，本段主要讲的是让重复变得有趣是因为人只有找到你喜欢的东西才能坚持下去，F项“重复是养成习惯的关键，让体验变得积极至关重要”和上文构成内容上的承接关系。故选F项。
19．上文“A flexible habit means you can still do what you need to even when a wrench is thrown in your first best plans—say, a traffic jam on the way to dropping the kids off at school that gets in the way of your morning meditation.”可知，灵活的习惯意味着你可以在遇到麻烦以后仍然可以做你需要做的事情。D项“一种被证明有用的方法是给自己 ‘应急储备’。”和上文构成内容上的承接，指出了应急储备可以帮助解决以上问题。故选D项。
20．根据小标题“Find the right kind of social support. (寻找合适的社会支持。)”和下文“You can learn from them about what works and gain friends who will make you feel like a slouch when you slack off.(你可以向他们学习什么是有效的，并获得朋友，当你松懈时，他们会让你觉得自己懒散)”可知，这个事例说明了寻找社会支持和我们深受周围人行为的影响，是对C项“我们深受周围人行为的影响”这一观点的举例说明。故选C项。
第三部分 语言运用 (共两节，满分30分)
第一节 (共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
【答案】
21．C 22．A 23．D 24．B 25．C 26．D 27．A 28．B 29．C 30．D 31．A 32．B 33．C 34．A 35．B
【解析】21．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我的手机也没电了。A. busy忙的；B. loud大声的；C. dead（因无电力）不工作的；D. secure可靠的。根据上文“I was halfway across Indiana headed home to Kentucky when my car broke down.”以及句中的too可知，作者的车坏了，手机也因为没电而关机了。故选C。
22．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我设法去了一个加油站，但那是初秋的周日，没有机修工值班。A. mechanic机修工；B. policeman警察；C. manager经理；D. guide指导。根据上文“but it was Sunday in the early fall”可知，作者的车坏了，所以她应该去找修车的。但是因为是周日，所以加油站的机修工都没上班。故选A。
23．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当时我正努力读完大学，几乎没有钱保养这辆车。A. washing清洗；B. parking停车；C. purchasing购买；D. maintaining保养。根据空前“I was working my way through university then and had little money”可知，作者当时正在在读大学，没有什么钱，所以几乎是不保养车的。故选D。
24．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我在车旁坐了几个小时试图避暑，这时一位年长的绅士停下来给他的车加油。A. feel感觉；B. beat击败；C. absorb吸收；D. produce生产。根据下文“working on a hot September afternoon”可知，事情发生在一个炎热的夏天，作者坐在车边试图保持凉爽。beat the heat“消暑，在炎热的天气中保持凉爽”。故选B。
25．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我在车旁坐了几个小时试图避暑，这时一位年长的绅士停下来给他的车加油。A. promised答应了；B. refused拒绝；C. stopped停止；D. volunteered自愿的。根据上文“I managed to get to a gas station”可知，作者是在加油站，所以有一辆车停下来加油。故选C。
26．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他问起我的车，我解释了我的困境。A. solved解决；B. noticed注意到；C. escaped逃脱。D. explained解释。根据上文“He asked about my car”可知，这位绅士询问作者的车出了什么问题，然后作者向他解释了他的困境。故选D。
27．考查名词词义辨析。句意：令我惊讶的是，这位先生告诉我，他有一个和我同龄的女儿，然后他打开行李箱，拿出了一套工具。A. surprise惊喜；B. regret遗憾；C. amusement可笑；D. disappointment失望。根据下文“the gentleman told me that he had a daughter my age, and then he opened his trunk and 　　　 a tool set”可知，这位年长的绅士听到作者的困难后，告诉作者他也有一个女儿，而且从车里拿出一套工具。这让作为陌生人的作者感到非常的惊讶。故选A。
28．考查动词短语辨析。句意：令我惊讶的是，这位先生告诉我，他有一个和我同龄的女儿，然后他打开行李箱，拿出了一套工具。A. called up打电话给；B. pulled out取出；C. put down放下；D. threw away扔掉了。根据空后“a tool set”以及下文“Right then and there, this total 　　　 examined my engine, explaining as he worked that my spark plugs (火花塞) hadn’t been changed for so long that they were 　　　 to function.”可知，这位绅士从他的车里拿出一套工具，帮作者修起了车。故选B。
29．考查名词词义辨析。句意：就在这时，这个完全陌生的人检查了我的发动机，一边工作一边解释说，我的火花塞已经很久没有更换了，以至于无法工作。A. liar骗子；B. beginner初学者；C. stranger陌生人；D. loser失败者。根据上文“I sat alongside my car for several hours trying to 　　　 the heat when an older gentleman 　　　 to fuel his car”以及全文语境可知，这个绅士对于作者来说完全是个陌生人。故选C。
30．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：就在这时，这个完全陌生的人检查了我的发动机，一边工作一边解释说，我的火花塞已经很久没有更换了，以至于无法工作。A. free免费的；B. ready准备好的；C. uncertain不确定；D. unable不能的。根据上文“as he worked that my spark plugs (火花塞) hadn’t been changed for so long ”可知，由于车辆的火花塞已经很久没有更换了，所以导致它不能正常工作。故选D。
31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：大约一个小时后，他宣布我的车可以安全地完成旅程。A. pronounced宣布；B. agreed同意；C. discovered发现；D. doubted怀疑。根据空后“that my car was safe to finish the trip”可知，经过一个小时的修理后，那个绅士宣布说车可以安全地完成旅程。故选A。
32．考查名词词义辨析。句意：善良来自一个陌生人。A. Tiredness疲劳；B. Kindness善良；C. Loneliness孤独；D. Carefulness细心。根据全文语境可知，一位陌生人帮助了他，所以此处指善意来自一个陌生人。故选B。
33．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在一个炎热的九月下午，这个男人弄脏了自己的衣服，从灾难中拯救了一个大学生，只因为她可能和他的女儿同龄。A. Folding折叠；B. Drying干燥；C. Soiling弄脏。D. Mending修补。根据上文“After about an hour, he 　　　 that my car was safe to finish the trip”可知，那位绅士给作者修了一个小时的车。此处指修车时弄脏了自己的衣服。故选C。
34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在一个炎热的九月下午，这个男人弄脏了自己的衣服，从灾难中拯救了一个大学生，只因为她可能和他的女儿同龄。A. saved救了；B. called打电话；C. judged判断；D. banned禁止。根据上文“Right then and there, this total 　　　 examined my engine, explaining as he worked that my spark plugs (火花塞) hadn’t been changed for so long that they were 　　　 to function.”可知，这个陌生人给作者修了车，所以作者觉得他就像是从灾难中是救了她。故选A。
35．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在一个炎热的九月下午，这个男人弄脏了自己的衣服，从灾难中拯救了一个大学生，只因为她可能是他的女儿同龄。A. friend朋友。B. daughter女儿；C. coworker同事；D. customer顾客。根据上文“the gentleman told me that he had a daughter my age”可知，作者觉那位绅士帮助作者是因为他有一个和她同龄的女儿。此处指作者就像那位男士的女儿。故选B。
第二节 (共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
【答案】
36．keyboards 37．is 38．with 39．were used 40．simply 41．a 42．improvement 43．and 44．to stay 45．themselves
【解析】
36．考查名词的数。句意：现在，大多数人拿起键盘的速度比拿起笔的速度还快。根据空格前的介词for可知，空格处应填名词作宾语，keyboard为可数名词，前面没有冠词应用名词的复数形式。故填keyboards。
37．考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：他觉得整洁的书写仍然是一项重要的技能，所以他不仅让学生手写，还让他们用老式的钢笔写字。空格处作谓语，本句陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，且主语handwriting为不可数名词，应用动词的第三人称单数形式。故填is。
38．考查介词。句意：他觉得整洁的书写仍然是一项重要的技能，所以他不仅让学生手写，还让他们用老式的钢笔写字。根据空格后的名词old fashioned fountain pens可知，空格处应填介词，表示“使用”应用介词with。故填with。
39．考查动词时态和语态。句意：钢笔很久以前就在学校里使用了，最近又重新流行起来，因为它们可以重新填充。空格处作谓语，根据时间状语long ago可知，应用一般过去时，主语Fountain pens和动词use之间是被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were used。
40．考查副词。句意：今天，一个作家只是把一支空笔扔掉，再买一支新的。空格处作状语，修饰动词throws，应用副词形式。故填simply。
41．考查冠词。句意：今天，一个作家只是把一支空笔扔掉，再买一支新的。空格后的代词one指代可数名词pen，此处表示泛指，且new是以辅音音标开头，应用不定冠词a。故填a。
42．考查名词。句意：他很高兴看到他的学生和他自己的书写都有了改善。根据空格前的冠词the可知，空格处应填名词作介词with的宾语，表示“改善”是improvement，为不可数名词。故填improvement。
43．考查连词。句意：他很高兴看到他的学生和他自己的书写都有了改善。空格前短语in his students’ writing和空格后的短语in his own writing为并列关系，应用and表示这种关系。故填and。
43．考查非谓语动词。句意：他知道电脑会一直存在，不会消失。根据空前的动词are可知，空格处应填不定式作表语，be to do为固定搭配，表示“必定会”，是对未来的一种推测。故填to stay。
45．考查代词。句意：然而，他认为，用钢笔练习可以帮助学生集中注意力，写得更快，他们可以为自己感到自豪。根据空格前的介词of可知，空格处应填代词作宾语，根据句意“他们自己”应用themselves。故填themselves。
第四部分 写作 (共两节， 满分40分)
第一节 (满分15分)
【答案】
Dear Peter,
I am so glad to hear from you. I’m writing to recommend you to go to Chinese Tea Culture Theme Park located in the suburban area of Beijing.
Walking along the alley, you can see lots of different “tea” characters written by famous scholars. The history of tea growing in China and the special ways of cooking different tea, such as Longjing tea, and Pu’er tea are also shown on the cultural wall in the park. Besides, the park is full of unique tea houses, which allows visitors to taste various tea.
I sincerely invite you to come here and experience our tea culture.
Yours Sincerely,
Li Hua
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给美国朋友Peter写一封邮件，为他推荐一家中国主题公园，内容包括：1.主题公园的名字和位置；2.你推荐的理由；3.表示欢迎。
【解析】1.词汇积累
位于：be located in →be situated in/lie in
出名的：famous →well-known
此外：besides →moreover/in addition
各种各样的：various →varieties of//varied
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：I’m writing to recommend you to go to Chinese Tea Culture Theme Park located in the suburban area of Beijing.
拓展句： Knowing you’re interested in the national culture, I’m writing to recommend you to go to Chinese Tea Culture Theme Park located in the suburban area of Beijing.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Walking along the alley, you can see lots of different “tea” characters written by famous scholars. (运用了现在分词短语walking along作状语)
[高分句型2] Besides, the park is full of unique tea houses, which allows visitors to taste various tea. (运用了关系代词which引导的非限定性定语从句)
第二节 (满分25分)
47．【答案】
Paragraph 1: As promised, I went to visit the little girl the following week. We spent the day together, playing games and having picnics in the park. Over time, we became close friends. I would listen to her talk about her dreams in life, and she would listen to me as I shared my experiences. As we grew older, we went our separate ways, but we never lost touch. We would call and text each other, send letters and make plans to visit each other whenever we could. Even though we were miles apart, we remained the best friends.
Paragraph 2: Years passed, and I received a wedding invitation from my childhood friend. She was getting married and wanted me to attend her wedding ceremony. I was overjoyed and touched. On her wedding day, as she walked down the aisle, wearing a white wedding dress, she looked absolutely beautiful as a fairy. I couldn’t help but feel grateful for that one day when I had met a sad little girl in the park. It was our encounter that started a long journey of friendship and changed each other’s lives.
【解析】1. 段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“按照约定，我在接下来的一周去看望了那个小女孩。” 可知，第一段可描写作者和小女孩的友谊逐渐深厚，成为最好的朋友。
②由第二段首句内容“多年过去了，我收到了儿时朋友的婚礼请柬。”可知，第二段可描写作者看到朋友结婚时的感受。
2. 续写线索：散步——看到小女孩——帮助找娃娃——介绍彼此——成为好朋友——友谊一直持续——看到朋友结婚——感悟。
3. 词汇激活
行为类
①失去联系：lost touch/lost contact/be out of contact
②参加：attend/be present at/show up
③开始：start/begin/turn on
情绪类
①感动：touched/moved
②感激的：grateful/appreciative
【点睛】[高分句型1]Even though we were miles apart, we remained the best friends.(Even though引导的让步状语从句)
[高分句型2]On her wedding day, as she walked down the aisle, wearing a white wedding dress, she looked absolutely beautiful as a fairy.(as引导的时间状语从句)
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