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(共23张PPT)
EXPENDITURE PROGRAMS FOR THE POOR
Chapter 13
A Quick Look at Welfare Spending
Means-tested
Cash versus in-kind assistance
Anti-poverty impact of non-means-tested programs
Federal Expenditures on Major Need-Tested Programs (2009)
Program Federal Expenditures ($)
Health 319.3
Cash aid 129.6
Food assistance 77.5
Housing and development 59.9
Education 58.2
Social Services 44.3
Energy assistance 10.3 Source: Spar [2011,p.9]
Employment and training 8.6
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TANF
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (1935-96)
TANF-Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (1996- )
No entitlement
Time limits
Work requirement
Fixed $ Block grants to states
States have much flexibility and authority over structure of their welfare system
Benefit reduction rates
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Work Incentives
B = G – tE
B = 0 if E = G/t
Challenge:
How to provide an adequate income support program while minimizing work disincentives
0
The Basic Trade-offs
G – basic grant if not working
t – rate at which grant reduced when recipient earns money
B – benefit received
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w
Analysis of Work Incentives
Hours of leisure per month
Income per month
0
T
a
D
|Slope| = w
b
c
2w
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Time endowment
Analysis of Work Incentives
Hours of leisure per month
Income per month
0
T
D
|Slope| = w
i
ii
iii
E1
F
G
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Leisure
Work
Analysis of Work Incentives
Hours of leisure per month
Income per month (= earnings + transfers)
0
T
D
|Slope| = w
Q
F
S
$100
|Slope| = 3/4w
K
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Hours after TANF
Hours before TANF
Analysis of Work Incentives
Hours of leisure per month
Income per month (= earnings + transfers)
0
T
D
P
F
G
$338
R
P1
Budget constraint with t = 100%
S
0 hours of work selected
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Analysis of Work Incentives
Hours of leisure per month
Income per month (= earnings + transfers)
0
T
D
P
M
R
E2
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Hours worked
Work Requirements
When welfare recipient can’t choose work hours
Workfare: able-bodied individuals receive income-support only if they agree to participate in a work-related activity
TANF
Mandated work
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TANF Characteristics
Time Limits
Lifetime
Per spell of welfare
Family Structure
Marriage
Childbearing
Empirical results as to whether TANF affected the structure of low-income families
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National versus State Administration
Does State Administration create a Race to the Bottom
State Administration allows state experimentation
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Other Benefit Programs for the Poor
Earned Income Tax Credit
2012 for a single parent with two children
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Other Benefit Programs for the Poor
Earned Income Tax Credit
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Empirical Evidence: The Effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Labor Supply
Labor force participation
Work hours
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Other Benefit Programs for the Poor
Supplemental Security Income: Federal program for aged, blind, disabled.
SSI vs. conventional welfare
Uniform minimum federal guarantee
Benefit levels
Work incentives
Medicaid
How Medicaid works
Work disincentives: Medicaid Notch
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The Medicaid Notch
Hours of leisure per year
Income per year
0
T
D
M
N
R
S
X
Z
$1,000
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Other Benefit Programs for the Poor
Unemployment Insurance
Why does government insure against unemployment
Adverse selection
Moral hazard
Benefits
Gross replacement rate
Financing
Experience rated
Effects on Unemployment
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Other Benefit Programs for the Poor
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
SNAP as an in-kind transfer
Direct cost paid by federal government
Administered by the states
Participation rates
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Other Benefit Programs for the Poor
Housing Assistance
How housing assistance works
Housing subsidies
Section 8 certificates
Voucher programs
Impact on stock of housing
Public housing and economic self-sufficiency of inhabitants
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Other Benefit Programs for the Poor
Programs to Enhance Earnings
Education
Head Start
Employment and Training
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New Ideas
Replace current hodgepodge with single cash assistance program
Are benefit levels high enough
Faith-based social services might address the hypothesized (by some) “spiritual” and “moral” roots of poverty
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Chapter 13 Summary
Means-tested programs transfer income and services such as housing, health insurance, food, education, and job training, to people whose resources fall below a certain level
Economic research surrounds how well these programs achieve the dual goals of providing adequate assistance and minimizing work disincentive
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