资源简介

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INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
Defining the Field of Study
Public Finance – Field of economics that analyzes government taxation and spending activities.
Public Sector Economics or Public Economics
Terms that better capture the fundamental issues of this field of economics - government’s role in the allocation of real resources - that includes, but is not limited to, government’s financial behavior.
Focus on microeconomic functions of government.
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Public Finance and Ideology
Organic view of government
Society is a natural organism
Government is the heart.
Individuals are parts of the organism that have significance only as part of the community, which is stressed above the individual.
Mechanistic view of government
Government is not an organic part of society, but created by individuals for individuals.
Libertarians vs. Social Democrats: Role of government
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Government at a Glance:
The Legal Framework
Federal Government: Constitutional Provisions
Article 1, Section 8
Congress will “pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States.”
“The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises.”
Article 1, Section 9
“No…direct Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken”.
16th Amendment
“Congress shall have power to levy and collect taxes…”
5th Amendment
“No person shall be…deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law…”
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Government at a Glance:
The Legal Framework
State Governments
Federal Constitution gives state governments board autonomy to spend and tax.
Federal Constitution 10th Amendment controls states’ international economic policy.
States’ Constitutions vary in spending and taxing restrictions and the economic issues with which they deal.
Local Governments
Derive power to tax and spend from the States.
Fiscal independence of local governments.
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Government at a Glance:
The Size of Government
How to measure the extent to which society’s resources are subject to control by government.
Annual expenditures
Types of government expenditure
Purchases of goods and services
Transfers of income
Interest payments
Budget documents
Unified budget: Itemized list of federal government revenues and expenditures.
Regulatory budget: Economic costs of government regulations.
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The Size of Government
State, Local, and Federal Government Expenditures (selected years)
1 2 3 4
Total Expenditures (billions) 2011 Dollars (billions)* 2011 Dollars per capita Percent of GDP
1970 295 1,375 6,703 28.4%
1980 847 2,007 8,815 30.4%
1990 1,880 2,948 11,784 32.4%
2000 2,906 3,712 13,155 29.2%
2011 5,410 5,410 17,362 35.9%
*Conversion to 2011 dollars done using the GDP deflator Source: Calculations based on Economic Report of the President, 2012 [pp. 316, 320, 359, 415].
Adjusting for Inflation
Adjusting for Population
Relative to Economy
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The Size of Government
Government Expenditures as a % of GDP (2011)
Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [2011b].
United
States
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The Size of Government
Composition: 2011 Federal Expenditures & Revenues
Source: Economic Report of the President, 2012 [p. 413].
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The Size of Government
Composition: 2011 State & Local
Expenditures & Revenues
Source: Economic Report of the President 2012 [p. 419].
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The Size of Government
Revenues
At the Federal level, the personal income tax is the single most important source of revenue.
At the State and Local levels:
Grants from the federal government are over 20% of revenues
Sales taxes and Property taxes are each about 18% of revenues.
Changes in the Real Value of Debt is also an important source of government revenue.
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Chapter 1 Summary
Public Finance/Public Sector Economics focuses on government’s role in the allocation of real resources - that includes, but is not limited to, taxing and govt spending.
The Mechanistic view vs. Organic view of government.
The U.S. embraces the mechanistic view, which nevertheless leads to disagreements on the appropriate size of the government.
Evidence shows that the impact of the U.S. government on the allocation of national resources has increased over time.
The U.S. Constitution outlines the roles of and constraints placed on state, and federal government economic activity.
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Appendix:
Doing Research in Public Finance
Public Finance journals
International Tax and Public Finance
Journal of Public Economics
National Tax Journal
Public Finance
Public Finance Quarterly
General-interest journals
American Economic Review
Journal of Economic Perspectives
Journal of Political Economy
Quarterly Journal of Economics
Review of Economics and Statistics
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Doing Research in Public Finance
Other sources
Journal of Economic Literature
Brookings Institution’s Studies of Government Finance
Congressional Budget Office reports
National Bureau of Economic Research working papers
Tax Foundation’s Facts and Figures on Government Finance
U.S. Government Printing Office publications
Statistical Abstract of the United States
Economic Report of the President
Budget of the United States
U.S. Census of Governments
Historical Statistics of the United States from Colonial Times to 1970
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Doing Research in Public Finance
Public Finance data available on Internet
Resources for Economists on the Internet (www.rfe.org)
U.S. Census Bureau (www.census.gov)
University of Michigan’s Office of Tax Policy Research (www.otpr.org)
Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center (www.taxpolicycenter.org)
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