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现在完成时
Part 1 现在完成时
现在完成时表示事情发生在“过去”，并一直持续到“现在”。
如：He has not passed the driving test yet. 他还没通过驾照考试。
We haven’t seen the film. 我们还没看过那部电影。
1. 常见标志词
现在完成时常和already，just，yet，ever，never，once，twice，since，for连用。
2. 基本结构
现在完成时的动词结构是：have/has + 动词的过去分词。
Have done Has done
用法 除了第三人称单数的所有人称 第三人称单数
肯定式 We have finished our homework. She has gone home.
否定式 We haven’t finished our homework. She hasn’t gone home.
疑问式 Have you finished your homework Has she gone home
简略回答 Yes，we have. / No，we haven’t. Yes，she has. / No，she hasn’t.
动词的过去分词与动词的过去式的变化规律基本相同：
情况 构成规则 举例
一般的动词 在词尾加 –ed work→worked， start→started
以不发音的字母e结尾的动词 在词尾加 –d live→lived
以“辅音字母+字母y”结尾的动词 改词尾的y为 –ied study→studied， cry→cried
重读闭音节结尾单词 双写词尾的辅音字母，再加 –ed stop→stopped， drop→dropped
特殊变化 没有统一的规则（见下表）
不规则动词时态变化表
变化类型 Example
A---A---A型 （现在式、过去式和过去分词同形） cost cost cost 花费 cut cut cut 割，切 hit hit hit 打 let let let 让 put put put 放下 read read read 读 hurt hurt hurt 伤
A---A---B型（现在式和过去式同形） beat beat beaten 打
A---B---A型 （现在式和过去分词同形） come came come 来 become became become 变 run ran run 跑
A ---B ---B型 （过去式和过去分词同形） (1)词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t构成过去式或过去分词 burn burnt burnt 燃烧 learn learned/learnt learned/learnt 学习 mean meant meant 意思是 hear heard heard 听见
(2)词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t” 构成过去式或过去分词 build built built 建筑 lend lent lent 借给 lose lost lost 失去 send sent sent 送 spend spent spent 花费
(3)其他 pay paid paid 付 lay laid laid 下蛋 say said said 说 bring brought brought 带来 buy bought bought 买 think thought thought 想 sleep slept slept 睡 keep kept kept 保持 sweep swept swept 扫 stand stood stood 站 understand understood understood 明白 win won won 得胜 catch caught caught 抓住 teach taught taught 教 feel felt felt 觉得 fight fought fought 战斗 find found found 发现 get got got 得到 hang hanged/ hung hanged/ hung 绞死，挂 have had had 有 hold held held 握 leave left left 离开 make made made 制造 meet met met 遇见 sell sold sold 卖 tell told told 告诉 smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled 嗅，闻 sit sat sat 坐 fly flew flown 飞
A---B---C型 （现在式、过去式和过去分词都不同） （1）动词原形后加-n或-en构成过去分词。 eat ate eaten 吃 fall fell fallen 落下 give gave given 给 take took taken 拿 see saw seen 看见 write wrote written 写 ride rode ridden 骑 drive drove driven 驾驶 throw threw thrown 抛，扔 blow blew blown 吹 grow grew grown 生长 know knew known 知道 draw drew drawn 拉，绘画 show showed shown 展示
（2）过去式加-n或-en构成过去分词。 speak spoke spoken 说话 break broke broken 破碎，折断 steal stole stolen 偷 freeze froze frozen 冻结 wake waked/ woke waked/ waken 醒 choose chose chosen 选择 forget forgot forgotten 忘记
（3）变单词在重读音节中的元音字母 “i”分别为“a”（过去式）和“u”（过去分词） begin began begun 开始 ring rang rung 按铃 sing sang sung 唱 swim swam swum 游泳 drink drank drunk 饮
（4）其他不规则动词的变化 be(am， is) was/ were been 是 be(are) were been 是 do did done 做 go went gone 去 lie lay lain 躺 wear wore worn 穿
Exercise 1
写出下列动词的过去分词。
do _______ fly________ stop _________ play________
try_________ plan________ come________ see_________
write________ take_________ stand ________ sell______
put________ carry _________ run ________ sit_______
3. 现在完成时的基本用法
（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系，也就是说，动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。
如：I have lost my wallet.(含义是：现在我没有钱花了。)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是：已可以吃饭了。)
Michael has been ill.(含义是：现在仍然很虚弱。)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是：现在已在此地。)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况，常与for， since连用。
如：Mary has been ill for three days. (含义是：现在还处于生病状态。)
I have lived here since 1998. (含义是：现在还住在这里。)
（3）现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用，如already，yet，just，before，recently，still， lately等。
如：He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet
（4）现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如often，sometimes，ever，never，twice，on several occasions等。
如：Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
（5）现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now，up to these few days/weeks/months/years，this morning/week/month/year，now，just，today，up to present，so far等。
如：Peter has written six papers so far.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
（6）现在完成时表示现在之前已完成的动作，虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续，但是有一些现在完成时的句子，在后面加上for+一段时间，则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。
如：Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语。)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years.
=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago， and is still studying it now.
Exercise 2
1. You don’t need to describe her. I her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
2. Mike several places since he came to Beijing.
A. will visit B. has visited C. is visiting D. visited
3. ---Mum, may I go out and play basketball
--- you your homework yet
A. Do, do B. Are, doing C. Did, do D. Have, done
4. have/has been to 、 have/has gone to、have/has been in 的区别。
have/has been to表示某人曾经到过某地，人已经回来。
如：Have you ever been to Beijing 你曾经去过北京吗？
I have been to Shanghai twice. 我去过上海两次。（曾经去过，但现在已回。）
have/has gone to表示某人已经去了某地，人不在本地，不在说话的地方，或许在往返的途中。
如：Mr. Li has gone to Japan. You can't find him. 李先生已经去了日本。你找不到他的。
Our teacher has gone home. 老师已经回家了。
have/has been in指的是去某地同时待了一段时间
如：I’ ve been in UK for a month
Exercise 3
1. Mr. Li isn’t here. He to England.
A. has been B. have been C. has gone D. have gone
2. -Where is Mr. Morgan？
-He ________ to the station. He'll be back in an hour.
A. goes B. go C. has gone D. will go
3. David ________Shanghai for more than three months.
A. went to B. has been to C. has been in D. has gone to
5. for和since的区别
现在完成时中，for后面要加时间段，如five days，since后加时间点，如five years ago.
Exercise 4
用for 或since填空。
1. Jill has been in Ireland 　　　 Monday.
2. Tom has been in Paris 　　　 three days.
3. My aunt has lived in Australia 　　　 15 days.
4. Margaret is in her office. She has been there 　　　 7 o'clock.
5. India has been an independent country 　　　 1974.
6. The bus is late. We've been in the bus station 　　　 20 minutes.
7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty 　　　 many years.
8. Mike has been ill 　　　 a long time. He has been in hospital 　　　 October.
6. 现在完成时的句子，谓语何时用瞬间动词、何时用延续动词？
英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和瞬间性动词。
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
延续性动词的用法特征
（1）延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示“段时间”的状语连用。表示“段时间”的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。
如：I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
（2）延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的“点时间”状语连用。
如：It rained at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示“点时间”，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等瞬间性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)
又如：
　　-When did you get to know Jack
　　-Two years ago.
　　-Then you've known each other for more than two years.
　　-That's right.
延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换
1. 动词变为动词：buy → have, borrow → keep
2. 变为“be+adj./adv.”： begin→be on, close/open→be closed/open, die→be dead, finish→be over
get up→be up, marry→be married, go→be off, come→be here,
return→be back, arrive→be here.
3. 变为“be+介词短语”：come/go→be in/at, join→be in(或“be+成员”), put on→wear(或be in)
如：I came to this school ten years ago.＝I have been in this school for ten years.
＝Ten years has passed since I came to this school.＝It is ten years since I came to this school.
Exercise 5
一、看一看下列动词或动词词组，指出哪些是延续性动词？
buy like keep get up borrow open close live
study come wait watch sing walk leave read
break stop write stand put lose work go
延续性动词：
二、选择适当的词语填空
1. How long can I the book (borrow, keep)
2. I came home she was cooking dinner. (What, When)
3. She has the beautiful coat for three days. (put on, worn)
4. They had here for two hours. (arrived, been)
5. She has in this company for ten years. (come, been)
Part 2 过去完成时
表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作。即表示“过去的过去”的动作。
1. 常见时间状语
由于过去完成时表示的是在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作，所以一定要个表示过去的时间状语或动作来做标志，如by the end of last year，by last week等。
如：He had finished the task by last weekend. 到上周末为止，他已经完成了这项任务。
He had left by the time I arrived. 等我到到达的时候他已经离开了。
2. 基本结构
过去完成时的基本构成：助动词had + 过去分词done。had不分人称和数。
3. 过去完成时的主要用法。　
(1) 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：When I woke up，it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”。）
(2) 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。
如：He told me that he had written a new book. (had written发生在told之前。)
(3) 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already，yet，still，just，before，never 等时间副词及 by，before，until 等引导的短语或从句连用。
如：He said that he had learned some English before. 他说以前他对英语有些了解。
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
当他到达聚会的时候，大多数客人都已经离开了，汤姆对此很失望。
(4) 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。
如：By the end of last year，he had worked in the factory for twenty years.
（had worked已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能。）
Exercise 6
1. When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus ________ for 20 minutes.
A. has left B. had left C. had been away
2. I ______ the League for 5 years so far.
A. joined B. have joined C. have been in
3. The factory ________ since the February of 1988.
A . has been open B. has opened C. was open
4. Mary and Rose _______friends since they met in 2000.
A. have made B. have been C. made
5. You mustn't ________ until he comes back.
A. be away B. leave C. be left
4. 过去完成时与现在完成时的区别。
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。
试比较： I have learned 1，000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
I had learned 1，000 English words till then. 到那时为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。
— Oh，　not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在。）
— John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。
— Where had he been
他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”。）
5. 过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：　
（1）时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
（2）在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。
如：She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her， too. She had just won the first in the composition.
（3）当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before，after，as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。
如：He entered the room，turned on the light and read an evening paper.
I (had) called her before I left the office.
Exercise 7
一、单项选择
1. Both his parents look sad. Maybe they _______what’s happened to him .
A. knew B. have known C. must know D. will know
2. —Our country ______ a lot so far .
—Yes. I hope it will be even ______.
A. has changed; well B. changed; good
C. has changed; better D. changed; better
3. Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
A. was; studying B. will; study
C. has; studied D. are; studying
4. We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew
5. Harry Potter is a very nice film. I_______ it twice.
A. will see B. have seen C. saw D. see
6. She said she __________ the principle already
A. has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen
7. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was seven
A. did, do B. has, done C. did, did. D. had, done
8. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。
A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt
9. She ______lived here for ______ years.
A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of
10. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.
A. had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked
【巩固练习】一、选出划线部分读音与其它选项不同的一项。
1. A. brother B. come C. police D .mothers
2. A .cinema B. climb C. sister D. film
3. A. these B. bath C. think D .health
4 . A. morning B. color C. work D. doctor
5. A. basement B. favorite C. basket D. table
二、单项选择
1. -These farmers have been to the United States . -Really When _____ there
A. will they go B. did they go
C. do they go D. have they gone
2. -______ you ___ your homework yet -Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.
A. Did; do; finished B. Have; done; finished
C. Have; done; have finished D. will; do; finish
3. His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in
4. —Do you know him well —Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made
5. —How long have you ____ here —About two months.
A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived
6. Jim turned off the lights and then _____ the classroom.
A. was left B. had left C. has left D. left
7. They _________ in Guangzhou since 2000.
A. lived B. had lived C. have lived D. were living
8. The train from Beijing_______ ten minutes ago.
A. has arrived B. was arriving C. arrived D. had arrived
9. The students _________ their classroom when the visitors arrived.
A. have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned
10. Fergie_______ the project in one hour.
A. have finished B. will finish C. finishes D. has finished
三、用括号中词汇的适当形式填空。
The Greenwood Boys are a group of pop singers. At present, they are visiting all parts of the country.
They (arrive) here tomorrow. They (come) by train and most of the young people in the town (meet) them at the station. Tomorrow evening
they (sing) at the Workers' Club. The Greenwood Boys (stay)for five days. During this time, they will give five performances. As usual, the police will have a difficult time.
They (try)to keep order. It is always the same on these occasions.
四、完形填空
There were once two men, both seriously ill, in the same small room of a hospital. The room had only one window. One of the men was 1 to sit up in bed for an hour in the afternoon. His bed was next to the window. But the other man had to spend 2 of his time lying on his hack.
Every afternoon when the man next to the window was helped by the nurse to sit up for his hour, he would pass the time by 3 what he could see outside : the window seemed opposite a park where there was a 4 . There were ducks and swans swimming in it and children came to 5 them bread. There were flowers and grass. Behind some trees, there was a fine view of the city skyline.
The man 6 his back would listen to the other man describe all of this, enjoying every minute. The other man's descriptions made him feel he could 7 see what was happening outside.
Then one afternoon, he thought: Why should the man next to the window have the pleasure of seeing what was going on Why shouldn't he get the chance One night, the other man 8 woke up and coughed without stopping. His hands reached for the button that would bring the 9 running to help him. But the man on his back watched without moving even when the sound of the other man's breathing 10 . In the morning, the nurse found the other man 11 , and quietly took his body away.
Then the man asked if he could be 12 to the bed next to the window. So they moved him. The minute they left, he supported himself up on one elbow painfully and looked out of the window.
It faced a blank wall.
( ) 1. A. allowed B. ordered C. expected D. invited
( ) 2. A. half B. all C. much D. lots
( ) 3. A. seeing B. explaining C. watching D. describing
( ) 4. A. tree B. house C. lake D. wall
( ) 5. A. feed B. pass C. lend D. make
( ) 6. A. with B. on C. at D. behind
( ) 7. A. likely B. ever C. almost D. just
( ) 8. A. suddenly B. quickly C. quietly D. carefully
( ) 9. A, man B. child C. nurse D. woman
( ) 10. A. passed B. relaxed C. held D. stopped
( ) 11. A, ill B. dead C. sick D. unwell
( ) 12. A. changed B. taken C. hidden D. chosen
五、阅读理解
It was a lovely sunny Saturday morning in early October. Jan Hunter sat by the window of her room as she planned what she would do today. She would like to take Buster, her sheep, to the field for a short walk. Perky, her hamster ( an animal like a mouse) and Slipper, her snake, would enjoy an outing too.
"I'll help you clean your room." Mrs. Hunter said. "Then you'll be free to do what you want the rest of the day."
Jan started picking up her clothes. Mrs. Hunter turned to the bed to take off the sheets (床单). As she lifted the pillow（枕头）. Slipper moved quickly under the blanket (毯子).
"That does it!" Mrs. Hunter cried. "" Get that snake out of here! And look at this--one of your best shoes too dirty to see the color. This is it. Jan. No more animals in the house: that's final! "Mrs. Hunter said in a loud voice as she marched out of the room.
Jan felt sad. She walked slowly across the street. Buster followed behind, to tell her story to her old friend Mr. Ward. He thought for a few minutes. Then he said that if Jan found the right cages（笼子） for the pets, perhaps Mrs. Hunter could let the animals live out on the warm sun porch（门廊）.
Jan remembered an old bird cage that would do for Perky. Buster's bed could simply be moved. Something for Slipper, though, was a real problem.
"'Let's see what there is out my garden, "Mr. Ward suggested. They found an aquarium (鱼缸) in the corner. Mr. Ward pulled out a large piece of glass that would do for a cover. Jan and Buster rushed home to see what Mrs. Hunter would say.
When Mr. Ward heard Jan's loud cry of happiness, he knew Jan's troubles were over.
1. The story took place on_______.
A. a cold day in March B. a weekend day in October
C. a Saturday in September D. a warm day in January
2. is the most important character in the story.
A. Jan B. Mrs. Hunter C. Mr. Ward D. Buster
3. What happened first in the story
A. Jan took Buster for a walk. B. Mrs. Hunter saw the dirty shoes.
C. Mrs. Hunter saw Slipper in Jan's room. D. Jan told her sad story to her friend Mr. Ward.
4. What was the problem in the story
A. Mrs. Hunter was afraid of snakes.
B. Mr. Ward had an aquarium in his garden.
C. Jan didn't know what to do in such good weather.
D. Jan's mother said the pets couldn't stay in the house.

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