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Unit 1　PEOPLE OF ACHIEVEMENT
本单元语法
非限制性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对先行词具有限制作用,使该词的含义更具体、更明确,这种从句不能省掉,否则句子的意义就不完整,从句与主句之间不能用逗号隔开。
Do you remember the Qing Dynasty vase which I bought last year
你记得我去年买的清代花瓶吗
He took little notice of the honours that were given to him for his research on antique.
他不太重视那些由于他对古董的研究而给予他的荣誉。
2.非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句跟先行词的关系并不十分密切,只是做一些附加说明,不起限制作用,这类从句往往用逗号与主句分开。
John,who sells ancient vases,is an old friend of my father’s.
卖古代花瓶的约翰是我父亲的一位老朋友。
We walked down the village street,which led to the temple.
我们沿着村子的大街走去,大街通向庙宇。
有时这类从句所修饰的不是前面某一个词,而是代表整个主句所讲的内容,通常用逗号与主句分开。
He bought his mother a painting for her birthday,which pleased her a lot.
他买了一幅画作为生日礼物送给母亲,这使她非常高兴。
They are coming back to us,which means that they have got the copper sword.
他们要回到我们这儿来了,这意味着他们得到了铜剑。
3.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
(1)形式不同
限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开,非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般有逗号隔开。
She heard a terrible noise coming from the ancient tower,which brought her heart into her mouth.
她听到古塔里面传来一个可怕的声音,这把她的心提到了嗓子眼上。
I will never forget the days which we spent together visiting the Summer Palace.
我永远不会忘记我们一起参观颐和园的那些日子。
(2)意义不同
限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切,如果去掉从句,剩余的部分意思往往不完整,甚至失去意义;非限制性定语从句只是其先行词的附加说明,如去掉,句子剩余部分意思仍然完整。
We will never forget the happy days when we rebuilt the wooden tower.
我们永远忘不了我们重修木塔的那段快乐日子。
His sister,who works in an antique shop,is coming to see him tomorrow.
他在古董店工作的姐姐明天来看他。
(3)翻译不同
翻译限制性定语从句时,一般先翻译从句,后翻译先行词;翻译非限制性定语从句时,一般先翻译先行词,后翻译从句,形成两个并列分句或其他类型的分句。
I have a son who is now studying in the USA.我有一个现在在美国学习的儿子。(可能还有儿子在别处)
I have a son,who is now studying archaeology in the university.我有一个儿子,他现在在大学学习考古学。(含有“我只有一个儿子”之意)
She is going to spend the holiday in Macao,where she will visit some places of interest.
她要到澳门去度假,在那里她将游览几处名胜。
定语从句
一、定语从句的种类
根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
【观察例句】
This is the computer (that/which) he bought for his son yesterday.
这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。
I will show you to the supermarket where you can find everything you want.
我带你去一家超市，在那里你能找到你想要的一切东西。
He is English, which I know from his accent.
他是英国人，那是我通过他的口音知道的。
This is our headmaster, who I think has something important to tell you.
这是我们的校长，我认为他有一些重要的事情要告诉你。
【归纳用法】
①限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，两者之间不用逗号分开；关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, as；关系副词有where, when, why。
②非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词或主句作些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词与引导限制性定语从句的关系词略有不同。除that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句外，其他都可以。
[即学即练1]——用适当的关系词填空
①Holly, is from Australia, has a good command of Chinese.
②The dictionary, our teacher bought yesterday, is helpful to us.
③I am looking forward to the day my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
④Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize, is considered one of the highest international honours a person can receive.
⑤Davis wanted to visit the farm the seawater rice was grown.
[答案]　①who　②which　③when　④which　⑤where
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1．形式不同
【观察例句】
Here is the man who has been punished by the boss.
这就是那个被老板惩罚的人。(限制性定语从句)
The project, which lasted three years, cost no less than $1 billion.
这个工程历时三年，耗资多达十亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)
【归纳用法】
限制性定语从句和主句之间没有逗号；非限制性定语从句必须用逗号与主句隔开。
2．先行词不同
【观察例句】
This is the best novel that I have ever read.
这是我曾经看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句，先行词是novel)
The novel, which I read last night, is very interesting.
我昨天晚上看过那部小说了，它非常有意思。(非限制性定语从句，先行词为novel)
The novel is very interesting, which makes me very excited.
那部小说很有意思，这让我很兴奋。(非限制性定语从句，which指代前面整句话的内容)
【归纳用法】
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是整个主句。
3．关系词的使用情况不同
(1)that, why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句
【观察例句】
Most people didn't vote for him, which disappointed him.
大多数人没有投票支持他，这使他感到失望。
I have told them the reason, for which I changed my mind.
我已经告诉了他们我改变主意的原因。
【归纳用法】
指物时要用which代替that, for which代替why。
(2)关系代词替代情况不同
【观察例句】
This is the man (whom/who/that) we are talking about.
这就是我们正在谈论的那个人。(限制性定语从句)
The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.
这位年轻人新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下印象。(非限制性定语从句)
She has a younger brother, who is an English teacher.
她有一个弟弟，他是一名英语老师。
【归纳用法】
①关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who代替。
②在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可以用that引导，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，关系代词只能用who或whom。
(3)关系代词省略情况不同
【观察例句】
This is a good film (which/that) I saw a few days ago.
这是我几天前看过的一部好影片。(限制性定语从句)
The summer holiday, which we're looking forward to, is drawing near.
我们盼望的暑假就要来了。(非限制性定语从句)
【归纳用法】
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，而非限制性定语从句的所有关系代词均不可省略。
[即学即练2]——用适当的关系词填空
①Until now, we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children, is quite unexpected.
②The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2018.
③Can you tell me the reason he was absent yesterday
④Einstein, was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him.
⑤Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of recovered.
[答案]　①which　②which/that　③why　④who　⑤whom
三、as和which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
【观察例句】
As we all know, Lu Xun is a great writer.
众所周知，鲁迅是一位伟大的作家。
He failed in the experiment, which was unexpected.
他实验失败了，这是没有料到的。
He is a cheat, as everyone can see.
每个人都看得出来，他是个骗子。
He did the experiment successfully, as had been expected.
正如期望的那样，他实验做得非常成功。
As we all know, paper was first made in China.
正如大家所知，纸是中国发明的。
【归纳用法】
①as引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词一般为整个主句；而which引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词既可以是整个主句，又可以是主句的一部分。
②as引导的从句位置比较灵活，可位于先行词之前、之中和之后，而which引导的从句仅能位于先行词之后。
③as引导从句时常译为“正如”，而which常译为“这；那”。常用句型有：as we all know，as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected等。
[即学即练3]——用适当的关系词填空
①The weather turned out to be very fine, was more than we could expect.
② has been announced, we shall have our final exam next month.
③He failed in the driving test, we had expected.
[答案]　①which　②As　③as
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of has been proved.
2．She was taking the food to the refugee camp, in she distributed it to children.
3．I live next door to a couple children often make a lot of noise.
4．We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, the weather may be better.
5．Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition can promote unity and trust.
6．Some people are successful language learners often fail in other fields.
7．The sun heats the earth, makes it possible for plants to grow.
8．Then he met Mary, invited him to a party.
9．There was a net bar around here, I remember.
10．He changed his mind again, made us all angry.
[答案]　1.which　2.which　3.whose　4.when　5.that　6.who　7.which　8.who　9.as 10．which
Ⅱ.短文语法填空 (用适当的关系词填空)
The very film 1.________ is called Titanic is such a beautiful and sad love story 2.________ is popular with the public, 3.________ hero and heroine are Jack and Rose.Rose is a young beautiful woman with 4.________ her mother went to America.Jack, 5.________ won a ship ticket by playing cards, is a poor painter.They met and fell in love with each other on Titanic 6.________ they had a happy time.Sadly, the nice journey was destroyed by a huge iceberg, 7.________ Jack lost his life for saving Rose (everyone will be moved by the selfless way in 8.________ most people can't behave in real life)．Before Jack left Rose forever, he encouraged Rose to live well for him.9.________ is known to all, love is the strongest strength.And that's the reason 10.________ Rose could live alone and tell us the moving story.
[答案]　1.that　2.as　3.whose　4.whom　5.who　6.where　7.when　8.which　9.As　10.why
Ⅲ.课文语篇填空
Tu Youyou,a 1.______________(commit) and patient scientist,was born in China and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955.After graduation,she worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing.In 1967,she 2.______________(choose) by the government to join a team of scientists with the aim of discovering a new treatment 3._________ malaria.Her team examined over 2,000 old medical texts,and evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical 4.______________(property).From their research,they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria.
After a lot of failures,in 1971,Tu Youyou and her team members succeeded by using a lower temperature 5.______________(draw) out the extract.They even insisted on testing the medicine on 6.______________(they) to make sure that it was safe.Later,the medicine was tested on malaria patients,most of whom recovered.The medicine,7.______________ was called artemisinin,soon became a standard treatment for malaria.
According to Tu Youyou,the discovery of artemisinin was a team effort.Upon 8.______________(hear) that she had been awarded 9.______________ Nobel Prize,she said the honour belonged to the team behind her and all the people of her country.The success 10.______________(prove) the great value of traditional Chinese medicine.
[答案]1.committed 2.was chosen 3.for 4.properties 5.to draw 6.themselves
7.which 8.hearing 9.the 10.proves
Albert Einstein,1.____________ is regarded as the greatest scientist in modern physics,was born in Germany on 14 March 1879.At the age of 17,he 2. ____________(admit) to the university in 1896 and graduated four years later.After 3.___________________(graduate),Einstein first worked as a clerk in the Swiss patent office.While 4.____________(work) there,he continued to study,earning a doctorate in physics in 1905.That same year,he published four extraordinary physics papers and 5.____________(gradual) became world-famous.In 1922,he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize 6.____________ Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.
When Hitler came to power in Germany,Einstein,who was Jewish,found the doors of study 7.____________(close) to him.So he had to flee Germany and then came to US and took 8.____________ a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
Although he was a genius,he sometimes 9.____________(forget) things,like his friends’ birthdays.But despite his peculiarities,he was loved by his 10.____________(friend) and neighbours.Einstein passed away on 18 April 1955,and it was reported that the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.
[答案]1.who 2.was admitted 3.graduating/graduation 4.working 5.gradually 6.for 7.closed 8.up 9.forgot 10.friends

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