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科普知识之阅读理解押题
高考卷 D 篇常为科普类体裁，科普类阅读理解一般阅读难度较高，对考生的知识储备和发散性思维有一定 的要求。如 2023 年新高考 I 卷 D 篇阅读，主题是进行小组讨论的重要性。2022 年新高考 I 卷 D 篇，主题 是语音学的研究发现。由此可见科普阅读在高考英语阅读理解题中占着较大比例。预测 2024 年高考科普阅
读题依然平稳。
科普说明文阅读技巧
策略一：抓住文体特征：主题句：背景引入后\首句
四个部分：标题（简明揭示中心）、背景（引入）、主题（明确提出主题+详细说明）--通过实验、研究、
举例、对比等方式进行以及结尾--简要概括中心
Who-文章的主体是谁（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）
the findings of the research & background
What-文章的主体做了什么（即主体表现出的特征、功能和用途）
Its feature,functions and usage
WhenandWhere-何时何地（ 即何时何地表现 Characteristic ）
(
How
-How did the research pre
form
)
（The Data and Analysis of the Research）
Why-特性功能用途的原因
（即 Why is the research important ）
策略二：抓关键句--首末句+作者态度句；
策略三：抓出题处：⑴在列举处命题。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由 as 、such as 、for example 、for instance
等 引 导 作 为 例 证 ， 这 些 例 句 或 比 喻 就 成 为 命 题 者 设 问 的 焦 点 。 （ 3 ） 转 折
but,yet,however,nevertheless,rather,though,although,while,in fact,as a matter of fact,on the other hand,by contrast）; 。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要
标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、
从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
（6 ）带总结归纳（thus,so,therefor,accordingly,consequently,as a result,in a word,in summary,in brief）;
（ 7 ） 表 达 观 点 ， 总 括 的 动 词 (believe,think,assume,suggest,show,conclude,find that,draw the conclusion
that,discover that);
（8 ）问句--设问句\反问句（ 问句中的内容和答案--- 即文章作者要介绍的主题或观点）
(
策略四：
)“玩转”生词，长难句
A. 对于不影响文章整体理解以及解题的生词，忽略不计。
B. 影响理解及解题关键生词-一定要猜出。
策略五：判断推理题
1. 不能夸大事实，过度推断。
2. 不能主观臆断，无中生有。
3. 文中细节，事实不是推断
(
典例分析
)
（2023·新高考 I 卷 D）（2023·新高考 I 卷 D）On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates
could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the
accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a
discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent
individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was
significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant
response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow,
these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are
enormous.
1 ．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A ．The methods of estimation. B ．The underlying logic of the effect.
C ．The causes of people’s errors. D ．The design of Galton’s experiment.
2 ．Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if .
A ．the crowds were relatively small B ．there were occasional underestimates
C ．individuals did not communicate D ．estimates were not fully independent
3 ．What did the follow-up study focus on
A ．The size of the groups. B ．The dominant members.
C ．The discussion process. D ．The individual estimates.
4 ．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A ．Unclear. B ．Dismissive. C ．Doubtful. D ．Approving.
（建议用时：10 分钟/篇）
1. （2023· 山东 临沂 · 统考二模 ）Have you ever wished you could be better organised or more sociable
Perhaps you’re a constant worrier, and you’d prefer to be a little more carefree
Many surveys show that at least two-thirds of people would like to change some elements of their personality. In the past, such desires appeared to be unachievable. Like the proverbial leopard that could never change its spots,
our virtues and flaws were believed to be woven into the fabric of our minds.
Recent scientific research, however, proves this expectation of personality’s permanence wrong. With the right psychological strategies and enough effort, many people can successfully shape their core personalities into
what they desire.
Our genes almost certainly play a role: it’s why people’s personalities often reflect their biological parents’ ones. The influence of our social environment was thought to end in early adulthood, as the brain reached maturity. If this were true, it wouldn’t be possible to shift personality at will. Yet that is exactly what psychology professor
Nathan Hudson and his colleagues have shown with a series of groundbreaking studies.
The interventions in their studies typically involve arranging regular activities that reflect the personalities people wish to adopt. A quiet person who wished to be more outgoing, for example, might have the goal of
introducing themselves to a stranger once a week, or making small talk with the cashier at their local supermarket.
The aim is for the thinking patterns and behaviours they generate to become habitual. In the first trial, provided participants actually completed those arranged tasks, their personalities shifted in the desired direction. Similarly exciting results could be seen in a later trial. The differences of participants’ personalities before and after the intervention were still apparent three months after the experiment had ended. As Aristotle argued more than
2,300 years ago, we become what we repeatedly do.
The unexpected plasticity of our minds should be good news for anyone who wishes they were a bit more sociable, organised, or happy-go-lucky. Another potential benefit is that awareness of this research could help
improve mental health.
1 ．Why is “leopard” mentioned in paragraph 2
A ．To explain that our minds consist of virtues and flaws.
B ．To show the similarity between leopards and human beings.
C ．To prove a possibility that people can change their personality.
D ．To demonstrate the previous belief that personalities remain fixed.
2 ．What can be inferred about the “interventions”
A ．The two trials reached different conclusions. B ．Activities are tailored to specific personalitites.
C ．The purpose is to better people’s personalities. D ．People’s personalities can be changed but can’t last.
3 ．What has Nathan Hudson’s team shown through their studies
A ．The previous expectation of personality’s permanence was confirmed.
B ．The influence of our social environment ends when the brain matures.
C ．The desire to change some elements of our personality can be achieved.
D ．Our genes play a greater role in our personality than social environment.
4 ．What is the best title for the text
A ．We Are What We Do B ．Habits Make Things Easier
C ．Your Personality Is Not Set In Stone D ．A Leopard Never Changes Its Spots
2.（2023·福建南平 · 统考三模）A recent paper describes bees rolling tiny wooden balls, not for a reward, but apparently just for fun. This discovery emphasizes a long-standing conflict in our view of animals. On the one hand, we want to find the features that distinguish humans from other animals: tools, language and a theory of mind. On the other hand, we delight in finding animals that break those boundaries: chimps, crows and now bees
that use tools, dolphins with signature whistles. But what do those boundaries mean
As a biologist who studies animal behaviour, I am puzzled by this effort to rank animals by their capabilities. I applaud the desire to show that animals are like us, but we can recognize animals for what they are, and be amazed
at their abilities, without having to make their behaviour mirror that of humans.
Once we get out from the assumption that animals have to be like people with human motivations and
feelings, we are freed up to consider the mechanisms ( 机 理 ) behind the behaviours. For example, the same serotonin ( 血清素) influences anxiety in humans and maze ( 迷宫) exploration in crayfish. In a tank divided into
well-lit and shadowy areas, crayfish explore both, but prefer the darker areas, consistent with their night lifestyle.
Does this mean crayfish experience anxiety No. In the bees’ case, they might be exhibiting some very interesting behaviour that has nothing to do with wanting to “have fun”—but we will never examine it if we simply assume they are playing just like people. I am not disparaging the bee researchers’ conclusions, and I am not trying to be a killjoy, but there is something about all this humanizing that prevent exploration, instead of encouraging it.
5 ．What’s the purpose of paragraph 1
A ．To list out facts. B ．To raise an argument.
C ．To arouse readers’ interest. D ．To explain a concept.
6 ．What can we learn from paragraph 3
A ．Behaviour mechanisms work. B ．Crayfish prefer the light sections.
C ．The assumption proves reasonable. D ．Animals are similar to human in mind.
7 ．What does the underlined word “disparaging” mean in paragraph 4
A ．Criticizing. B ．Explaining.
C ．Confirming. D ．Acknowledging.
8 ．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A ．Feelings: Guiding Human Being B ．Boundaries: Making No Sense
C ．Humanizing: Covering the Truth D ．Animals: Mirroring Human Behaviours
3.（2023·福建泉州 · 统考模拟预测）All human languages use vowels and consonants ( 元音和辅音) to express ideas. Most primates (灵长类) communicate almost using vowel-like calls, but non-human great apes (猿), like chimpanzees, produce consonant-like sounds to varying degrees. This raises the question of where consonants came from, says Adriano Lameira at the University of Warwick. To find it out, he studied existing literature to see
how common consonants are among the great apes.
He found that orangutans (猩猩), which spend most of their time in the trees, produce a greater number and variety of consonant sounds than gorillas and chimpanzees living on the ground. “Orangutans have rich sounds like kiss sounds, scrapes and clicks.” says Lameira. They typically use these sounds while building nests or
communicating with their young.
Lameira thinks that living in the trees may explain that Great apes are export at processing protected foods, like nuts, which often requires tools. While living in trees, however, orangutans must always use at least one arm to maintain stability. They have therefore developed more complex control of their lips, tongues and jaws, allowing
them to use their mouths as a “fifth limb” orangutans can peel oranges just with lips, for example.
This advanced motor skill enables orangutans to make consonant-like sounds, argues Lameira. This could mean that our early ancestors developed consonant sounds while hanging around in the trees, too. “There’s a
growing sense that our dependency on trees was much larger and deeper than we think,” says Lameira.
The link between feeding and sounds doesn’t apply to smaller tree-living primates like monkeys, argues
Lameira, because their size and tails make them more stable on branches and they eat differently.
“This is an interesting assumption worth testing,” says Chris Petkov at Newcastle University, though he questions some aspects. As humans aren’t tree-living, there must be other reasons why consonants remain, which
could be tested by characterising consonant-like sounds more systematically across species, he says.
9 ．What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 1 refer to
A ．Why vowels and consonants are used. B ．What ideas the consonants express.
C ．Where the consonants came from. D ．How common the consonants are.
10 ．What fact can support Adriano Lamerica’s assumption about orangutans
A ．They build nests with their young. B ．They are skillful in employing tools.
C ．They show stability in controlling arms. D ．They gain advanced motor skill of mouths.
11 ．What can we infer from Adriano Lameira’s findings
A ．Consonant sounds were made by our earliest ancestors.
B ．Our ancestors depended more on trees than believed.
C ．The link between feeding and sounds applies to monkeys.
D ．Monkeys differ from orangutans in eating habits.
12 ．What is Chris Petkov’s attitude to Adriano Lameira’s assumption
A ．Opposed. B ．Puzzled. C ．Confident. D ．Cautious.
4.（2023·福建福州 · 统考模拟预测）During the summer of 2021, Beverly Wax had an experience that filled her with awe. It was the sight of her son, Justin, dragging a 36-kilogram portable air conditioner upstairs. Beverly’s central air conditioning had stopped working in the middle of a 32℃ heat wave. She had mentioned to her son and he’d shown up as a surprise. As she watched him sweat and struggle while fixing it, she felt a wave of gratitude and
appreciation.
Awe is that feeling we get when something is so vast that it stops us in our tracks. Often, it challenges or expands our thinking. Research shows that awe experiences decrease stress and increase overall satisfaction. It can also help our relationships, making us feel more sympathetic and less greedy, more supported by and more likely to
help others.
Most of us associate awe with something rare and beautiful: nature, music or a spiritual experience. But people can bring about awe, and not just public heroes. Often, this interpersonal awe is a response to life’s big, sweeping changes. We can be awed by our nearest and dearest — the people sitting next to us on the sofa, or chatting on the phone. But it happens in smaller moments, too. John Bargh, a psychologist, said he was truly awestruck by his then-five-year-old daughter. When she heard another child crying, she grabbed her toy, walked over to the boy and
handed it to him.
Unfortunately, we can’t make someone else behave in a way that’s awesome. But we can prepare ourselves to
notice it when they do — and take steps to boost the emotion’s positive effects.
13 ．Why does the writer tell Beverly’s story
A ．To show sympathy for her. B ．To cite an example of awe.
C ．To express appreciation to her son. D ．To start a discussion about awe.
14 ．What is the benefit of awe
A ．It stops our anxiety. B ．It simplifies our thinking.
C ．It satisfies regular needs. D ．It promotes positive emotions.
15 ．In which situation can we feel awed between the nearest
A ．Admiring scenery in a national park.
B ．Enjoying classic music in a concert hall.
C ．Receiving a call from a long-lost friend.
D ．Getting the signature of a famous athlete.
16 ．What can be implied from the last paragraph
A ．Arise in time of trouble.
B ．Behave in an awesome way.
C ．Sense amazement in daily life.
D ．Increase chance of finding awe.
5.（2023·福建三明 · 统考三模） “Shyness can stop you from doing all the things in life that you’d like to,” the
Smiths once sang. However, research suggests that may not be the case when working as a team.
Researchers have found that when animals temper their personalities because of social rules, the efficiency of a group to undertake risky missions—such as foraging ( 觅食) for food—is boosted. “We see this phenomenon happening when we mix together a school of fish with wildly different personalities: the very fearless individuals and the very shy individuals tend to control what they would normally be doing when they stick with the rest of the
group,” said Dr. Sean Rands, the lead author of the research at the University of Bristol.
Writing in the journal PLoS Computational Biology, the researchers reported how they built a computer model to investigate the impact of social conventions and animals’ personalities on the movement of individuals within a group. The model was based on an assumption in which a group of animals in a safe “home” set out to travel to a
food foraging site some distance away.
The results revealed that when no social conventions were in place, their movements were governed by their personalities alone—in other words how fearless or shy they were determined how quickly they left home and arrived at the foraging site. However, when social conventions were introduced, so that the individuals had to keep an eye on each other and adjust their movements accordingly, the impact of personality reduced with less variation in how quickly they reached the destination. The team found where social conventions were present, the group foraged more efficiently than when individuals behaved independently. “We find that if individuals pay attention to the other members of the group, the group will tend to remain at the safe site for longer, but then travel faster
towards the foraging site,” the team wrote.
Rands added that for many social animals, being part of a group can bring huge benefits, and these can
outweigh the influence of personality.
17 ．Why are the Smiths’ words mentioned in paragraph 1
A ．To give an example.
B ．To make a comparison.
C ．To lead in the topic.
D ．To introduce the background.
18 ．What will individuals do while staying with a group
A ．Adjust their behavior.
B ．Take on risky missions.
C ．Ignore social rules.
D ．Travel to a distant foraging site.
19 ．What can we infer from the results
A ．Personalities alone determine movements.
B ．Individuals prefer to behave independently.
C ．Group work increases exposure to potential risks.
D ．Social conventions contribute to working efficiency.
20 ．What is the best title for the text
A ．Be Part of a Group
B ．Stay True to Yourself
C ．Get Rid of Your Shyness
D ．Control Your Personalities
6.（2023·福建龙岩 · 统考二模）Music is good for the health. And drumming may be best of all. As well as being physically demanding, it requires people to synchronise their limbs and to react to outside stimuli, such as what the rest of the band is up to. It is particularly helpful for children who have emotional and behavioural
difficulties.
Researchers at the Clem Burke Drumming Project — an organisation named after Blondie’s drummer, who was one of its founders — have shown that teaching such children to drum helps them to control their reactions
more generally, to focus more effectively on tasks they are given, and to communicate better with other people.
The project’s latest work, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by a team led by Marie-Stephanie Cahart of King’s College, London, goes a step further. It looks at the neurological (神经系统的) changes which accompany these shifts. Ms Cahart and her colleagues recruited 36 autistic (自闭的) teenagers and split them into two groups. One lot had drum lessons twice a week for eight weeks. The others did not. At the beginning and end of the project everyone was asked to stay still for 45 minutes in a functional magnetic-resonance imaging (fmri) machine, to see how the activity of their brains had changed. Their behaviour, as reported by their
guardians, was also recorded.
As expected, most of the drumming group showed positive behavioural changes. And these were indeed reflected in their brains. The fmri scans showed that several clusters of connectivity between parts of those brains
had strengthened during the experiment. In particular, two regions involved in attention control, the right
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( 背外侧前额叶皮层) and the right inferior frontal gyrus ( 额下回), formed strong links, respectively, with places associated with reflection and with areas involved in interpreting facial expressions.
These changes in the brain’s “wetware” thus nicely match the changes in behaviour which learning to drum causes.
Not a surprise, perhaps. But an encouraging confirmation of drumming’s power to heal.
21 ．What does the underlined word “synchronise” in paragraph 1 probably mean
A ．Order. B ．Show. C ．Strengthen. D ．Adjust.
22 ．Why was the teenagers’ behavior recorded
A ．To observe the positive stimuli. B ．To see its relation with brain changes.
C ．To show behavioral differences. D ．To demonstrate their facial connection.
23 ．What can we learn about drumming
A ．It cures mental illnesses. B ．It arouses interest in music.
C ．It shapes better behavior. D ．It balances minds and behavior.
24 ．What is the text mainly about
A ．Drumming benefits health. B ．How to tackle people less focused.
C ．A research on emotion and behavior. D ．The links between drumming and brain.
7.（2023·福建龙岩 · 统考二模）A new study shows that rising levels of planet-warming gasses may reduce
important nutrients in food crops.
Other studies have shown that higher temperatures from climate change and weather extremes will reduce food production. But scientists are finding that rising levels of carbon dioxide and other planet-warming gasses
threaten food quality.
Researchers studied the effects of one such gas—carbon dioxide—on rice. They grew 18 kinds of rice in fields in China and Japan in a controlled environment. They set carbon dioxide levels to what scientists are predicting for our planet by the end of the century. They found that the resulting rice crops had lower than normal levels of
vitamins, minerals and protein.
Rice grown under high carbon dioxide conditions had, on average, 13 to 30 percent lower levels of four B vitamins and 10 percent less protein. The crops also had 8 percent less iron and 5 percent less zinc (锌) than rice
grown under normal conditions.
The researchers said the effects of planet-warming gasses would be most severe for the poorest citizens in some of the least developed countries. These people generally eat the most rice and have the least complex diets, they noted. Scientists estimated that almost 150 million people might be at risk of having too little protein or zinc in
their diet by 2050.
One scientist, Sam Myers of Harvard University of Massachusetts, US, said that findings like this are an
example of the surprises climate change creates. “My concern is, there are many more surprises to come,” he said.
Myers noted that pollution, loss of some species, destruction of forests, and other human activities are likely to produce unexpected problems. He said that you cannot completely change all the natural systems that living organisms have grown to depend on over millions of years without having effects come back to affect our own
health.
The new study suggests a way to lower the nutritional harm of climate change—to grow different forms of
rice that have shown to be more resistant to higher carbon dioxide levels.
25 ．According to the latest study, how do higher temperatures affect crops
A ．They remove the nutrition. B ．They worsen the quality.
C ．They lower the production. D ．They decrease the species.
26 ．What can be inferred from the text
A ．Asian crops contain more nutrients. B ．Rice is grown in restricted conditions.
C ．Crops grown with lower CO2 are healthier. D ．Poor people suffer a lot from food shortage.
27 ．What does Sam Myers agree with
A ．Natural systems damage our health. B ．The nutritional harm should be lowered.
C ．More effects are caused by climate changes. D ．Human activities result in health problems.
28 ．What does the writer intend to do
A ．To introduce a study. B ．To clarify a fact.
C ．To make a suggestion. D ．To show a concern.
8.（2023·福建 · 统考模拟预测）Most people find sugar hard to resist. Our brains need lots of energy and sugary foods provide plenty of it. But when calories are too readily available, it is easy to overdo it. There has been no shortage of research on sugar replacements without the calories, but evidence from animal and human studies has linked some to weight gain. One promising alternative is found in the fruit of Synsepalum dulcificum (奇迹果), a plant native to West Africa. These so-called miracle berries don’t taste sugary themselves, but if you try
something sour afterwards it will taste unusually sweet.
In Benin, the fruit is eaten fresh and is mostly used as a sweetener to have with sour foods and drinks, says Dedeou from a university in Benin. The berry with miraculin(奇迹果蛋白)is very appreciated by local consumers,
especially the kids and people with diabetes (糖尿病).
Despite the miracle berry’s promise as a sugar replacement, it is only produced on a limited scale and isn’t
available worldwide. The berries don’t travel well and the plant is slow to grow.
To create an alternative source of miraculin, researchers at the University of Tsukuba in Japan have genetically engineered tomatoes to produce the protein, but this isn’t necessary, says Tchokponhoue whose team is working to help enlarge the production of miracle berries in West Africa. Earlier this year, a team at Hainan University in China published the genome(基因图谱)of Synsepalum dulcificum, which may help.
Spanish start-up Baia Food has plans to promote sustainable growth of the plant in Ghana and market the dried berries. You can order tablets of freeze-dried miracle berries online but they are pricey, costing around 18 for a
pack of 10. If you can afford it, the berry’s taste-twisting power is fun to try at home. Let the tablet melt on your
tongue, then try tasting acidic foods such as lemons. The effect should last between 15 and 60 minutes.
29 ．What do we know about Synsepalum dulcificum
A ．It contains high calories.
B ．It is related to weight gain.
C ．It tastes unusually sweet.
D ．It serves as a sugar replacement
30 ．What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A ．Efforts made to obtain more miraculin.
B ．Genome published to help do the research
C ．Creation advocated to produce miracle berries.
D ．Transformations performed to engineer tomatoes
31 ．What can we say about tablets of freeze-dried miracle berries
A ．They are sour. B ．They are inexpensive
C ．They are accessible D ．They are productive.
32 ．What is the author’s attitude to getting the sugar alternative
A ．Doubtful. B ．Optimistic. C ．Defensive. D ．Conservative.
9.（2023·山东聊城 · 统考三模） After a year of severe drought, California has seen an abundance of rain since late autumn. Abby Wines, a ranger (护林员) at Death Valley National Park in southern California, predicted that the heavy rainfall would bring us the opportunity to witness one of nature’s most spectacular displays of color and
life — a superbloom — in 2023.
A superbloom refers to a large amount of wildflower growth that exceeds the average level for a typical spring. It is actually a rare phenomenon that usually takes place in exceptionally wet winters. Seeds that may have slept in desert soil for years finally receive enough water to blossom in more abundant numbers than you would see
in a typical year.
The sight of the superbloom is truly breathtaking. Fields of gold, orange, and purple flowers stretch as far as
the eye can see, creating a blanket of colors that can be seen from space.
However, climate change makes the phenomenon increasingly rare. In the distant past, these blooms were often excellent and enormous. As development pushes farther out, more landscapes have been changed to agriculture, and as invasive plants outcompetes the native seedlings, many of California’s spring flower fields are disappearing. In addition, thousands of tourists sometimes step on the flowers and soil, which harms the plant’s
ability to adapt and thrive.
Naomi Fraga, director of conservation at the California Botanic Garden, points out that in promoting these locations where massive blooms take place, there isn’t a lot of additional information about how these are actually very fragile (脆弱的) ecosystems. Instead of promoting and sharing specific locations, it’s important to educate the public about the fragility of the ecosystems and the importance of staying on trails which people are allowed to
enter.
33 ．What is the key to a superbloom according to Abby Wines
A ．Desert soil. B ．Warm climate.
C ．Sufficient rainfall. D ．High-quality seeds.
34 ．What does the underlined word “exceeds” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A ．Equals to. B ．Goes beyond.
C ．Cuts down. D ．Sets up.
35 ．What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A ．Reasons for the superbloom being rare.
B ．Factors in plants’ adapting to the environment.
C ．The relationship between climate and plants growing.
D ．The effect of agricultural development on plants flowering.
36 ．What does Naomi Fraga advocate
A ．Promoting local tourism by advertising superblooms.
B ．Recommending tourists perfect trails to enjoy a superbloom.
C ．Strengthening the management of California Botanic Garden.
D ．Leading the public to focus more on the ecological environment.
10.（2023·山东潍坊 · 统考模拟预测）Curiosity affects everything from our relationships to our education, but it’s not easy to study it. With the help of Wikipedia though, researchers have now done just that, exploring two
main types of curiosity.
The resulting study was able to divide the individuals into two previously identified types, as far as curiosity goes: the ‘busybody’ who explores a lot of diverse information, and the ‘hunter’ who stays on a more focused track
when it comes to gaining knowledge.
“Wikipedia allowed both introverts ( 内 向) and extroverts to have equal opportunity in curious practice, a limitation in other studies of curiosity, while the ad-free search engine allowed individuals to truly be captains of
their own curiosity ships,” says biophysicist Da ielle Bassett, from the University of Pennsylvania.
By recording pages as nodes (节点) and analysing how closely they were related, Bassett and her colleagues were able to find both busybodies and hunters in their pool of volunteers — those who tended to jump all around
Wikipedia and those who were more likely to stay on closely related pages.
However, the participants didn’t always stick to one type of behaviour or the other, and to find out why the researchers used a wellbeing questionnaire given to the participants before the study began, covering topics like seeking out social interaction and tolerating stress. Based on the surveys, a need to fill specific knowledge gaps seemed to drive hunter-style behaviour, while a desire to seek out brand new information was an indicator of a busybody-style of Wikipedia browsing (浏览) — taking larger leaps (跳跃) between nodes or pages. “We assume that a switch from hunter to busybody style might arise due to sensation seeking, or the tendency to pursue novel
and exciting Information,” says Bassett.
These findings can be useful in a number of ways, including in informing approaches to teaching. Curiosity is also linked to emotional wellbeing: people who are more curious tend to be more satisfied with life and less anxious. By making sure information is available in ways that are accessible, we can encourage curiosity and
promote contentment at the same time.
37 ．Why did the researchers use Wikipedia to do their study
A ．It could arouse a higher level of curiosity.
B ．It charged no fees for browsing information.
C ．It enabled introverts to switch to extroverts.
D ．It caused no disturbance to study participants.
38 ．What did the researchers find out about busybodies
A ．They took smaller leaps between pages.
B ．They tended to browse loosely connected information.
C ．They were anxious to narrow specific knowledge gaps.
D ．They were more likely to stick to their type of behavior.
39 ．What may drive hunters to become busybodies
A ．The desire to seek novelty.
B ．A reduction in sensation seeking.
C ．A wish to know like-minded individuals.
D ．The need to dive deeply into a certain topic.
40 ．What’s the consequence of promoting people’s curiosity
A ．Well-rounded individuals.
B ．Increased feelings of contentment.
C ．Greater ability to figure out problems.
D ．More chances to become top teachers.科普知识之阅读理解押题
高考卷 D 篇常为科普类体裁，科普类阅读理解一般阅读难度较高，对考生的知识储备和发散性思维有一定 的要求。如 2023 年新高考 I 卷 D 篇阅读，主题是进行小组讨论的重要性。2022 年新高考 I 卷 D 篇，主题 是语音学的研究发现。由此可见科普阅读在高考英语阅读理解题中占着较大比例。预测 2024 年高考科普阅
读题依然平稳。
科普说明文阅读技巧
策略一：抓住文体特征：主题句：背景引入后\首句
四个部分：标题（简明揭示中心）、背景（引入）、主题（明确提出主题+详细说明）--通过实验、研究、
举例、对比等方式进行以及结尾--简要概括中心
Who-文章的主体是谁（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）
the findings of the research & background
What-文章的主体做了什么（即主体表现出的特征、功能和用途）
Its feature,functions and usage
WhenandWhere-何时何地（ 即何时何地表现 Characteristic ）
(
How
-How did the research pre
form
)
（The Data and Analysis of the Research）
Why-特性功能用途的原因
（即 Why is the research important ）
策略二：抓关键句--首末句+作者态度句；
策略三：抓出题处：⑴在列举处命题。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由 as 、such as 、for example 、for instance
等 引 导 作 为 例 证 ， 这 些 例 句 或 比 喻 就 成 为 命 题 者 设 问 的 焦 点 。 （ 3 ） 转 折
but,yet,however,nevertheless,rather,though,although,while,in fact,as a matter of fact,on the other hand,by contrast）; 。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要
标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、
从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
（6 ）带总结归纳（thus,so,therefor,accordingly,consequently,as a result,in a word,in summary,in brief）;
（ 7 ） 表 达 观 点 ， 总 括 的 动 词 (believe,think,assume,suggest,show,conclude,find that,draw the conclusion
that,discover that);
（8 ）问句--设问句\反问句（ 问句中的内容和答案--- 即文章作者要介绍的主题或观点）
(
策略四：
)“玩转”生词，长难句
A. 对于不影响文章整体理解以及解题的生词，忽略不计。
B. 影响理解及解题关键生词-一定要猜出。
策略五：判断推理题
1. 不能夸大事实，过度推断。
2. 不能主观臆断，无中生有。
3. 文中细节，事实不是推断
(
典例分析
)
（2023·新高考 I 卷 D）On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite
accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the
accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a
discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent
individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was
significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant
response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow,
these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are
enormous.
1 ．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A ．The methods of estimation. B ．The underlying logic of the effect.
C ．The causes of people’s errors. D ．The design of Galton’s experiment.
2 ．Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if .
A ．the crowds were relatively small B ．there were occasional underestimates
C ．individuals did not communicate D ．estimates were not fully independent
3 ．What did the follow-up study focus on
A ．The size of the groups. B ．The dominant members.
C ．The discussion process. D ．The individual estimates.
4 ．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A ．Unclear. B ．Dismissive. C ．Doubtful. D ．Approving.
(
【答案】
1
．
B
2
．
D 3
．
C
4
．
D
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛， 文章陈述了
“
群体智慧
”
效应。实验表
明，
在某些情况下大量独
立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
1
．主旨大意题。根据第二段内容
“
This
effect
capitalizes
on
the
fact
that
when
people
make
errors
,
those
errors aren’t
always the
same.
Some people will tend to
overestimate,
and
come
to
underestimate.
When
e
nough
of
these
errors
are
averaged together, they
cancel
each
other out, resulting in
a
more
accurate
estimate.
If
people
are
similar
and
tend
to
make
the
same
errors,
then
their
errors
won’t
cancel
each
other
out.
In
more
technical
terms,
the
wisdom
of
crowds
requires
that
people
’
s
estimates
be
independent
.
If
for
whatever
reasons
,
people
s
errors
become
correlated or dependent, the accuracy of
the estim
ate will
go
down.
(
这种效应利用了这样一个事实， 即当人们犯
错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有
足够多的误差被平均
在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的
错误，那么他们的错
误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果
由于任何原因，人们
的错误变得相关或依赖，
估计的准确性就会下降
)”
可知， 本段阐述了人们
所犯的错误不总是相同的，
各不相
同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产
)
(
生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了
“
群体智慧
”
效
应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选
B
。
2
．细节理解题。根据第二段的
“In more
technical terms, the wisdom of
crowds requires that people’s estimates be
independent. (
从更专业的角度
来说， 群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的
)”
和第三段的
“The key finding of
the
study
was
that
when
crowds
were
further
divided
into
smaller
groups
that
were
allowed
to
have
a
discussion,
the
averages
from
these
groups
were
more
accu
rate
than
those
from
an
equal
number
of independent
individuals.
For
instance, the
average
obtained
from the
estimates
of four discussion
groups
of five was
significantly more
accurate
than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
(
这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允
许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。
例如，从四个五人讨论
组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从
20
个独立个体获得的平均值更准确
)”
可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，
分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，
准确率提高也是可以做
到的。故选
D
。
3
．推理判断题。根据第四段的
“In a follow-up study with
100 university
students,
the researchers
tried
to
get
a better
sense
of what
the
group
members
actually
did
in
their
discussion.
Did
they
tend
to
go
with
those
most
confident
about their estimates Did they
follow those
least willin
g
to
change
their
minds
(
在一项针对
100
名大学生的后
续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际
行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估
计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗
)”
可知，
在后续研究中， 研究
人员试图更好地了解
小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问
题，
因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选
C
。
4
．推理判断题。根据最后一段内容
“
Although
the
studies
led
by
Navajas
have
limitations
and
many
questions
remain, the potential
imp
lications
for
group
discussion
and
decision-making
are
enormous.
(
尽管
Navajas
领导的 研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的
)”
可知，作者认为虽然
Navajas
领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题， 但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者
对于
Navajas
的
研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选
D
。
)
（建议用时：10 分钟/篇）
1. （2023· 山东 临沂 · 统考二模 ）Have you ever wished you could be better organised or more sociable
Perhaps you’re a constant worrier, and you’d prefer to be a little more carefree
Many surveys show that at least two-thirds of people would like to change some elements of their personality. In the past, such desires appeared to be unachievable. Like the proverbial leopard that could never change its spots,
our virtues and flaws were believed to be woven into the fabric of our minds.
Recent scientific research, however, proves this expectation of personality’s permanence wrong. With the right psychological strategies and enough effort, many people can successfully shape their core personalities into
what they desire.
Our genes almost certainly play a role: it’s why people’s personalities often reflect their biological parents’
ones. The influence of our social environment was thought to end in early adulthood, as the brain reached maturity. If this were true, it wouldn’t be possible to shift personality at will. Yet that is exactly what psychology professor
Nathan Hudson and his colleagues have shown with a series of groundbreaking studies.
The interventions in their studies typically involve arranging regular activities that reflect the personalities people wish to adopt. A quiet person who wished to be more outgoing, for example, might have the goal of
introducing themselves to a stranger once a week, or making small talk with the cashier at their local supermarket.
The aim is for the thinking patterns and behaviours they generate to become habitual. In the first trial, provided participants actually completed those arranged tasks, their personalities shifted in the desired direction. Similarly exciting results could be seen in a later trial. The differences of participants’ personalities before and after the intervention were still apparent three months after the experiment had ended. As Aristotle argued more than
2,300 years ago, we become what we repeatedly do.
The unexpected plasticity of our minds should be good news for anyone who wishes they were a bit more sociable, organised, or happy-go-lucky. Another potential benefit is that awareness of this research could help
improve mental health.
1 ．Why is “leopard” mentioned in paragraph 2
A ．To explain that our minds consist of virtues and flaws.
B ．To show the similarity between leopards and human beings.
C ．To prove a possibility that people can change their personality.
D ．To demonstrate the previous belief that personalities remain fixed.
2 ．What can be inferred about the “interventions”
A ．The two trials reached different conclusions. B ．Activities are tailored to specific personalitites.
C ．The purpose is to better people’s personalities. D ．People’s personalities can be changed but can’t last.
3 ．What has Nathan Hudson’s team shown through their studies
A ．The previous expectation of personality’s permanence was confirmed.
B ．The influence of our social environment ends when the brain matures.
C ．The desire to change some elements of our personality can be achieved.
D ．Our genes play a greater role in our personality than social environment.
4 ．What is the best title for the text
A ．We Are What We Do B ．Habits Make Things Easier
C ．Your Personality Is Not Set In Stone D ．A Leopard Never Changes Its Spots
(
【答案】
1
．
D
2
．
B 3
．
C
4
．
C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。最近的科学研究证明，这种对人格持久性的期望是错误的。通过
正确的心理策
略和足够的努力，许多人可以成功地将他们的核心个性塑造成他们想要
的样子。文章介绍了研究开展的过
程以及发现和意义：对于那些希望自己更善于交际、更有条理或更随遇
而安的人来说，我们大脑意想不到
的可塑性应该是个好消息。另一个潜在的好处是，意识
到这项研究可以帮助改善心理健康。
)
(
1
．推理判断题。根据第二段
“
Many
surveys
show
that
at
least
two
-
thirds
of
people
would
like
to
change
some elements of
their personality. In the past, such desires
appeared
to be
unachievable.
Like
the
proverbial
leopard
that could never change its
spots, our virtues
and
flaws were believed
to
be
woven
into
the
fabric
of
our
minds.(
许多调
查显示，至少三分之二的人想要改变他们性格中的某些元素。在过去，
这样的愿望似乎是无法实现的。就
像谚语所说的
“
江山易改本性难移
”
一样，
我们的优点和缺点被认为是编织在我们的思想结构中
)”
可推知， 在
第二段提到了
“
豹
”
是为了证明先前的观点
，即人格是固定的。故选
D
。
2
．推理判断题。根据第五段
“The interventions in their
studies typically involve
arranging
regular
activities
that reflect the personalities people wish to
adopt. A
quiet
person
who
wished
to
be
more
outgoi
ng,
for
example,
might
have
the
goal
of introducing
themselves
to
a
stranger
once
a
week,
or
making
small
talk
with
the
cashier
at
their
local supermarket.(
在他们的研究中，
干预通常包括安排反映人们希望采
用的个性的定期活动。例如，
一个安
静的人希望变得更外向， 他的目标可能是每周向陌生人介绍自己一次，
或者在当地超市与收
银员闲聊一次
)”
可推知，活动是为特定的个性量身定制的。故选
B
。
3
．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段
“In the first trial, provided participants actually
completed those arranged tasks,
their
personalities
shifted
in
the
desired
direction.
Similarly
exciting
results
could
be
seen
in
a
later
trial.
The
differences
of
participants’ personalities before
and
after the
intervention were
still
apparent three
months
after
the experiment had
ended. As Aristotle
argued more than 2,300
years
ago,
we
become
what
we
repeatedly
do.(
在第一
次试验中，如果参与者确实完成了这些安排好的任务，他们的性格就会朝着预期的
方向转变。在随后的试
验中也可以看到同样令人兴奋的结果。实验结束三个月后，参与者在干预前后的性
格差异仍然很明显。正
如亚里士多德在
2300
多年前所说的那样，
我们反复做什么，
我们就会成为什么
)”
可知， 内森
·
哈德森的团队
通过他们的研究表明了改变我们个性的某些元素的愿望是可以实现的。故选
C
。
4
．主
旨大
意题
。根据第三段
“
Recent
scientific
research
,
however
,
proves
this
expectation
of
personality
’s
permanence wrong. With the r
ight psychological
strategies
and
enough
effort,
many
people
can
successfully
shape
their core personalities into what they desire.(
然而，
最近的科学
研究证明， 这种对人格持久性的期望是错误的。
通过正确的心理策略和足够的努力， 许多人可以成功地将他们的核心个性塑造成他们想要
的样子
)”
可知，
文
章主要介绍了最近的科学研究证明，这种对人格持久性的期望是错
误的。通过正确的心理策略和足够的努
力，
许多人可以成功地将他们的核心个性塑造成他们想要的样
子，
C
选项
“
你的性格不是一成不变的
”
最符合
文章标题。故选
C
。
)
2.（2023·福建南平 · 统考三模）A recent paper describes bees rolling tiny wooden balls, not for a reward, but apparently just for fun. This discovery emphasizes a long-standing conflict in our view of animals. On the one hand, we want to find the features that distinguish humans from other animals: tools, language and a theory of mind. On the other hand, we delight in finding animals that break those boundaries: chimps, crows and now bees
that use tools, dolphins with signature whistles. But what do those boundaries mean
As a biologist who studies animal behaviour, I am puzzled by this effort to rank animals by their capabilities. I applaud the desire to show that animals are like us, but we can recognize animals for what they are, and be amazed
at their abilities, without having to make their behaviour mirror that of humans.
Once we get out from the assumption that animals have to be like people with human motivations and
feelings, we are freed up to consider the mechanisms ( 机 理 ) behind the behaviours. For example, the same serotonin ( 血清素) influences anxiety in humans and maze ( 迷宫) exploration in crayfish. In a tank divided into
well-lit and shadowy areas, crayfish explore both, but prefer the darker areas, consistent with their night lifestyle.
Does this mean crayfish experience anxiety No. In the bees’ case, they might be exhibiting some very interesting behaviour that has nothing to do with wanting to “have fun”—but we will never examine it if we simply assume they are playing just like people. I am not disparaging the bee researchers’ conclusions, and I am not trying to be a killjoy, but there is something about all this humanizing that prevent exploration, instead of encouraging it.
5 ．What’s the purpose of paragraph 1
A ．To list out facts. B ．To raise an argument.
C ．To arouse readers’ interest. D ．To explain a concept.
6 ．What can we learn from paragraph 3
A ．Behaviour mechanisms work. B ．Crayfish prefer the light sections.
C ．The assumption proves reasonable. D ．Animals are similar to human in mind.
7 ．What does the underlined word “disparaging” mean in paragraph 4
A ．Criticizing. B ．Explaining.
C ．Confirming. D ．Acknowledging.
8 ．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A ．Feelings: Guiding Human Being B ．Boundaries: Making No Sense
C ．Humanizing: Covering the Truth D ．Animals: Mirroring Human Behaviours
(
【答案】
5
．
B
6
．
A
7
．
A
8
．
C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是作者赞赏展示动物和我们一样的愿望，但我们可以
认识动物的本
来面目，并对它们的能力感到惊讶，而不必把它们的行为模仿成人
类的行为，一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像
人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自由地考虑行为
背后的机制。
5
．推理判断题。根据第一段的
“
A
recent
paper
describes
bees
rolling
tiny
wooden
balls
,
not
for
a
reward
,
but apparently
just
for
fun
.
This
discovery
emphasizes
a
long
-
standing
conflict
in
our
view
of
animals
.(
最近的一篇论
文描述了蜜蜂滚动小木球，不是为了奖励，而显然只是为了好玩。这
一发现强调了我们对动物的看法中一
个长期存在的冲突。
)”
可推知， 第一段的目的是提出论点
——
我们对动物的看法中一个长期存在的冲突。故
选
B
。
6
．细节理解题。根据第三段的
“
Once
we
get
out
from
the
assumption
that
animals
have
to
be
like
people
with human
motivations
and
feelings,
we
are
freed
up
to
consider
the
mechani
sms
(
机理
)
behind
the
behaviours.
For
example, the
same
serotonin
(
血清素
)
influences
anxiety
in humans
and maze
(
迷宫
)
ex
ploration
in
crayfish.
In
a
tank divided into well-lit and shadowy areas,
crayfish
explore both, but prefer
the
d
arker
areas,
consistent
with
their
night
lifestyle
.(
一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自由地考虑行
为背后的机制。例如，同样的血清素影响人类的焦虑和小龙虾
的迷宫探索。在一个被分成光线充足和阴暗
)
(
的区域的水箱里，
小龙虾会在两个区域都探索，
但更喜欢黑暗的区域，
这与它们的夜间生活方式一致。
)”
可
知，我们可以从第三段中了解到行为机制起作用。故选
A
。
7
．词句猜测题。根据最后一段的
“In the bees’ case, they might be exhibiting some very interesting behaviour that
has nothing to
do with wanting to
“have
fun”—but
we
will
never
examine
it
if
we
simply
assume
they
are
playing
just like people.(
在蜜蜂的例子中，
它们可能会表现出一些非常有趣的行为，
这些行为与想要
“
玩得开心
”
无关
——
但如果我们简单地假设它们像人一样玩耍，我们就永远不会研究它。
)”
and I am not trying to be a killjo
y,
but there is something about all this humanizing that prevent
exploration,
instead
of
encouraging
it(
我并不想扫兴，
但所有这些人性化的东西阻碍了探索， 而不是鼓励探索
)”
可知，
作者在此声明的是自己并不是在贬低蜜蜂研
究人员的结论，也不是想要扫兴，因此划线词
disparaging
的意思是
“
贬低，诋毁
”
，和
criticizing
意思相近，
故选
A
。
8
．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的
“As a biologist who stu
dies animal behaviour, I am puzzled by this
effort
to
rank
animals
by
their
capabilities.
I
applaud
the
desire
to
show
that
animals
are
like
us,
b
ut
we
can
recognize animals for what they are, and be amazed
at
their
abilities,
without
hav
ing
to
make
their behaviour
mirror
that of
humans.(
作为一名研究动物行为的生物学家，
我对这种按能力给动物排序的做法感到
困惑。我赞赏展
示动物和我们一样的愿望，但我们可以认识动物
的本来面目，并对它们的能力感到惊讶，而不必把它们的
行为模仿成人类的行为。
)”
和第三段的
“Once we get out from the assumption that animals have to
be
like
people
with human motivations and
f
eelings, we are
freed up
to consider the
mechanisms (
机
理
) behind
the
behaviours
.(
一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，
我们就可以自由地考虑行为
背后的机制。
)”
可知，
本文主要讲的是作者赞赏展示
动物和我们一样的愿望，
但我们可以认识动物的本来面
目，并对它们的能力感到惊讶，而不必把它们的
行为模仿成人类的行为，一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类
一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自
由地考虑行为背后的机制，也就是说动物的人性化掩盖了
关于它们的行为，因此最好的标题是
C
选项
“Humanizing: Covering the Trut
h(
人性化：掩盖真相
)”
，故选
C
。
)
3.（2023·福建泉州 · 统考模拟预测）All human languages use vowels and consonants ( 元音和辅音) to express ideas. Most primates (灵长类) communicate almost using vowel-like calls, but non-human great apes (猿), like chimpanzees, produce consonant-like sounds to varying degrees. This raises the question of where consonants came from, says Adriano Lameira at the University of Warwick. To find it out, he studied existing literature to see
how common consonants are among the great apes.
He found that orangutans (猩猩), which spend most of their time in the trees, produce a greater number and variety of consonant sounds than gorillas and chimpanzees living on the ground. “Orangutans have rich sounds like kiss sounds, scrapes and clicks.” says Lameira. They typically use these sounds while building nests or
communicating with their young.
Lameira thinks that living in the trees may explain that Great apes are export at processing protected foods, like nuts, which often requires tools. While living in trees, however, orangutans must always use at least one arm to maintain stability. They have therefore developed more complex control of their lips, tongues and jaws, allowing
them to use their mouths as a “fifth limb” orangutans can peel oranges just with lips, for example.
This advanced motor skill enables orangutans to make consonant-like sounds, argues Lameira. This could
mean that our early ancestors developed consonant sounds while hanging around in the trees, too. “There’s a
growing sense that our dependency on trees was much larger and deeper than we think,” says Lameira.
The link between feeding and sounds doesn’t apply to smaller tree-living primates like monkeys, argues
Lameira, because their size and tails make them more stable on branches and they eat differently.
“This is an interesting assumption worth testing,” says Chris Petkov at Newcastle University, though he
questions some aspects. As humans aren’t tree-living, there must be other reasons why consonants remain, which
could be tested by characterising consonant-like sounds more systematically across species, he says.
9 ．What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 1 refer to
A ．Why vowels and consonants are used. B ．What ideas the consonants express.
C ．Where the consonants came from. D ．How common the consonants are.
10 ．What fact can support Adriano Lamerica’s assumption about orangutans
A ．They build nests with their young. B ．They are skillful in employing tools.
C ．They show stability in controlling arms. D ．They gain advanced motor skill of mouths.
11 ．What can we infer from Adriano Lameira’s findings
A ．Consonant sounds were made by our earliest ancestors.
B ．Our ancestors depended more on trees than believed.
C ．The link between feeding and sounds applies to monkeys.
D ．Monkeys differ from orangutans in eating habits.
12 ．What is Chris Petkov’s attitude to Adriano Lameira’s assumption
A ．Opposed. B ．Puzzled. C ．Confident. D ．Cautious.
(
【答案】
9
．
C 10
．
D 11
．
B 12
．
D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是研究者发现大部分时间生活在树上的猩猩比生活在
地面上的大猩
猩和黑猩猩发出的辅音数量和种类都要多。
9
．词句猜测题。根据第一段的
“This raise
s the question of
where consonants came from(
这就提出了辅音从何而
来的问题
)”
和
“he
studied existing literature to
see how common consonants
are
among
the
great
apes(
他研究了现
存的文献，想看看类人猿的辅音有多普遍
)”
可知，
Adriano
Lameira
是为了发现辅音从何而来，
it
指的是
“
辅
音的来源
”
，故选
C
。
10
．细节理解题。根据第三段的
“While living in trees, however, orangutans
must
always use
at
le
ast
one
arm
to
maintain
stability.
They
have
therefore
developed
more
complex
con
trol
of their
lips,
tongues
and jaws,
allowing
them to use their mouths as a “fifth limb” orangutans
can peel
or
anges
just
with
lips,
for
example.(
然而， 当生活在
树上时，猩猩必须至少使用一只手臂来保持稳定。因此，它们已经发展出对嘴唇、
舌头和下颚的更复杂的
控制， 使它们能够把嘴作为
“
第五肢
”
来使用， 例如， 猩猩只用嘴唇就能剥橙子。
)”
和第四段的
“This advan
ced
motor
skill
enables
orangutans
make
consonant
-
like
sounds
,
argues
Lameira
.(
拉米拉认为，这种先进的运动技能
使猩猩能够发出类似辅音的声音。
)”
可知，支持
Adriano
Lameira
关于猩猩的假设的是他们获得了高级的嘴
)
(
巴运动技能，故选
D
。
11
．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的
“This could mean
that our early ancestors developed
consonant
sounds while
hanging
around
in
the
trees,
too.
“There’s
a
growing
sense
that
our
dependency
on
trees
was
much
larger
and
deeper than we think,” says Lameira.(
这可能意味着我们的早期祖先在树上闲逛时也学会
了辅音。
Lameira
说：
“
人们越来越意识到，
我们对树木的依赖比我们想象的要大得多，
也要深得多。
”)”
可知， 我们的祖先比人们
想象的更依赖树木，故选
B
。
12
．推理判断题
。根据最后一段
的
““
This
is
an
interesting
assumption
worth
testing
,”
says
Chris
Petkov
at Newcastle University, though he questions
some aspects.
As
humans
aren’t
tree-li
ving,
there
must be
other
reasons
why
consonants remain, which
could be tested by
characteris
ing
consonant-like
sounds
more
systematically
across
species, he says.(“
这是一个值得检验的有趣假设，
”Newcastle
大学的
Chris Petkov
说，尽管他对某
些方面提出
了质疑。他说，由于人类不是在树上生活的，所以辅音保留下来一定有其他原因，这可以通过在不同物种
之间更系统地描述类似辅音的声音来验证。
)”
可知，
Chris Petkov
对
Adriano Lameira
的假设的态度是谨慎的，
故选
D
。
)
4.（2023·福建福州 · 统考模拟预测）During the summer of 2021, Beverly Wax had an experience that filled her with awe. It was the sight of her son, Justin, dragging a 36-kilogram portable air conditioner upstairs. Beverly’s central air conditioning had stopped working in the middle of a 32℃ heat wave. She had mentioned to her son and he’d shown up as a surprise. As she watched him sweat and struggle while fixing it, she felt a wave of gratitude and
appreciation.
Awe is that feeling we get when something is so vast that it stops us in our tracks. Often, it challenges or expands our thinking. Research shows that awe experiences decrease stress and increase overall satisfaction. It can also help our relationships, making us feel more sympathetic and less greedy, more supported by and more likely to
help others.
Most of us associate awe with something rare and beautiful: nature, music or a spiritual experience. But people can bring about awe, and not just public heroes. Often, this interpersonal awe is a response to life’s big, sweeping changes. We can be awed by our nearest and dearest — the people sitting next to us on the sofa, or chatting on the phone. But it happens in smaller moments, too. John Bargh, a psychologist, said he was truly awestruck by his then-five-year-old daughter. When she heard another child crying, she grabbed her toy, walked over to the boy and
handed it to him.
Unfortunately, we can’t make someone else behave in a way that’s awesome. But we can prepare ourselves to
notice it when they do — and take steps to boost the emotion’s positive effects.
13 ．Why does the writer tell Beverly’s story
A ．To show sympathy for her. B ．To cite an example of awe.
C ．To express appreciation to her son. D ．To start a discussion about awe.
14 ．What is the benefit of awe
A ．It stops our anxiety. B ．It simplifies our thinking.
C ．It satisfies regular needs. D ．It promotes positive emotions.
15 ．In which situation can we feel awed between the nearest
A ．Admiring scenery in a national park.
B ．Enjoying classic music in a concert hall.
C ．Receiving a call from a long-lost friend.
D ．Getting the signature of a famous athlete.
16 ．What can be implied from the last paragraph
A ．Arise in time of trouble.
B ．Behave in an awesome way.
C ．Sense amazement in daily life.
D ．Increase chance of finding awe.
(
【答案】
13
．
B 14
．
D
15
．
C
16
．
C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究表明敬畏会让我们感觉得更好。
13
．推理判断题。根据第一段
“
During
the
summer
of
2021,
Beverly
Wax
had
an
experience
that
filled
her
with awe. (
在
2021
年的夏天，贝弗利
·
瓦克斯经历了一次让她充满敬畏的经历
)”
及第一段可推断，作者讲述贝弗
莉的故事是为了举一个敬畏的例子。故选
B
。
14
．
推
理
判
断
题
。
根据
第
二
段
“Research shows
that
awe
experiences
decrease
stress
and
increase
overall
satisfaction. It
can
al
so
help
our
relationships,
making
us
feel
more
sympathetic
and
less
greedy,
more
supported
by
and
more
likely
to
help
others
. (
研究表明，敬畏体验可以减轻压力，提高整体满意度
。它还可以帮助我们
的人际关系，
使我们更有同情心，
不那么贪婪，
更有可能得到别人的支持和帮助
)”
和第三段
“Most of
us associate
awe with something rare and beautiful: nature, music or a
spiritual
experience.(
我们大多数人都将敬畏与稀有而
美丽的事物联系在一起
:
自然、音乐或精神体验
)”
可推断，敬畏的好处是可
以促进积极情绪。故选
D
。
15
．细节理解题。根据第三段
“We can be awed by our nea
rest and
dearest — the people
sitting
next
to
us
on
the
sofa,
or chatting on the phone
. (
我们可以敬畏我们最亲近的人
——
坐在我们旁边的沙发上，
或者在电话里聊天的人
)”
可知，接到久违朋友的电话会让我们对最亲近的人感到敬畏。故选
C
。
16
．推理判断题。根据最后一段
“Unfortunately, we can’t make someone else behave in
a way that’s
a
wesome.
But
we
can prepare
ourselves to notice
it when they
do —
and
take
steps
to
boost
the
emotion’s
positive
effects.
(
不幸
的是，我们不能让别人表现得很好。但我们可以做好心理准备，在情绪出现时注意到
它，并采取措施增强
这种情绪的积极影响
)”
可推断，感受日常生活中的
惊奇，可以让我们感受到敬畏。故选
C
。
)
5.（2023·福建三明 · 统考三模） “Shyness can stop you from doing all the things in life that you’d like to,” the
Smiths once sang. However, research suggests that may not be the case when working as a team.
Researchers have found that when animals temper their personalities because of social rules, the efficiency of a group to undertake risky missions—such as foraging ( 觅食) for food—is boosted. “We see this phenomenon happening when we mix together a school of fish with wildly different personalities: the very fearless individuals
and the very shy individuals tend to control what they would normally be doing when they stick with the rest of the
group,” said Dr. Sean Rands, the lead author of the research at the University of Bristol.
Writing in the journal PLoS Computational Biology, the researchers reported how they built a computer model to investigate the impact of social conventions and animals’ personalities on the movement of individuals within a group. The model was based on an assumption in which a group of animals in a safe “home” set out to travel to a
food foraging site some distance away.
The results revealed that when no social conventions were in place, their movements were governed by their personalities alone—in other words how fearless or shy they were determined how quickly they left home and arrived at the foraging site. However, when social conventions were introduced, so that the individuals had to keep an eye on each other and adjust their movements accordingly, the impact of personality reduced with less variation in how quickly they reached the destination. The team found where social conventions were present, the group foraged more efficiently than when individuals behaved independently. “We find that if individuals pay attention to the other members of the group, the group will tend to remain at the safe site for longer, but then travel faster
towards the foraging site,” the team wrote.
Rands added that for many social animals, being part of a group can bring huge benefits, and these can
outweigh the influence of personality.
17 ．Why are the Smiths’ words mentioned in paragraph 1
A ．To give an example.
B ．To make a comparison.
C ．To lead in the topic.
D ．To introduce the background.
18 ．What will individuals do while staying with a group
A ．Adjust their behavior.
B ．Take on risky missions.
C ．Ignore social rules.
D ．Travel to a distant foraging site.
19 ．What can we infer from the results
A ．Personalities alone determine movements.
B ．Individuals prefer to behave independently.
C ．Group work increases exposure to potential risks.
D ．Social conventions contribute to working efficiency.
20 ．What is the best title for the text
A ．Be Part of a Group
B ．Stay True to Yourself
C ．Get Rid of Your Shyness
D ．Control Your Personalities
(
【答案】
17
．
C 18
．
A
19
．
D 20
．
A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了与传统所认为的害羞会成为生活的阻碍不同，当
个体在群体中
时，由于社会习俗的存在，无论是害羞性格，
还是大胆无畏性格，个体会调整自我行为以适应群体，这反
而提高了做事的效率。因此，群居动物融入群
体生活是大有裨益的。
17
．推理判断题。分析可知，
当文章首段提出
“‘Shyness can stop you from
doing
all the things
in
life
that
you’d
like to,’ the
Smiths once sang.(The
Smiths
曾经唱道：
“
害羞会阻止你去做生活中你想做的所有
事情。
”)”
之后，
用转折句
“However, research
suggests that may not be the case when working
as
a team.(
然而，研究表明，在团
队工作时， 情况可能并非如此。
)”
否定了这一说法，
提出在团队合作时，
“
害羞就是阻碍
”
的情况并不会发生，
并在后文段落进行了详细解释。由此可推知，提到
the
Smiths
的歌词实则是为了引出文章的话题。故选
C
项。
18
．细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容
“We
see this phenomenon happening when we mix together a
school of
fish
with
wildly
different
personalities:
the
very
fearless
individuals
and
the
very
shy
individuals
tend
to
control
what
they
would
normally
be
doing
when
they
stick
with
the
rest
of
the
group
(
当我们把一群性格截然不同的鱼放在一
起时，我们就会看到这种现象：当它们和其他鱼在一起时，非常无畏的鱼和非常害羞
的鱼往往会控制它们
通常会做的事情
)”
可知， 当个体在群体中时，
个体会控制自己通常会做的事情，
即，
个体会调整自己的行为
状态以适应群体。故选
A
项。
19
．推理判断题。根据文章第四段内容
“The team found where soci
al conventions were present, the group
foraged
more efficiently than when individuals beha
ved independently.(
研究小组发现，
在社会习俗存在的情况下，
群体
觅食的效率要高于个体独立行动的情况。
)”
可知，
研究发现，
社会习俗存在的情况下
， 群体觅食的效率较高。
由此可推知，社会习俗的存在有助于工作效率。故选
D
项。
20
．主旨大意题。根据文章末尾段的总结
“
Rands
added
that
for
many
social
animals
,
being
part
of
a
group
can
bring huge benefits, and these can outweigh the influence o
f
personality.(
兰德斯补充说，
对于许多群居动物来说，
成为群体的一员可以带来巨大的好处，
而这些好处可能会超过个性的影响。
)”
可知， 文章主要通过
一系列的
研究过程和研究结论总结出成为群体一员的好处，社会习俗的存在可以使个体调整自我行为，从而提高工
作效率。选项
A“Be Part of
a Group(
成为群体的一员
)”
贴合文章主旨。故选
A
项。
)
6.（2023·福建龙岩 · 统考二模）Music is good for the health. And drumming may be best of all. As well as being physically demanding, it requires people to synchronise their limbs and to react to outside stimuli, such as what the rest of the band is up to. It is particularly helpful for children who have emotional and behavioural
difficulties.
Researchers at the Clem Burke Drumming Project — an organisation named after Blondie’s drummer, who was one of its founders — have shown that teaching such children to drum helps them to control their reactions
more generally, to focus more effectively on tasks they are given, and to communicate better with other people.
The project’s latest work, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by a team led by Marie-Stephanie Cahart of King’s College, London, goes a step further. It looks at the neurological (神经系统的)
changes which accompany these shifts. Ms Cahart and her colleagues recruited 36 autistic (自闭的) teenagers and
split them into two groups. One lot had drum lessons twice a week for eight weeks. The others did not. At the beginning and end of the project everyone was asked to stay still for 45 minutes in a functional magnetic-resonance imaging (fmri) machine, to see how the activity of their brains had changed. Their behaviour, as reported by their
guardians, was also recorded.
As expected, most of the drumming group showed positive behavioural changes. And these were indeed reflected in their brains. The fmri scans showed that several clusters of connectivity between parts of those brains had strengthened during the experiment. In particular, two regions involved in attention control, the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (背外侧前额叶皮层) and the right inferior frontal gyrus (额下回), formed strong links, respectively, with places associated with reflection and with areas involved in interpreting facial expressions.
These changes in the brain’s “wetware” thus nicely match the changes in behaviour which learning to drum causes.
Not a surprise, perhaps. But an encouraging confirmation of drumming’s power to heal.
21 ．What does the underlined word “synchronise” in paragraph 1 probably mean
A ．Order. B ．Show. C ．Strengthen. D ．Adjust.
22 ．Why was the teenagers’ behavior recorded
A ．To observe the positive stimuli. B ．To see its relation with brain changes.
C ．To show behavioral differences. D ．To demonstrate their facial connection.
23 ．What can we learn about drumming
A ．It cures mental illnesses. B ．It arouses interest in music.
C ．It shapes better behavior. D ．It balances minds and behavior.
24 ．What is the text mainly about
A ．Drumming benefits health. B ．How to tackle people less focused.
C ．A research on emotion and behavior. D ．The links between drumming and brain.
(
【答案】
21
．
D 22
．
B
2
3
．
C
24
．
A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍打鼓可以帮助孩子解决情绪和行为上的困难，有助于
他们控制自己
的反应，更好地集中注意力，更好地沟通。科学家们研究了打鼓是如何影响自闭症青少年的大脑的，发现
它会使他们的行为发生积极的变化。
21
．词句猜测题。结合常识和划线词所在句
“it requires people to
synchronise
their limbs and to
react
to
outside
stimuli (
它要求人们
synchronise
四肢， 并对外界刺激做出反应
)”
中
“
react to outside stimuli”
可推知， 打鼓的时
候四肢参与，
要对外界刺激做出反应就需要不断去
“
调整
”
四肢的动作与状
态，
所以划线词与
adjust
同义， 意
为
“
调整
”
。故选
D
项。
22
．推理判断题。根据第三段中
“
At
the
beginning
and
end
of
the
project
everyone
was
asked
to
stay
still
for
45
minutes
in
a
functional
magnetic-resonance
imaging
(fmri
)
machine,
to
see
how
the
activity
of their
brains
had
changed. Their behaviou
r, as reported by their guardians, was also recorded.(
在项目开始和结束时，
每个人都被要
求在功能性磁共振成像仪
(fmri)
中保持
45
分钟不动， 以观察他们的大脑活动是如何变化的
。他们的监护人所
)
(
报告的行为也被记录下来
)”
和第四段中
“
As
expected
,
most
of
the
drumming
group
showed
positive
behavioural
changes. And
these were
indeed
reflected
in
their
brains.
The
fmri
scans
showed
that
several
clusters
o
f
connectivity between parts of
those brains had strengthened duri
ng the experiment.(
不出所料， 击鼓组的大多数人
表现出积极的行为变化。这些确实反映在他们的大脑中。功能磁共振成
像扫描显示，在实验过程中，这些
大脑部分之间的连接簇得到了加强
)”
可推知，记录青少年的行为的目的是看它与大脑变
化的关系。故选
B
项。
23
．细节理解题
。根据第
四段
中
“
As
expected
,
most
of
the
drumming
group
showed
positive
behavioural
changes.(
不出所料，击鼓组的大多数人表现出积极的行为变化
)”
可知，打鼓塑造了更好的行为。故选
C
项。
24
．主旨大意题。通读全文，
结合第一段中
“Music i
s good for the health. And drumming may be best
of
all.(Not
a surprise, perhaps. But an encouraging confirmation of
drumming’s power to h
eal.)”
和最后一段中
“Not
a
surprise,
perhaps. But an encouraging confirmation of
drumming’s power to heal.(
也许这并不奇怪。但鼓乐的治愈能力得
到了鼓舞人心的证实
)”
可知，
本文主要介绍打鼓可以帮助孩子
解决情绪和行为上的困难， 有助于他们控制自
己的反应，更好地集中注意力，更好地沟通。所以
“Drumming benefits health.(
击鼓有益于健康
)”
有文章主要
内容。故选
A
项。
)
7.（2023·福建龙岩 · 统考二模）A new study shows that rising levels of planet-warming gasses may reduce
important nutrients in food crops.
Other studies have shown that higher temperatures from climate change and weather extremes will reduce food production. But scientists are finding that rising levels of carbon dioxide and other planet-warming gasses
threaten food quality.
Researchers studied the effects of one such gas—carbon dioxide—on rice. They grew 18 kinds of rice in fields in China and Japan in a controlled environment. They set carbon dioxide levels to what scientists are predicting for our planet by the end of the century. They found that the resulting rice crops had lower than normal levels of
vitamins, minerals and protein.
Rice grown under high carbon dioxide conditions had, on average, 13 to 30 percent lower levels of four B vitamins and 10 percent less protein. The crops also had 8 percent less iron and 5 percent less zinc (锌) than rice
grown under normal conditions.
The researchers said the effects of planet-warming gasses would be most severe for the poorest citizens in some of the least developed countries. These people generally eat the most rice and have the least complex diets, they noted. Scientists estimated that almost 150 million people might be at risk of having too little protein or zinc in
their diet by 2050.
One scientist, Sam Myers of Harvard University of Massachusetts, US, said that findings like this are an
example of the surprises climate change creates. “My concern is, there are many more surprises to come,” he said.
Myers noted that pollution, loss of some species, destruction of forests, and other human activities are likely to produce unexpected problems. He said that you cannot completely change all the natural systems that living organisms have grown to depend on over millions of years without having effects come back to affect our own
health.
The new study suggests a way to lower the nutritional harm of climate change—to grow different forms of
rice that have shown to be more resistant to higher carbon dioxide levels.
25 ．According to the latest study, how do higher temperatures affect crops
A ．They remove the nutrition. B ．They worsen the quality.
C ．They lower the production. D ．They decrease the species.
26 ．What can be inferred from the text
A ．Asian crops contain more nutrients. B ．Rice is grown in restricted conditions.
C ．Crops grown with lower CO2 are healthier. D ．Poor people suffer a lot from food shortage.
27 ．What does Sam Myers agree with
A ．Natural systems damage our health. B ．The nutritional harm should be lowered.
C ．More effects are caused by climate changes. D ．Human activities result in health problems.
28 ．What does the writer intend to do
A ．To introduce a study. B ．To clarify a fact.
C ．To make a suggestion. D ．To show a concern.
(
【答案】
25
．
B 26
．
C
2
7
．
C
28
．
A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一项研究表明，不断增加的温室气体可能会减少
粮食作物的重
要营养成分，对人们的身体健康造成影响，并提出了一种降低气候
变化对营养危害的方法
——
种植不同形
式的水稻。
25
．细节理解题
。根据第二段
中
的
“
But
scientists
are
finding
that
rising
levels
of
carbon
dioxide
and
other planet
-
warming
gasses
threaten
food
quality
.(
但科学家们发现，二氧化碳和其他
全球变暖气体水平的上升威胁
着食品质量。
)”
可知，高温会让作物的质量变差
。故选
B
项。
26
．推理判断题。根据第四段中的
“
Rice
grown
under
high
carbon
dioxide
conditions
had
,
on
average
,
13
to
30
percent
lower
levels
of four
B
vitamins
and
10
percent
less
protein.
The
crops
also
had
8
percen
t
less
iron
and
5
percent less zinc (
锌
) than rice grown under normal conditi
ons.(
在高二氧化碳条件下种植的水稻， 四种维生素
B
的含量平均降低了
13%
到
30%
，蛋白质含量
降低了
10%
。与正常条件下种植的水稻相比，这些作物的铁含
量减少了
8%
，锌含量减少了
5%(
锌
)
。
)”
可知， 在高二氧化碳下生长的水稻，
其营养元素都有所降低，
由此
可知，在低二氧化碳条件下生长的水稻更健康。故选
C
项。
27
．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的
“One scientist,
Sam Myers of
Harvard University of
M
assachusetts, US,
said
that
findings
like this
are
an
example
of
the
surprises
clim
ate
change
creates.
“My
concern is, there
are many more
surprises to come,” he said.(
美国哈佛大学马萨诸塞分校的
科学家
Sam Myers
说，
这样的发现是气候变化带来
意外的一个例子。
“
我担心的是，
还会有更多的意外发生，
”
他说。
)”
可知，
Sam Myers
认为这只是气候变化
带来的震惊之一，他担心的是会有更多的震惊，由此可知，气候变化会带来很多的影响。故选
C
项。
28
．推理判断题。根据首段中的
“
A
new
study
shows
that
rising
levels
of
planet
-
warming
gasses
may
reduce
important nutrients in f
ood crops.(
一项新的研究表明， 使地球变暖的气体水平的上升可能会减少粮食作物中的
)
重要营养物质。)”以及尾段中“The new study suggests a way to lower the nutritional harm of climate change—to grow different forms of rice that have shown to be more resistant to higher carbon dioxide levels.(这项新研究提出 了一种降低气候变化对营养危害的方法——种植不同形式的水稻，这些水稻已被证明对更高的二氧化碳水 平具有更强的抵抗力。)”并结合下文中对该研究的介绍和分析， 同时新研究提出的相应的解决方案可知， 本 文作者是介绍一项气候变暖针对作物质量影响的新研究。故选 A 项。
8.（2023·福建 · 统考模拟预测）Most people find sugar hard to resist. Our brains need lots of energy and sugary foods provide plenty of it. But when calories are too readily available, it is easy to overdo it. There has been no shortage of research on sugar replacements without the calories, but evidence from animal and human studies has linked some to weight gain. One promising alternative is found in the fruit of Synsepalum dulcificum (奇迹果), a plant native to West Africa. These so-called miracle berries don’t taste sugary themselves, but if you try
something sour afterwards it will taste unusually sweet.
In Benin, the fruit is eaten fresh and is mostly used as a sweetener to have with sour foods and drinks, says Dedeou from a university in Benin. The berry with miraculin(奇迹果蛋白)is very appreciated by local consumers,
especially the kids and people with diabetes (糖尿病).
Despite the miracle berry’s promise as a sugar replacement, it is only produced on a limited scale and isn’t
available worldwide. The berries don’t travel well and the plant is slow to grow.
To create an alternative source of miraculin, researchers at the University of Tsukuba in Japan have genetically engineered tomatoes to produce the protein, but this isn’t necessary, says Tchokponhoue whose team is working to help enlarge the production of miracle berries in West Africa. Earlier this year, a team at Hainan University in China published the genome(基因图谱)of Synsepalum dulcificum, which may help.
Spanish start-up Baia Food has plans to promote sustainable growth of the plant in Ghana and market the dried berries. You can order tablets of freeze-dried miracle berries online but they are pricey, costing around 18 for a
pack of 10. If you can afford it, the berry’s taste-twisting power is fun to try at home. Let the tablet melt on your
tongue, then try tasting acidic foods such as lemons. The effect should last between 15 and 60 minutes.
29 ．What do we know about Synsepalum dulcificum
A ．It contains high calories.
B ．It is related to weight gain.
C ．It tastes unusually sweet.
D ．It serves as a sugar replacement
30 ．What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A ．Efforts made to obtain more miraculin.
B ．Genome published to help do the research
C ．Creation advocated to produce miracle berries.
D ．Transformations performed to engineer tomatoes
31 ．What can we say about tablets of freeze-dried miracle berries
A ．They are sour. B ．They are inexpensive
C ．They are accessible D ．They are productive.
32 ．What is the author’s attitude to getting the sugar alternative
A ．Doubtful. B ．Optimistic. C ．Defensive. D ．Conservative.
(
【答案】
29
．
D 30
．
A 31
．
C 32
．
B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，原产于西非的奇迹果有望成为糖的替代品。本文还
介绍了一些国
家为创造奇迹果蛋白的替代来源而做出的努力。
29
．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句
“These so-called miracle berries don’t taste sugary themselves, but
if
you try
something sour afterwards it will taste unusually sweet.
(
这些所谓的奇迹浆果本身尝起来并不
含糖，
但如果你事
后尝试一些酸的东西，
它的味道会异常甜。
)”
以及第
三段
“
Despite
the
miracle
berry
’
s
promise
as
a
sugar replacement, it is only produced on a
limited
scale
and
isn’t
available
worldwide.
(
尽管奇迹果有望成为糖的替代
品，但它的生产规模有限，而且不在全球范围内销售。
)”
可知，奇迹果可以替代糖。故
选
D
。
30
．主旨大意题。根据第四段
“To create an alternative source of
miraculin, researchers
at
the
University
of
Tsukuba
in
Japan have
genetically
engineered tomatoes to produce
the
protein,
but
this
isn’t
necessary…Earlier
this
year,
a team
at
Hainan
University
in
China
published
the
genome
(
基因图谱
)
of
Synsepalum
dulcificum
,
which
may
help
.
(
为了创造奇迹果蛋白的替代来源，
日本
Tsuk
uba
大学的研究人员对西红柿进行了基因工程改造，以生产这
种蛋白质，但这不是必要的
……
今年早些时候，中国海南大学的一个团队发表了硬骨合瓣的基因组，这可
能会有所帮助。
)”
可知，第
4
段的主要介绍了为获得更多奇迹蛋白所做的努力。故选
A
。
31
．细节理解题。根据最后一段
“You can order tablets of
freeze-dried miracle berries online but
they
are
pricey,
costing around 18 for a pack o
f
10.
(
你可以在网上订购冷冻干燥的奇迹果片，
但价格昂贵，
每包
10
片售价约
18
英镑。
)”
可知，干的奇迹果片是可以买到的。故选
C
。
32
．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段
“Earlier this year, a team at Hainan University in
China published the
genome(
基
因图谱
)of Synsepalum dulcificum
, which may help. (
今年早些时候，
中国海南大学的一个团队发表了硬骨合瓣
的基因组，这可能会有所帮助。
)”
以及最后一段
“
Spanish
start
-
up
Baia
Food
has
plans
to
promote
sustainable growth
of
the
plant
in
Ghana
and
market
the
dried
berries
.
(
西班牙初创企业
Baia
Food
计划在加纳促进该工厂
的可持续发展，并销售干浆果。
)”
可知，作者对获得替代糖持乐观态度。故选
B
。
)
9.（2023·山东聊城 · 统考三模） After a year of severe drought, California has seen an abundance of rain since late autumn. Abby Wines, a ranger (护林员) at Death Valley National Park in southern California, predicted that the heavy rainfall would bring us the opportunity to witness one of nature’s most spectacular displays of color and
life — a superbloom — in 2023.
A superbloom refers to a large amount of wildflower growth that exceeds the average level for a typical spring. It is actually a rare phenomenon that usually takes place in exceptionally wet winters. Seeds that may have slept in desert soil for years finally receive enough water to blossom in more abundant numbers than you would see
in a typical year.
The sight of the superbloom is truly breathtaking. Fields of gold, orange, and purple flowers stretch as far as
the eye can see, creating a blanket of colors that can be seen from space.
However, climate change makes the phenomenon increasingly rare. In the distant past, these blooms were often excellent and enormous. As development pushes farther out, more landscapes have been changed to agriculture, and as invasive plants outcompetes the native seedlings, many of California’s spring flower fields are disappearing. In addition, thousands of tourists sometimes step on the flowers and soil, which harms the plant’s
ability to adapt and thrive.
Naomi Fraga, director of conservation at the California Botanic Garden, points out that in promoting these locations where massive blooms take place, there isn’t a lot of additional information about how these are actually very fragile (脆弱的) ecosystems. Instead of promoting and sharing specific locations, it’s important to educate the public about the fragility of the ecosystems and the importance of staying on trails which people are allowed to
enter.
33 ．What is the key to a superbloom according to Abby Wines
A ．Desert soil. B ．Warm climate.
C ．Sufficient rainfall. D ．High-quality seeds.
34 ．What does the underlined word “exceeds” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A ．Equals to. B ．Goes beyond.
C ．Cuts down. D ．Sets up.
35 ．What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A ．Reasons for the superbloom being rare.
B ．Factors in plants’ adapting to the environment.
C ．The relationship between climate and plants growing.
D ．The effect of agricultural development on plants flowering.
36 ．What does Naomi Fraga advocate
A ．Promoting local tourism by advertising superblooms.
B ．Recommending tourists perfect trails to enjoy a superbloom.
C ．Strengthening the management of California Botanic Garden.
D ．Leading the public to focus more on the ecological environment.
(
【答案】
33
．
C 34
．
B 35
．
A 36
．
D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了加州自深秋以来
的强降雨预计将在
2023
年带来超级盛开，这
是一种罕见的现象，并解释了这种现象的原因。
33
．细节理解题。根据第一段
“After a year of
severe drought, California has seen
an
abun
dance
of
rain
since
late
autumn
.
Abby
Wines
,
a
ranger
(
护林员
)
at
Death
Valley
National
Park
in
southern
California
,
predicted
that
the heavy
rainfall
would
bring
us
the
opportunity
to
witness
one
of
nature
’
s
most
spectacular
displays
of
color
and
life
—
a
superbloom
—
in
2023. (
在经历了一年的严重干旱之后，加州自深
秋以来迎来了大量降雨。南加州死亡
)
(
谷国家公园的护林员艾比
·
瓦恩斯预测，
这场暴雨将使我们有机会在
2023
年见证大自然最壮观的色彩和生命
展示之一
——
超级盛开。
)”
可知，艾比
·
瓦恩斯认为，绽放的关键是雨量充足。故选
C
。
34
．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文
“Seeds that may have slept in desert soil
for years
finally receive
enough wat
er
to
blossom
in
more
abundant
numbers
than
you
would
see
in
a
typical
year
.
(
在沙漠土壤中沉睡多年的种子终于
获得了足够的水分，
开花数量比你在典型年份看到的要多。
)”
可知， 结合画线句，
“
超级盛开
”
指的是大量野
花的生长超过了一个典型春季的平均水平。
所以
exceeds
为
“
超过
”
之意。故选
B
。
35
．主旨大意题。根据第四段
“However, climate change makes the phenomen
on increasingly rare. In the
distant
past,
these
blooms
were
often
excellent
an
d
enormous.
As
development
pushes
farther
out,
more
landscapes
have
been
changed to agriculture, and as
invasive plants
outcompetes
the
native
seedlings,
many
of
Californ
ia’s
spring
flower
fields
are
disappearing.
In
addition, thousands
of tourists
sometimes
st
ep
on
the
flowers
and
soil, which harms the
plant
’
s
ability
to
adapt
and
thrive
. (
然而，气候变化使这种现象越来越罕见。
在遥远的过去，这些花往往是美
丽而巨大的。随着发展向更远的地方推进，越来越多的景观变成了农业，随着入侵植物
的竞争超过了本地
幼苗，加州的许多春花田正在消失。此外，成千上万的游客有时会踩到花和土壤，这损
害了植物的适应和
茁壮成长的能力。
)”
可知，本段主要介绍超级开花罕见的原因。故选
A
。
36
．推理判断题。根据最后一段
“Naomi Fraga, director of
co
nservation at the California Botanic
Garden, points
out
that in promoting these locations where massive blooms
take
place,
there
isn’t
a
lot
of
additional
information
about how
these
are
actually
very
fragile
(
脆弱的
)
ecosystems.
Instead
of
promoting
and
sha
ring
specific
locations,
it’s
important to
educate the public
about the
fragility
of
the
ecosystems
and
the
importance
of staying
on
trails
wh
ich
people
are
allowed
to
enter
. (
加州植物园的保护主任娜奥米
·
弗拉加指出，在宣传这些大规模开花的地方时，
并没有很多关于这些生态系统实际上是多么脆弱的额外信息。与其宣传和分享特定的地
点，不如教育公众
生态系统的脆弱性，以及在允许人们进入的小
径上行走的重要性。
)”
可推断，娜奥米
·
弗拉提倡引导公众更
加关注生态环境。故选
D
。
)
10.（2023·山东潍坊 · 统考模拟预测）Curiosity affects everything from our relationships to our education, but it’s not easy to study it. With the help of Wikipedia though, researchers have now done just that, exploring two
main types of curiosity.
The resulting study was able to divide the individuals into two previously identified types, as far as curiosity goes: the ‘busybody’ who explores a lot of diverse information, and the ‘hunter’ who stays on a more focused track
when it comes to gaining knowledge.
“Wikipedia allowed both introverts ( 内 向) and extroverts to have equal opportunity in curious practice, a limitation in other studies of curiosity, while the ad-free search engine allowed individuals to truly be captains of
their own curiosity ships,” says biophysicist Da ielle Bassett, from the University of Pennsylvania.
By recording pages as nodes (节点) and analysing how closely they were related, Bassett and her colleagues were able to find both busybodies and hunters in their pool of volunteers — those who tended to jump all around
Wikipedia and those who were more likely to stay on closely related pages.
However, the participants didn’t always stick to one type of behaviour or the other, and to find out why the
researchers used a wellbeing questionnaire given to the participants before the study began, covering topics like
seeking out social interaction and tolerating stress. Based on the surveys, a need to fill specific knowledge gaps seemed to drive hunter-style behaviour, while a desire to seek out brand new information was an indicator of a busybody-style of Wikipedia browsing (浏览) — taking larger leaps (跳跃) between nodes or pages. “We assume that a switch from hunter to busybody style might arise due to sensation seeking, or the tendency to pursue novel
and exciting Information,” says Bassett.
These findings can be useful in a number of ways, including in informing approaches to teaching. Curiosity is also linked to emotional wellbeing: people who are more curious tend to be more satisfied with life and less anxious. By making sure information is available in ways that are accessible, we can encourage curiosity and
promote contentment at the same time.
37 ．Why did the researchers use Wikipedia to do their study
A ．It could arouse a higher level of curiosity.
B ．It charged no fees for browsing information.
C ．It enabled introverts to switch to extroverts.
D ．It caused no disturbance to study participants.
38 ．What did the researchers find out about busybodies
A ．They took smaller leaps between pages.
B ．They tended to browse loosely connected information.
C ．They were anxious to narrow specific knowledge gaps.
D ．They were more likely to stick to their type of behavior.
39 ．What may drive hunters to become busybodies
A ．The desire to seek novelty.
B ．A reduction in sensation seeking.
C ．A wish to know like-minded individuals.
D ．The need to dive deeply into a certain topic.
40 ．What’s the consequence of promoting people’s curiosity
A ．Well-rounded individuals.
B ．Increased feelings of contentment.
C ．Greater ability to figure out problems.
D ．More chances to become top teachers.
(
【答案】
37
．
D 38
．
B 39
．
A 40
．
B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章揭示了在维基百科的帮助下研究者所做的关于两种主要的
好奇心类型的
研究，并得出结论：培养好奇心有助于人们焦虑的减轻和生活满足
感的增加。
37
．推理判断题。根据第三段
““Wikipedia allowed both introverts (
内
向
) and extroverts to have
equal
opportunity
in
curious practice,
a
limitation
in
other
studies
of curios
ity, while the
ad-tree
search
engine
allowed
individuals to
)
(
truly be captains of their
own
curiosity
ships,”
says
biophysicist
Da ielle
Bassett,
from
the
University
of
Pennsylvania.(“
维基百科允许内向者和外向者在好奇心实践中有平等的机会，这是其他好奇心研究的局限，
而无广告搜索引擎允许个人真正成为自己好奇心船的船长
，
”
宾夕法尼亚大学的生物物理学家
Da

ielle Bassett
说
)”
可知，他们使用维基百科进行这项研究的一个原因是，维基百科上没有广告，参与研究的人员
可以做自己好奇心的主人来进行网页浏览。由此推知，维基百科不会对参与
研究的人员好奇心形成干扰。
故选
D
项。
38
．细节理解题。根据第二段
“the
‘busybody’ who explores a lot of
diverse information(
探索大量不同信息的
“
好
事
的人
”)”
及第五段
“
while
a
desire
to
seek
out
brand
new
information
was
an
indicator
of
a
busybody
-
style
of Wikipedia
browsing
(
浏览
) —
taking
larger
leaps
(
跳跃
)
between
nodes
or
pages
.(
而寻求全新信息的愿望是维基
百科浏览的好事的人的一个标志
——
在节点或页面之间发生了更大的跳跃
)”
可知，好事的人喜欢跳转到不同
的页面去探索大量信息。由此可知，他们倾向于浏览松散连接的信息。故选
B
项。
39
．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段
““
We
assume
that
a
switch
from
hunter
to
busybody
style
might
arise
due
to sensation
seeking, or the tendency to pursue novel and exciting
Information,”
says
Bassett.(“
我们认为，从猎人风 格到好事风格的转变可能是由于寻求感觉，或者追求新颖和令人兴奋的信息的倾向，
”
巴塞特说
)”
可知，对
于寻求新奇的渴望可能促使猎人风格到好事者风格的转变。故选
A
项。
40
．推理判断题。根据最后一段
“Curiosity is also li
nked to emotional wellbeing: people who are
more
curious
tend
to be more satisfied with life and less anxious.(
好奇心也与情绪健康有
关：好奇心更强的人往往对生活更满意，
焦虑更少
)”
可知，
好奇心越强越会使人获得更多满足感。由此推知， 激发人们
的好奇心会增强人们的满足感。
故选
B
项。
)

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