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EDUCATION
Chapter 7
Further Questions about Government Intervention in U.S. Education System
If education produces positive externalities, then it should be subsidized. However...
Should public education be free and compulsory as it is in the U.S.
Should government produce public education
Does free public education necessarily lead to an increase in its consumption See next slides
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Real Annual Expenditure Per Pupil in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools
Source: US Bureau of the Census [2012, p. 8]
Expenditure Per Pupil
School Year (2010 dollars)
1980 $5,016
1985 6,057
1990 7,102
1995 7,322
2000 8,068
2005 8,998
2010 9,100
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Justifying Government Intervention in Education
Is Education a Public Good
Does Education Generate Positive Externalities
The Conventional Wisdom
The Case Against the Conventional Wisdom
The Case of Higher Education
Is the Education Market Inequitable
Commodity Egalitarianism (certain goods should be available to everyone)
The Case of Higher Education
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Does Government Intervention Crowd Out Private Education
Quantity of Education
Quantity of all other goods
A
B
i
e0
ep
ii
x
Private School quantity of education
Co
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Public schooling “crowds out” education
Does Government Intervention Crowd Out Private Education
Quantity of Education
Quantity of all other goods
A
B
i
e0
ep
ii
x
Public schooling increases quantity of education
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Co
Does Government Intervention Crowd Out Private Education
Quantity of Education
Quantity of all other goods
A
B
i
e0
ep
ii
x
Public schooling does not increase quantity of education
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Co
Does Government Spending Improve Educational Outcomes
Country comparison of educational spending (next slide)
U.S. spends more per pupil than almost all other developed nations
Empirical Evidence: Does Spending on Education Improve Student Test Scores
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Real Annual Expenditures on Private and Public Schools per Student, All Levels of Education (2008)
SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [2011a].
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Public Spending and the Quality of Education
Empirical Evidence: Does Reducing Class Size Improve Student Test Scores
Difficulties
Measuring costs
Measuring benefits
Project STAR study
California study
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Does Spending on Education Increase Earnings
Elementary and secondary education outcomes
Increases on the margin have little impact on subsequent earnings
Influence of age and economic status
E.g., Heckman (2008) shows that investments made in early childhood to disadvantaged children have highest returns
Labor economists estimate that each year of schooling increases annual earnings 5-13%
However, a year with a quality teacher is worth more than a year with an inferior teacher
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New Directions for Public Education
Charter Schools
Charter Schools - public schools operating under special state charters that permit experimentation and allow independence
Empirical evidence
Diversity of choice
Student outcomes
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New Directions for Public Education
Vouchers
Vouchers – financial grants to families that can be used to pay their children’s tuition at (nearly) any school
Argument in favor
Vouchers create competition in educational marketplace
Arguments opposing
Parents might not be well-enough informed to make good choices
Moving children to private schools might reduce positive externalities of education
If good students escape bad schools, weaker students left behind may receive even worse educations
Inequitable
Empirical evidence on the effect of vouchers
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New Directions for Public Education
School Accountability
School accountability – monitoring student and school performance via standardized tests
No Child Left Behind Act (2001)
Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of school accountability
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Chapter 7 Summary
The rationales for government involvement in education are that education generates positive externalities and it should be provided to all (commodity egalitarianism)
Public education does not necessarily lead to more consumption of it
Evidence on whether more spending on public education improves quality or earnings is mixed
Strategies for improving education quality include charter schools, vouchers, and school accountability laws
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