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2023学年高三第一学期英语单元练习
II. Grammar and vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
The Impact of Visual Cues on Behavior
During the energy crisis in the 1970s, Dutch researchers began to pay close attention to the country’s energy usage. In one suburb near Amsterdam, they found that some homeowners used 30 percent less energy than their neighbors ____21____ the homes being of similar size and getting electricity for the same price.
It turned out that the houses in this neighborhood were nearly identical except for one feature: the location of the electrical meter. Some had one in the basement. ____22____ had the electrical meter upstairs in the main hallway. ____23____ you may guess, the homes with the meters located in the main hallway used less electricity. When their energy use was obvious and easy to track, people changed their behavior.
Every habit ____24____ (initiate) by a cue, and we are more likely to notice cues that stand out. Unfortunately, the environments where we live and work often make it easy not to do certain actions ____25____there is no obvious cue to trigger the behavior. When the cues that spark a habit are subtle or hidden, they are easy ____26____ (ignore).
By comparison, creating obvious visual cues can draw your attention toward a____27____ (desire) habit. I’ve experienced the power of obvious cues in my own life. I used to buy apples from the store, put them in the crisper (储藏格) in the bottom of the refrigerator, and forget all about them. By the time I remembered, the apples ____28____ (go) bad. I never saw them, so I never ate them.
Eventually, I took my own advice and redesigned my environment. I bought a large display bowl and placed it in the middle of the kitchen counter. The next time I bought apples, that was ____29____ they went. Almost like magic, I began eating a few apples each day simply because they were obvious, ____30____ (facilitate) the formation of a healthy eating habit rather than keeping them out of sight.
Section B
Direction: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. auto-complete B. determine C. essentially D. grammatical E. grouped F. indicating G. instructions H. likely I. resembles J. rigidly K. simple
How do AI chatbots answer my questions
Chatbots might appear to be complex conversationalists that respond like real people. But if you take a closer look, they are ____31____ an advanced version of a program that finishes your sentences by predicting which words will come next. Bard, ChatGPT, and other AI technologies are large language models—a kind of algorithm (算法) trained on exercises similar to the Mad Libs-style questions found on elementary school quizzes. More simply put, they are human-written ____32____ that tell computers how to solve a problem or make a calculation. In this case, the algorithm uses your prompt and any sentences it comes across to ____33____ the answer.
Let’s pretend you plugged this sentence into an AI chatbot: “The cat sat on the ______.” First, the language model would have to know that the missing word needs to be a noun to make ____34____ sense. But it can’t be any noun—the cat can’t sit on the “democracy,” for one. So the algorithm searches texts written by humans to get a sense of what cats actually rest on and picks out the most probable answer. In this scenario, it might ____35____ the cat sits on the “laptop” 10 percent of the time, on the “table” 20 percent of the time, and on the “chair” 70 percent of the time. The model would then go with the most ____36____ answer: “chair.” The system is able to use this prediction process to respond with a full sentence. If you ask a chatbot, “How are you ” it will generate “I’m” based on the “you” from the question and then “good” based on what most people on the web reply when asked how they are.
The way these programs process information and arrive at a decision sort of ____37____ how the human brain behaves. “____38____ as this task—predicting the most probable response—is, it actually requires an incredibly advanced knowledge of both how language works and how the world works,” says Yoon Kim, a researcher at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
The beauty of language models is that researchers don’t have to ____39____ define any rules or grammar for them to follow. An AI chatbot learns how to form sentences that make sense by consuming textual elements, which are common sequences of characters _____40_____ together taken from the raw text of books, articles, and websites. All it needs are the patterns and associations it finds among certain words or phrases.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In 1919, in the aftermath of war, the International Labour Organization used its first convention to limit working hours to eight a day and 48 a week. The Depression later prompted employers to _____41_____ a five-day week.
The latest crisis is dealing a _____42_____ shock to how jobs are designed. The pandemic (疫情) forced many employers to implement remote working. It accelerated the use of technology to help them stay productive. As well as struggling with the challenges of hybrid work, some businesses are now _____43_____ paying staff the same salary for a four-day working week, once as weird a concept as an eight-hour day.
Promised _____44_____ include improved wellbeing better focus, fairer sharing of childcare between men and women, and even a lighter carbon footprint. Fear of missing out on the latest trend must not, _____45_____, blind companies to important obstacles and drawbacks.
Offsetting the cost of a four-day week at a national level looks _____46_____to achieve. As economic historian Robert Skidelsky pointed out in 2019, in a report for the UK Labour party, “_____47_____ working hours nationwide, like France’s 35-hour working week, is not realistic or even desirable, because any cap needs to be adapted to the needs of different sectors (行业)”.
The Wellcome Trust, the science research foundation, decided in 2019 that even a trial would be _____48_____, partly because its staff performed a mix of roles. Some jobs were hard to confine to four days. Other employees preferred to spread their work over five days. _____49_____ already on a four-day week feared they might lose out.
Lockdowns exposed the gap between flexible homeworking professionals and front-line “_____50_____” staff. A four-day week might _____51_____ it.
Some staff want or need to work extra hours. To the risks of a two-tier workforce and reduced freedom of choice add the danger of _____52_____. The approach fails if improved productivity does not cover the potential increased cost. If leaders’ determination to hit the same targets forces staff to work four 10-hour days, to shift their workload back into their _____53_____ weekends, to rush jobs that require more time, or to hire additional hands to plug gaps, some of the benefits of offering workers more free time will quickly disappear.
For each of these _____54_____, advocates have an answer. One is that companies just need to organise staff more efficiently. In itself, better _____55_____ would improve productivity. Another is to cut working hours, rather than days, allowing greater flexibility.
41. A. cancel B. restore C. back D. deny
42. A. similar B. mild C. psychological D. distinct
43. A. stopping B. considering C. continuing D. forbidding
44. A. features B. awards C. challenges D. benefits
45. A. therefore B. however C. besides D. otherwise
46. A. optimistic B. essential C. hard D. instant
47. A. capping B. eliminating C. revising D. promoting
48. A. effective B. troublesome C. consequential D. apparent
49. A. Professionals B. Full-timers C. Amateurs D. Part-timers
50. A. industrious B. goal-driven C. always-on D. decisive
51. A. widen B. bridge C. fill D. leave
52. A. boredom B. invasion C. distraction D. overload
53. A. short B. long C. early D. late
54. A. distinctions B. impacts C. objections D. suggestions
55. A. judgment B. standard C. management D. method
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
On our 20th anniversary, Susan and I headed off for a few days to a lovely valley about an hour away. We didn’t know much about the town, but that was fine. Our goal was really just to renew our faith in each other.
We began by stocking up at the quirky Village Market in Glen Ellen, California. Within minutes, friendly locals spotted us and started chatting in the aisles with charming tips. You gotta hike to Jack London’s house. Oh, dinner at the Fig Café. Hours later, having followed their yellow brick road all day, we walked, delirious, back from dinner to our creekside inn. “I think I could live here,” Susan said.
It turns out that Glen Ellen’s contagious spirit was not our passing illusion. In October 2017, the Nuns Fire bore down on this town near Santa Rosa. An astounding 183 of Glen Ellen’s 750 or so homes burned down. Among them was Jill Dawson’s place, just across the creek from the inn to which we had returned the next anniversary, and four more in turn. I called Jill after reading her family’s story. She sounded just like the spirited, generous type Susan and I have loved meeting in Glen Ellen.
After the fire, she told me, her family’s prospects for staying in the town looked bleak. But residents mobilized on Facebook and in the Village Market to brainstorm how to house one another.
Hearing of their plight, some neighbors who barely knew the Dawsons placed two new trailers next to their house, which hadn’t burned, for Jill’s family.
“Their name is the Fosters, and I tell them, ‘You just can’t help it,’” Jill says, laughing at her own pun. Jill and her husband, Art, have lived in one of the trailers for a year while sorting through how to rebuild. They are only two of the many residents who were able to remain close thanks to their neighbors’ selflessness. “I’m grateful for little Glen Ellen,” Jill says. “The amount of passionate people and grassroots efforts working to keep this place supportive is amazing. The kindness thing, it’s still huge here.”
In kicking off our annual Nicest Place in America search, let Glen Ellen be just one example. So many cities, workplaces, churches, schools, and other locations thrive because, well, “the kindness thing, it’s still huge.” Please take the time to go to /NICEST to tell us about one you love. Thank you!
56. What did the author think of Glen Ellen during his several trips there
A. He found Glen Ellen to be a dynamic town with rapid development.
B. He had mixed feelings about Glen Ellen, both positive and negative.
C. He thought Glen Ellen was a place which deepened faith in her wife.
D. He developed a positive impression of its welcoming community spirit.
57. How did the Glen Ellen community respond to the Nuns Fire in October 2017
A. They relied solely on government aid for recovery efforts.
B. They spontaneously formed a neighborhood watch program.
C. They held a series of fundraisers to help the affected families.
D. They largely depended on assistance from distant communities.
58. Which of the following is the right understanding of ““Their name is the Fosters, and I tell them, ‘You just can’t help it,’” Jill says, laughing at her own pun.”
A. Jim is making a lighthearted comment about the Fosters’ inborn generosity.
B. Jill is implying that Fosters lack competence to give a helping hand to others.
C. Jill is hinting that the Fosters might not always display the same level of kindness.
D. Jill is expressing his sincere gratitude for Fosters’ constant and generous assistance.
59. What is the writing purpose of the passage
A. To highlight Glen Ellen’s tradition of community support and kindness.
B. To demonstrate the author’s personal perspectives in community building.
C. To present how people in Glen Ellen overcame difficulties with joint efforts.
D. To encourage readers to reflect on and share their own experiences of kindness.
(B)
DART II System
60. The two objects circled at the bottom of the picture arc probably .
A. relays B. monitors C. anchors D. sensors
61. What can be inferred about the buoy
A. The sensors fixed on the floating buoy record the sea pressure.
B. It communicates with other devices through single-way signals.
C. The buoy features direct connection to scientists and the monitor.
D. It sends data collected from both the depths and surface of the ocean.
62. DART II System is most probably designed to .
A. detect upcoming tsunamis
B. transmit satellite data to the seabed
C. monitor marine biodiversity
D. change the buoy into a ground station
(C)
In the genetic age, ecologists’ jobs are made much easier by two things. One is that every organism carries its own chemical identity card, in the form of its genome (基因组). The second is that they drop these ID cards everywhere they go. Urine, bits of fur stuck to a hedge, even shed skin cells: all deposit DNA into the environment. Cheap gene sequencing allows scientists to harvest this “environmental DNA” (eDNA) from soil, sand, water and the like, and use it to keep track of which species are living where.
“Every organism,” of course, includes humans. In a paper published on May 15th in Nature Ecology & Evolution, a group of researchers from America and Europe report that such eDNA surveys pick up large quantities of human DNA as well as the animal sort. That DNA can be read—and potentially matched with individuals—by anyone with the right equipment.
The researchers did not set out to study “inadvertent human genetic bycatch”, as they call the phenomenon. The work began at the Witney Sea Turtle Hospital in Florida, during an investigation into a viral turtle disease. The researchers sampled water from the turtle’s tanks, as well as from ocean water and beaches upon which the creatures nested, looking for viral DNA.
They expected to sweep up DNA from other species during their trawl (拖网). What was surprising, according to Jessica Farrell, a biologist at the Witney Hospital and one of the paper’s authors, was just how much human DNA they found. Even though many of their sampling sites were not near towns and cities, they found human genetic material in every sample they examined.
Interested, they expanded their search. In both Florida and in Ireland they found human DNA in rivers, with concentrations especially high as they flowed through towns. They found it in beach sand, and even in air from rooms in which humans had been working. Human DNA is not quite everywhere: it was not detectable in deep ocean water, or on remote beaches closed to the public. But anywhere that humans are, their DNA appears to be as well.
In one sense, that is unsurprising. But advances in gene-sequencing meant there was enough information in the samples to deduce plenty of things about the humans in question. The researchers could pick out males thanks to DNA from the Y chromo some. They could infer an individual’s ancestry, and even spot mutations (突变) that affect a person’s disease risk. David Duffy, another of the paper’s authors, said the amount and quality of the DNA they recovered “far exceeded” the minimum necessary to be included in America’s database of missing people. Dr Duffy and his colleagues did not try to identify individuals in their study, for moral reasons. But they had no doubt it could be done.
63. Which of the following about eDNA is true according to the passage
A. It provides a way to track the migration of animals.
B. It allows researchers to restore individual organisms.
C. It can be easily collected from all types of environments.
D. It contains a wealth of genetic information about various species.
64. In this passage, the word “inadvertent” (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to “__________”.
A. familiar B. accidental C. insensitive D. regular
65. What can be inferred from the passage
A. The application of eDNA for identity confirmation has aroused concern.
B. As expected, the researchers detected much human eDNA in their search.
C. An individual’s gender and ancestry can be confirmed by means of eDNA.
D. eDNA is instrumental in upgrading America’s database of missing people.
66. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage
A. Unintended Discoveries in Turtle Disease Research
B. The Ecological Significance of Environmental DNA
C. Human DNA’s Prevalence in Environmental Samples
D. Using Genetic Information to Identify Missing Persons
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
What My Year Abroad Taught Me About Cultural Differences
Imagine going to study abroad. You walk into the local shop and bam!, Golliwogs (黑面木偶) everywhere. I’m talking salespeople dressed as Golliwogs. Surprised, you go to the junk food section as that’s the only thing that will give your body the sugar rush it needs to shock your body out of the state of bewilderment (困惑). And there they were: Golliwog cookies.
I’m using the word “Golliwogs” because to a British person abroad that’s what they are. But in the Netherlands and Belgium the image is known as Zwarte Piet (Black Pete). There has been much discussion about whether or not it’s racist. ______67______ Zwarte Piet is understood by most in the Netherlands to be Santa’s helper whose black face was due to his delivering presents through the chimney.
Working as a trainee with the European Commission, I met people from all over the world, not just Europe. Working alongside my German, Spanish and Italian colleagues, I learned some valuable lessons. ______68______ You shouldn’t wait to say “excuse me,” or wait for a gap in the conversation to give your opinion, because you’ll walk out at the end of the meeting wondering how three hours have passed without you managing to say anything. I learned how to stop my colleagues and interject (插话) my thoughts.
Another lesson was the value of the coffee break. Coffee breaks in Brussels were not just time to get coffee. It was a chance to develop new ideas with colleagues in a more informal setting. At first I declined the invitation to attend, but after a while I began to notice that almost everyone went on these trips to the coffee machine and decided to join them. ______69______
Graduates and students who have worked abroad gain an understanding of what it means to be truly European and how this can benefit you at work. Not only do you bring home experiences, skills and practices from other countries, but you also seek to take your work further afield (向远方).
______70______ Remember the Golliwog cookies All I really wanted were some Mr. Kipling’s cakes but they’re nearly impossible to find abroad. When I finished my trainee ship with the Commission, I came home and started a business called Packed Munches, a service sending boxes of British snacks to Britons all over the world. And to think, it all started with Zwarte Pict.
A. You might be amazed by the quantity of work and innovative concepts that can emerge during informal coffee breaks.
B. This marked my initial experience in comprehending diverse cultures.
C. As British people, we need to stay low-profile in what we do.
D. So, how did I apply these acquired abilities
E. As individuals from Britain, we must produce more influence in our pursuits.
F. This was my first lesson in understanding British cultures.
IV. Summary Writing
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Are we greening our cities, or just greenwashing them
Architecture and urban design is chasing a green fever dream. Everywhere you look, there are plans for “sustainable” buildings, futuristic eco-cities and aquaponic farms on the roof, each promising to add a green touch to the modern city.
All of these are surely good ideas at some level. They are trying to repair some of the damage our lifestyle has done to the planet. But despite the rhetoric of reuniting the city with nature, today’s green urban dream is too often about bringing a technologically controlled version of nature into the city and declaring the problem solved, rather than looking at the deeper causes of our environmental and urban problems.
One of the most striking examples is Apple’s “spaceship” campus now under construction in Silicon Valley. Though it seems to be sustainable and energy efficient—80 percent of its 175-acre site is preserved for landscaping, it is by any measure a huge, expensive and massively resource-intensive project. As a suburban white-collar workplace, it must include vast garages for 13,000 Apple employees. Thus, it will leave no smaller environmental footprint than a traditional office park.
Designing a perfect green building or eco-city isn’t enough to save the world. Although our buildings, like our cars, have been inefficient environmentally, architecture isn’t directly responsible for humanity’s disastrous environmental impacts. An economic system based on the destruction of nature is the real problem. No green building can help us repair the ecological damage we have caused, nor can any number of aquaponic farms bring us back to the real nature.
Instead of adding “nature” to the urban lifestyle, architects may work to design better relationships between our cities and nature, and to promote just relationships between the people in them.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72. 一台晚会的成功需要所有演职人员的辛勤付出。(underlie)(汉译英)
73. 凡今天购买该榨汁机的顾客可享七折，仅限今日。(exclusive) (汉译英)
74. 小张克服了舞台恐惧症，成了一名著名的演说家，我们都想知道他是如何做到的。(take) (汉译英)
75. 杭州亚运会开幕式以水为主题，融入科技元素，整场演出恢弘大气，让人印象深刻。(which) (汉译英)
VI. Guided Writing
76. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近在学校英语报上看到一个主题为“Time Capsule”的征文，你对此很感兴趣。写一篇文章，内容需包括：
1. 你计划将什么物品放入“时间胶囊”；
2. 简单描述该物品；
3. 你的理由。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2023学年高三第一学期英语单元练习
II. Grammar and vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
The Impact of Visual Cues on Behavior
During the energy crisis in the 1970s, Dutch researchers began to pay close attention to the country’s energy usage. In one suburb near Amsterdam, they found that some homeowners used 30 percent less energy than their neighbors ____21____ the homes being of similar size and getting electricity for the same price.
It turned out that the houses in this neighborhood were nearly identical except for one feature: the location of the electrical meter. Some had one in the basement. ____22____ had the electrical meter upstairs in the main hallway. ____23____ you may guess, the homes with the meters located in the main hallway used less electricity. When their energy use was obvious and easy to track, people changed their behavior.
Every habit ____24____ (initiate) by a cue, and we are more likely to notice cues that stand out. Unfortunately, the environments where we live and work often make it easy not to do certain actions ____25____there is no obvious cue to trigger the behavior. When the cues that spark a habit are subtle or hidden, they are easy ____26____ (ignore).
By comparison, creating obvious visual cues can draw your attention toward a____27____ (desire) habit. I’ve experienced the power of obvious cues in my own life. I used to buy apples from the store, put them in the crisper (储藏格) in the bottom of the refrigerator, and forget all about them. By the time I remembered, the apples ____28____ (go) bad. I never saw them, so I never ate them.
Eventually, I took my own advice and redesigned my environment. I bought a large display bowl and placed it in the middle of the kitchen counter. The next time I bought apples, that was ____29____ they went. Almost like magic, I began eating a few apples each day simply because they were obvious, ____30____ (facilitate) the formation of a healthy eating habit rather than keeping them out of sight.
【答案】21. despite
22. Others 23. As
24. is initiated
25. because##as##since##when##if
26. to ignore
27. desired
28. had gone
29. where 30. facilitating
【解析】
【导语】本文是议论文。文章通过荷兰研究者对能源使用的研究，引出了关于习惯形成和行为改变的讨论。
【21题详解】
考查介词。句意：在阿姆斯特丹附近的一个郊区，他们发现一些房主比邻居少用30%的能源，尽管房子大小差不多，用电价格也一样。分析句子结构可知，空后的句子中动词用的非谓语形式，所以空处应填介词，根据句意，此处表达“虽然，尽管”之意，用介词despite。故填despite。
【22题详解】
考查代词。句意：其他人把电表放在楼上的主走廊上。分析句子结构可知，本句缺少主语，根据前文“Some had one in the basement.”可知，此处是固定搭配：some...others...意为“一些...另一些...”。故填Others。
【23题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：你可能猜到了，电表位于主走廊的家庭用电量更少。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，代替逗号后面句子的内容在从句中作宾语，表达“正如”之意，用as引导，位于句首，首字母应大写。故填As。
24题详解】
考查动词时态和语态。句意：每个习惯都是由提示引发的，我们更容易注意到那些突出的提示。分析句子结构可知，initiate作本句谓语，和主语habit之间是被动关系，用被动语态，描述的是客观事实，用一般现在时，主语为Every habit为第三人称单数。故填is initiated。
【25题详解】
考查状语从句连接词。句意：不幸的是，我们生活和工作的环境往往使我们很容易不去做某些行为，因为没有明显的线索来触发这些行为。分析句子结构可知，空处引导状语从句，根据句意，既可以翻译为“因为”，用because或者as或者since引导原因状语从句，也可以翻译为“当...时”，用when引导时间状语从句，还可以翻译为“如果”，用if引导条件状语从句。故填because或者as或者since或者when或者if。
26题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：当引发一种习惯的线索是微妙或隐藏的，它们很容易被忽视。此处是固定搭配：be+adj. to do sth.意为“做某事是怎样的”。故填to ignore。
【27题详解】
考查形容词。句意：相比之下，创造明显的视觉线索可以把你的注意力吸引到一个想要的习惯上。空后是名词，所以空处应填形容词作定语，desire的形容词形式是desired意为“期望得到的”。故填desired。
【28题详解】
考查动词时态。句意：等我记起来的时候，苹果已经坏了。分析句子结构可知，go作本句谓语，根据时间状语By the time I remembered，描述的是过去的过去发生的事，用过去完成时。故填had gone。
【29题详解】
考查表语从句。句意：下次我买苹果的时候，它们就去了那里。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，根据句意，从句缺少地点状语，用where引导。故填where。
【30题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：几乎像变魔术一样，我开始每天吃几个苹果，只是因为它们很明显，促进了健康饮食习惯的形成，而不是把它们挡在视线之外。分析句子结构可知，本句已有谓语动词were，所以facilitate用非谓语形式，和逻辑主语they之间是主动关系，用现在分词形式。故填facilitating。
Section B
Direction: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A auto-complete B. determine C. essentially D. grammatical E. grouped F. indicating G. instructions H. likely I. resembles J. rigidly K. simple
How do AI chatbots answer my questions
Chatbots might appear to be complex conversationalists that respond like real people. But if you take a closer look, they are ____31____ an advanced version of a program that finishes your sentences by predicting which words will come next. Bard, ChatGPT, and other AI technologies are large language models—a kind of algorithm (算法) trained on exercises similar to the Mad Libs-style questions found on elementary school quizzes. More simply put, they are human-written ____32____ that tell computers how to solve a problem or make a calculation. In this case, the algorithm uses your prompt and any sentences it comes across to ____33____ the answer.
Let’s pretend you plugged this sentence into an AI chatbot: “The cat sat on the ______.” First, the language model would have to know that the missing word needs to be a noun to make ____34____ sense. But it can’t be any noun—the cat can’t sit on the “democracy,” for one. So the algorithm searches texts written by humans to get a sense of what cats actually rest on and picks out the most probable answer. In this scenario, it might ____35____ the cat sits on the “laptop” 10 percent of the time, on the “table” 20 percent of the time, and on the “chair” 70 percent of the time. The model would then go with the most ____36____ answer: “chair.” The system is able to use this prediction process to respond with a full sentence. If you ask a chatbot, “How are you ” it will generate “I’m” based on the “you” from the question and then “good” based on what most people on the web reply when asked how they are.
The way these programs process information and arrive at a decision sort of ____37____ how the human brain behaves. “____38____ as this task—predicting the most probable response—is, it actually requires an incredibly advanced knowledge of both how language works and how the world works,” says Yoon Kim, a researcher at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
The beauty of language models is that researchers don’t have to ____39____ define any rules or grammar for them to follow. An AI chatbot learns how to form sentences that make sense by consuming textual elements, which are common sequences of characters _____40_____ together taken from the raw text of books, articles, and websites. All it needs are the patterns and associations it finds among certain words or phrases.
【答案】31. C 32. G
33. A 34. D
35. B 36. H
37. I 38. K
39. J 40. E
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章解释了AI聊天机器人回答用户问题的原理。
【31题详解】
考查副词。句意：但如果你仔细观察，它们本质上是一个程序的高级版本，通过预测下一个单词来完成你的句子。根据上文“Chatbots might appear to be complex conversationalists that respond like real people(聊天机器人可能看起来是复杂的健谈者，他们的反应就像真人一样)”可知，此处描述了聊天机器人可能给人的印象，即它们像真人一样进行复杂的对话。然而，接下来的句子通过转折词“But(但是)”引入了一个对比的观点“an advanced version of a program that finishes your sentences by predicting which words will come next(一个程序的高级版本，通过预测下一个单词来完成你的句子)”，即如果仔细观察，聊天机器人其实并非如此复杂，所以要填入的词应该用来描述聊天机器人的本质，分析待选项，C项“essentially(本质上)”表达的含义符合语境，副词作状语。故选C。
【32题详解】
考查名词。句意：更简单地说，它们是人类编写的指令，告诉计算机如何解决问题或进行计算。根据下文“tell computers how to solve a problem or make a calculation(告诉计算机如何解决问题或进行计算)”可知，此处上下文说的是人类给计算机编写的指令，表示“多个指令”，用复数形式。故选G。
【33题详解】
考查动词。句意：在这种情况下，算法使用您的提示和它遇到的任何句子来自动完成答案。根据上文“the algorithm uses your prompt and any sentences it comes across(算法使用您的提示和它遇到的任何句子)”可推理出空白处应填表示“自动完成”含义的动词，to后接动词原形。故选A。
【34题详解】
考查形容词。句意：首先，语言模型必须知道缺失的单词必须是名词才能有语法意义。根据上文“the language model would have to know that the missing word needs to be a noun(语言模型必须知道缺失的单词必须是名词)”可知此处说的是语法，形容词作定语。故选D。
【35题详解】
考查动词。句意：在这种情况下，它可能会确定猫10%的时间坐在“笔记本电脑”上，20%的时间坐“桌子”上，70%的时间坐坐在“椅子”上。根据下文“the cat sits on the “laptop” 10 percent of the time, on the “table” 20 percent of the time, and on the “chair” 70 percent of the time(猫10%的时间坐在“笔记本电脑”上，20%的时间坐“桌子”上，70%的时间坐坐在“椅子”上)”可推理出，空白处应填表示“确定”含义的动词，might后接动词原形。故选B。
【36题详解】
考查形容词。句意：然后，该模型会给出最有可能的答案：“椅子”。根据上文“the cat sits on the “laptop” 10 percent of the time, on the “table” 20 percent of the time, and on the “chair” 70 percent of the time(猫10%的时间坐在“笔记本电脑”上，20%的时间坐“桌子”上，70%的时间坐坐在“椅子”上)”可知，模型是根据可能性给出答案，空白处应填表示“可能的”含义的形容词，作定语。故选H。
【37题详解】
考查动词。句意：这些程序处理信息和做出决定的方式有点像人脑的行为方式。根据上文“The way these programs process information and arrive at a decision(这些程序处理信息和做出决定的方式)”以及下文“the human brain behaves(人脑的行为方式)”可知此处上下文说的是两者的方式有点相似，空白处应填表示“类似于”含义的动词，主语为单数，谓语为单数。故选I。
【38题详解】
考查形容词。句意：尽管这项任务——预测最可能的回应——看起来很简单，但实际上它需要对语言是如何运作的以及世界是如何运作的有非常深入的了解。分析句子结构，这是一个包含让步状语从句的句子，其中使用了as来引导这个从句，为倒装结构，这种结构用于表达尽管某件事情在表面上看起来是某种情况，但实际上却并非如此。根据下文“it actually requires an incredibly advanced knowledge of both how language works and how the world works(它实际上它要求有对语言和世界运作方式的深入了解)”可推理出空白处应填表示“简单的”含义的形容词，故选K。
【39题详解】
考查副词。句意：语言模型的美妙之处在于，研究人员不必严格定义任何规则或语法。根据下文“An AI chatbot learns how to form sentences that make sense by consuming textual elements(人工智能聊天机器人通过获取文本元素来学习如何形成有意义的句子)”可推理出上文说的是研究人员不必严格定义任何规则或语法，空白处应填表示“严格地”含义的副词，作状语，修饰动词。故选J。
【40题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：人工智能聊天机器人通过消费文本元素来学习如何形成有意义的句子，文本元素是从书籍、文章和网站的原始文本中组合在一起的常见字符序列。根据上文“sequences of characters(字符)”以及下文“taken from the raw text(从原始文本中提取)”可知，此处描述这些字符序列是如何被获取的，分析待选项，E项“grouped(集合)”表达的含义符合语境，在本句中意思是这些字符序列是从原始文本中被聚集或组合起来的。过去分词作定语。故选E。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
In 1919, in the aftermath of war, the International Labour Organization used its first convention to limit working hours to eight a day and 48 a week. The Depression later prompted employers to _____41_____ a five-day week.
The latest crisis is dealing a _____42_____ shock to how jobs are designed. The pandemic (疫情) forced many employers to implement remote working. It accelerated the use of technology to help them stay productive. As well as struggling with the challenges of hybrid work, some businesses are now _____43_____ paying staff the same salary for a four-day working week, once as weird a concept as an eight-hour day.
Promised _____44_____ include improved wellbeing, better focus, fairer sharing of childcare between men and women, and even a lighter carbon footprint. Fear of missing out on the latest trend must not, _____45_____, blind companies to important obstacles and drawbacks.
Offsetting the cost of a four-day week at a national level looks _____46_____to achieve. As economic historian Robert Skidelsky pointed out in 2019, in a report for the UK Labour party, “_____47_____ working hours nationwide, like France’s 35-hour working week, is not realistic or even desirable, because any cap needs to be adapted to the needs of different sectors (行业)”.
The Wellcome Trust, the science research foundation, decided in 2019 that even a trial would be _____48_____, partly because its staff performed a mix of roles. Some jobs were hard to confine to four days. Other employees preferred to spread their work over five days. _____49_____ already on a four-day week feared they might lose out.
Lockdowns exposed the gap between flexible homeworking professionals and front-line “_____50_____” staff. A four-day week might _____51_____ it.
Some staff want or need to work extra hours. To the risks of a two-tier workforce and reduced freedom of choice add the danger of _____52_____. The approach fails if improved productivity does not cover the potential increased cost. If leaders’ determination to hit the same targets forces staff to work four 10-hour days, to shift their workload back into their _____53_____ weekends, to rush jobs that require more time, or to hire additional hands to plug gaps, some of the benefits of offering workers more free time will quickly disappear.
For each of these _____54_____, advocates have an answer. One is that companies just need to organise staff more efficiently. In itself, better _____55_____ would improve productivity. Another is to cut working hours, rather than days, allowing greater flexibility.
41. A. cancel B. restore C. back D. deny
42. A. similar B. mild C. psychological D. distinct
43. A. stopping B. considering C. continuing D. forbidding
44. A. features B. awards C. challenges D. benefits
45. A. therefore B. however C. besides D. otherwise
46. A. optimistic B. essential C. hard D. instant
47. A. capping B. eliminating C. revising D. promoting
48. A. effective B. troublesome C. consequential D. apparent
49. A. Professionals B. Full-timers C. Amateurs D. Part-timers
50. A. industrious B. goal-driven C. always-on D. decisive
51. A. widen B. bridge C. fill D. leave
52. A. boredom B. invasion C. distraction D. overload
53. A. short B. long C. early D. late
54. A. distinctions B. impacts C. objections D. suggestions
55. A. judgment B. standard C. management D. method
【答案】41. C 42. A 43. B 44. D 45. B 46. C 47. A 48. B 49. D 50. C 51. A 52. D 53. B 54. C 55. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了四天工作制的优点和缺，并提出了一些可能的解决方案，如更有效的组织员工，灵活安排工作时间和提高生产力等。
【41题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：大萧条后来促使雇主支持每周工作五天。A. cancel取消；B. restore恢复；C. back支持；D. deny否认。根据上文“In 1919, in the aftermath of war, the International Labour Organization used its first convention to limit working hours to eight a day and 48 a week.”可知，大萧条后国际劳工组织把工作时间限制在每天8小时和每周48小时，后来雇主支持每周工作五天。故选C。
【42题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最近的这场危机对就业岗位的设计产生了类似的冲击。A. similar相似的；B. mild温和的；C. psychological心理学的；D. distinct不同的。根据下文“As well as struggling with the challenges of hybrid work, some businesses are now _____3_____ paying staff the same salary for a four-day working week, once as weird a concept as an eight-hour day. ”可知，这次的危机导致一些企业现在正在考虑向员工支付每周四天工作的相同工资，所以和大萧条时对就业造成了类似的冲击。故选A。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：除了努力应对混合工作的挑战外，一些企业现在正在考虑向员工支付每周四天工作的相同工资，这曾经是一个与每天八小时工作一样奇怪的概念。A. stopping停止；B. considering考虑到；C. continuing继续；D. forbidding禁止。根据“It accelerated the use of technology to help them stay productive.”可知，疫情时许多雇主实施远程工作，看到了技术的加速使用保持了生产力，所以一些企业正在考虑向员工支付每周四天工作的相同工资。故选B。
【44题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：承诺的好处包括改善福利、更好地集中注意力、男女更公平地分担育儿，甚至减少碳足迹。A. features特征；B. awards奖项；C. challenges挑战；D. benefits利益。根据空后“include improved wellbeing, better focus, fairer sharing of childcare between men and women, and even a lighter carbon footprint”可知，改善福利、更好地集中注意力、男女更公平地分担育儿，甚至减少碳足迹都是这一改变带来的好处。故选D。
【45题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，企业不能因为害怕错过最新趋势而忽视重要的障碍和缺点。A. therefore因此；B. however然而；C. besides除了；D. otherwise否则。根据空前“Fear of missing out on the latest trend must not”和空后“blind companies to important obstacles and drawbacks.”可知，此处表示公司可能因此忽视重要的障碍和缺点，和前文中带来的好处为转折关系。故选B。
【46题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在国家层面上抵消一周工作四天的成本似乎很难实现。A. optimistic乐观的；B. essential必要的；C. hard困难的；D. instant立即的。根据下文“_____7_____ working hours nationwide, like France’s 35-hour working week, is not realistic or even desirable, because any cap needs to be adapted to the needs of different sectors (行业)”可知，在法国，一周工作35个小时是不现实并未不可取的，所以国家很难实现让人们一周工作四天。故选C。
【47题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：像法国的每周35小时工作制一样，在全国范围内限制工作时间是不现实的，甚至是不可取的，因为任何上限都需要适应不同部门的需求。A. capping限制；B. eliminating消除；C. revising修改；D. promoting促进。根据下文“because any cap needs to be adapted to the needs of different sectors (行业)”可知，全国范围内限制工作时间是不可实现的。故选A。
【48题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：科学研究基金会威康信托基金会在2019年决定，即使是试验也会很麻烦，部分原因是其工作人员身兼数职。A. effective有效的；B. troublesome麻烦的；C. consequential相应的；D. apparent显然的。根据下文“Some jobs were hard to confine to four days.”可知，四天工作制是不可实现的，所以即使是实验实施四天工作制也是非常麻烦的。故选B。
【49题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：已经每周工作四天的兼职人员担心他们可能会失败。A. Professionals专业人士；B. Full-timers专职工作人员；C. Amateurs业余爱好者；D. Part-timers兼职人员。根据上文“partly because its staff performed a mix of roles”可知，有人身兼数职，所以是兼职人员担心他们可能会失败。故选D。
【50题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：封锁暴露了灵活在家工作的专业人员与一线“随时待命”的一线员工之间的差距。A. industrious勤奋的；B. goal-driven目标驱动的；C. always-on总是的；D. decisive关键的。根据上文“Lockdowns exposed the gap between flexible homeworking professionals”可知，疫情带来的封锁让人们看到了灵活在家的工作人员和总是在一线“待命”的工作人员的区别。故选C。
【51题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：一周工作四天可能会扩大范围。A. widen范围扩大；B. bridge架桥；C. fill填充；D. leave离开。根据上文“Lockdowns exposed the gap between flexible homeworking professionals and front-line “_____10_____” staff.”可知，疫情带来的封锁让人们看到了灵活在家的工作人员和总是在一线“待命”的工作人员的区别。一周工作四天会扩大这种区别。故选A。
【52题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：除了两层员工的风险和选择自由的减少之外，还增加了超负荷的危险。A. boredom无聊；B. invasion入侵；C. distraction分心；D. overload使负荷过重。根据上文“Some staff want or need to work extra hours.”可知，有一些员工想要或需要加班，所以做两种工作的人面对超负荷的风险。故选D。
【53题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果领导者决心实现同样的目标，迫使员工每天工作4天，每天工作10个小时，将工作量重新转移到漫长的周末，匆忙完成需要更多时间的工作，或者雇佣额外的人手来填补空缺，那么为员工提供更多自由时间的一些好处将很快消失。A. short短的；B. long长的；C. early早期的；D. late晚的。根据上文“forces staff to work four 10-hour days”以及下文“to rush jobs that require more time”可知，一周工作四天的制度也就意味着拥有更长的周末，但是雇员会在周末完成他们没有完成的工作。故选B。
【54题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于每一个反对意见，支持者都有答案。A. distinctions区别；B. impacts影响；C. objections反对意见；D. suggestions建议。根据下文“advocates have an answer”可知，支持这一制度的人对反对意见都会找到答案。故选C。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：就其本身而言，更好的管理将提高生产力。A. judgment判决；B. standard标准；C. management管理；D. method方法。根据上文“One is that companies just need to organise staff more efficiently.”可知，一周四天的工作制度有很大的弊端，但是如果公司有更好的管理，有效的组织员工，也能发挥其长处。故选C。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
On our 20th anniversary, Susan and I headed off for a few days to a lovely valley about an hour away. We didn’t know much about the town, but that was fine. Our goal was really just to renew our faith in each other.
We began by stocking up at the quirky Village Market in Glen Ellen, California. Within minutes, friendly locals spotted us and started chatting in the aisles with charming tips. You gotta hike to Jack London’s house. Oh, dinner at the Fig Café. Hours later, having followed their yellow brick road all day, we walked, delirious, back from dinner to our creekside inn. “I think I could live here,” Susan said.
It turns out that Glen Ellen’s contagious spirit was not our passing illusion. In October 2017, the Nuns Fire bore down on this town near Santa Rosa. An astounding 183 of Glen Ellen’s 750 or so homes burned down. Among them was Jill Dawson’s place, just across the creek from the inn to which we had returned the next anniversary, and four more in turn. I called Jill after reading her family’s story. She sounded just like the spirited, generous type Susan and I have loved meeting in Glen Ellen.
After the fire, she told me, her family’s prospects for staying in the town looked bleak. But residents mobilized on Facebook and in the Village Market to brainstorm how to house one another.
Hearing of their plight, some neighbors who barely knew the Dawsons placed two new trailers next to their house, which hadn’t burned, for Jill’s family.
“Their name is the Fosters, and I tell them, ‘You just can’t help it,’” Jill says, laughing at her own pun. Jill and her husband, Art, have lived in one of the trailers for a year while sorting through how to rebuild. They are only two of the many residents who were able to remain close thanks to their neighbors’ selflessness. “I’m grateful for little Glen Ellen,” Jill says. “The amount of passionate people and grassroots efforts working to keep this place supportive is amazing. The kindness thing, it’s still huge here.”
In kicking off our annual Nicest Place in America search, let Glen Ellen be just one example. So many cities, workplaces, churches, schools, and other locations thrive because, well, “the kindness thing, it’s still huge.” Please take the time to go to /NICEST to tell us about one you love. Thank you!
56. What did the author think of Glen Ellen during his several trips there
A. He found Glen Ellen to be a dynamic town with rapid development.
B. He had mixed feelings about Glen Ellen, both positive and negative.
C. He thought Glen Ellen was a place which deepened faith in her wife.
D. He developed a positive impression of its welcoming community spirit.
57. How did the Glen Ellen community respond to the Nuns Fire in October 2017
A. They relied solely on government aid for recovery efforts.
B. They spontaneously formed a neighborhood watch program.
C. They held a series of fundraisers to help the affected families.
D. They largely depended on assistance from distant communities.
58. Which of the following is the right understanding of ““Their name is the Fosters, and I tell them, ‘You just can’t help it,’” Jill says, laughing at her own pun.”
A. Jim is making a lighthearted comment about the Fosters’ inborn generosity.
B. Jill is implying that Fosters lack competence to give a helping hand to others.
C. Jill is hinting that the Fosters might not always display the same level of kindness.
D. Jill is expressing his sincere gratitude for Fosters’ constant and generous assistance.
59. What is the writing purpose of the passage
A. To highlight Glen Ellen’s tradition of community support and kindness.
B. To demonstrate the author’s personal perspectives in community building.
C. To present how people in Glen Ellen overcame difficulties with joint efforts.
D. To encourage readers to reflect on and share their own experiences of kindness.
【答案】56. D 57. C 58. A 59. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者和他的妻子在他们结婚20周年之际，为了重拾对彼此的信心，去一个不知名小镇的故事，并通过描写了Jill一家的遭遇，旨在突出小镇居民的善良和淳朴。
【56题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“It turns out that Glen Ellen’s contagious spirit was not our passing illusion. In October 2017, the Nuns Fire bore down on this town near Santa Rosa. An astounding 183 of Glen Ellen’s 750 or so homes burned down. Among them was Jill Dawson’s place, just across the creek from the inn to which we had returned the next anniversary, and four more in turn. I called Jill after reading her family’s story. She sounded just like the spirited, generous type Susan and I have loved meeting in Glen Ellen. (事实证明，Glen Ellen的传染性精神并不是我们转瞬即逝的幻觉。2017年10月，修女大火席卷了圣罗莎附近的这个小镇。令人震惊的是，Glen Ellen大约750所房屋中有183所被烧毁。其中就有Jill Dawson的住处，就在我们下一个周年纪念回到的小旅馆的小溪对面，之后又去了四个周年纪念。读完Jill家人的故事后，我给她打了电话。她听起来就像苏珊和我喜欢在Glen Ellen遇到的那种精神饱满、慷慨大方的人。)”可知，作者几次旅行中对Glen Ellen热情好客的社区精神产生了积极的印象，故选D。
【57题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“After the fire, she told me, her family’s prospects for staying in the town looked bleak. But residents mobilized on Facebook and in the Village Market to brainstorm how to house one another. (她告诉我，火灾发生后，她的家人留在镇上的前景看起来很渺茫。但居民们在Facebook和乡村市场上动员起来，集思广益，讨论如何为彼此提供住房。)”和第五段“Hearing of their plight, some neighbors who barely knew the Dawsons placed two new trailers next to their house, which hadn’t burned, for Jill’s family. (一些几乎不认识Dawsons一家的邻居听说了他们的困境，就在他们没有烧毁的房子旁边为Jill一家安置了两辆新拖车。)”可知，Glen Ellen社区在火灾后举行了一系列的筹款活动来帮助受灾家庭。故选C。
【58题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段“Hearing of their plight, some neighbors who barely knew the Dawsons placed two new trailers next to their house, which hadn’t burned, for Jill’s family. (一些几乎不认识Dawsons一家的邻居听说了他们的困境，就在他们没有烧毁的房子旁边为Jill一家安置了两辆新拖车。)”以及本句““Their name is the Fosters, and I tell them, ‘You just can’t help it,’” Jill says, laughing at her own pun. (“他们的名字是福斯特一家，我告诉他们，‘你们就是忍不住，’” Jill说，对自己的双关语感到好笑。)”可知，Jill说这句话的意思是他的邻居忍不住想要帮助他们，也就是Jill认为福斯特夫妇天生的慷慨大方。故选A。
【59题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“In kicking off our annual Nicest Place in America search, let Glen Ellen be just one example. So many cities, workplaces, churches, schools, and other locations thrive because, well, “the kindness thing, it’s still huge.” Please take the time to go to /NICEST to tell us about one you love. Thank you! (在我们一年一度的“美国最佳地点”评选开始之际，Glen Ellen只是其中一个例子。那么多城市、工作场所、教堂、学校和其他地方的繁荣，是因为，嗯，“善良的东西，它仍然很大。”请花时间登录/NICEST告诉我们你爱的人。谢谢你！)”可知，本文作者呼吁人们分享身边有爱的经历，故选D。
(B)
DART II System
60. The two objects circled at the bottom of the picture arc probably .
A. relays B. monitors C. anchors D. sensors
61. What can be inferred about the buoy
A. The sensors fixed on the floating buoy record the sea pressure.
B. It communicates with other devices through single-way signals.
C. The buoy features direct connection to scientists and the monitor.
D. It sends data collected from both the depths and surface of the ocean.
62. DART II System is most probably designed to .
A. detect upcoming tsunamis
B. transmit satellite data to the seabed
C. monitor marine biodiversity
D. change the buoy into a ground station
【答案】60. C 61. D 62. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个系统，该系统主要是安置在海洋的海底，用来预测海啸。
【60题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一幅图片中的“The buoy is anchored in place with two 3.000kg weights attached to its base below the surface of water.(浮标被锚定在水面以下的两个3000公斤的重物上。)”可知，下图中位于海底的是锚。故选C。
【61题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二幅图片中“buoy”部分中的“The system’s buoy floats on the surface of the ocean and monitors upper level conditions. In addition to this, it also acts as a data relay for its own and the sea bed monitor’s recorded information, sending it to the system’s satellite. The buoy is anchored in place with dual 3,000 weights, attached to its submerged base.(该系统的浮标漂浮在海面上，监测上层的情况。除此之外，它还充当自己和海底监测仪记录信息的数据中继器，将其发送到系统的卫星。浮标用双3000磅的重物固定在水下基座上。)”可知，该系统的浮标发送从海洋深处和海洋表面收集的数据到卫星上。故选D。
【62题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一幅图片中的“Scientists at the ground station then interpret the data and change it into computer models. If the information leans towards the probability of a possible tsunami a warning is sent out to the area’s government, emergency services and the public.(然后，地面站的科学家对这些数据进行解读，并将其转换成计算机模型。如果信息倾向于可能发生海啸的可能性，就会向该地区的政府、紧急服务部门和公众发出警报。)”可知，该系统主要是用来预测海啸。故选A。
(C)
In the genetic age, ecologists’ jobs are made much easier by two things. One is that every organism carries its own chemical identity card, in the form of its genome (基因组). The second is that they drop these ID cards everywhere they go. Urine, bits of fur stuck to a hedge, even shed skin cells: all deposit DNA into the environment. Cheap gene sequencing allows scientists to harvest this “environmental DNA” (eDNA) from soil, sand, water and the like, and use it to keep track of which species are living where.
“Every organism,” of course, includes humans. In a paper published on May 15th in Nature Ecology & Evolution, a group of researchers from America and Europe report that such eDNA surveys pick up large quantities of human DNA as well as the animal sort. That DNA can be read—and potentially matched with individuals—by anyone with the right equipment.
The researchers did not set out to study “inadvertent human genetic bycatch”, as they call the phenomenon. The work began at the Witney Sea Turtle Hospital in Florida, during an investigation into a viral turtle disease. The researchers sampled water from the turtle’s tanks, as well as from ocean water and beaches upon which the creatures nested, looking for viral DNA.
They expected to sweep up DNA from other species during their trawl (拖网). What was surprising, according to Jessica Farrell, a biologist at the Witney Hospital and one of the paper’s authors, was just how much human DNA they found. Even though many of their sampling sites were not near towns and cities, they found human genetic material in every sample they examined.
Interested, they expanded their search. In both Florida and in Ireland they found human DNA in rivers, with concentrations especially high as they flowed through towns. They found it in beach sand, and even in air from rooms in which humans had been working. Human DNA is not quite everywhere: it was not detectable in deep ocean water, or on remote beaches closed to the public. But anywhere that humans are, their DNA appears to be as well.
In one sense, that is unsurprising. But advances in gene-sequencing meant there was enough information in the samples to deduce plenty of things about the humans in question. The researchers could pick out males thanks to DNA from the Y chromo some. They could infer an individual’s ancestry, and even spot mutations (突变) that affect a person’s disease risk. David Duffy, another of the paper’s authors, said the amount and quality of the DNA they recovered “far exceeded” the minimum necessary to be included in America’s database of missing people. Dr Duffy and his colleagues did not try to identify individuals in their study, for moral reasons. But they had no doubt it could be done.
63. Which of the following about eDNA is true according to the passage
A. It provides a way to track the migration of animals.
B. It allows researchers to restore individual organisms.
C. It can be easily collected from all types of environments.
D. It contains a wealth of genetic information about various species.
64. In this passage, the word “inadvertent” (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to “__________”.
A. familiar B. accidental C. insensitive D. regular
65. What can be inferred from the passage
A. The application of eDNA for identity confirmation has aroused concern.
B. As expected, the researchers detected much human eDNA in their search.
C. An individual’s gender and ancestry can be confirmed by means of eDNA.
D. eDNA is instrumental in upgrading America’s database of missing people.
66. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage
A. Unintended Discoveries in Turtle Disease Research
B. The Ecological Significance of Environmental DNA
C. Human DNA’s Prevalence in Environmental Samples
D. Using Genetic Information to Identify Missing Persons
【答案】63. D 64. B 65. A 66. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是人类DNA在环境样本中的普遍存在及其相关应用。
【63题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“One is that every organism carries its own chemical identity card, in the form of its genome.(一是每个生物都有自己的化学身份证，以基因组的形式存在。)”和“Urine, bits of fur stuck to a hedge, even shed skin cells: all deposit DNA into the environment. Cheap gene sequencing allows scientists to harvest this “environmental DNA” (eDNA) from soil, sand, water and the like, and use it to keep track of which species are living where.(尿液，粘在树篱上的皮毛，甚至脱落的皮肤细胞：所有这些都将DNA沉积到环境中。廉价的基因测序使科学家能够从土壤、沙子、水等中获取这种“环境DNA”(eDNA)，并用它来跟踪哪些物种生活在哪里。)”可知，“环境DNA”里有DNA，而DNA包含了物种的遗传信息，因此关于eDNA正确的说法是D选项“It contains a wealth of genetic information about various species.(它包含了各种物种的丰富遗传信息。)”，故选D。
【64题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段“The work began at the Witney Sea Turtle Hospital in Florida, during an investigation into a viral turtle disease.(这项工作始于佛罗里达州的Witney Sea Turtle Hospital，当时正在调查一种海龟病毒性疾病。)”和第四段“What was surprising, according to Jessica Farrell, a biologist at the Witney Hospital and one of the paper’s authors, was just how much human DNA they found.(据惠特尼医院的生物学家、该论文的作者之一Jessica Farrell说，令人惊讶的是他们发现了如此多的人类DNA。)”可知，人类DNA是无意中被发现的，划线词所在句子表示“研究人员称这种现象为“无意的人类遗传副产品”，但他们并没有开始研究这种现象”，划线词inadvertent的意思是“无意的”，和accidental意思相近。故选B。
【65题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“David Duffy, another of the paper’s authors, said the amount and quality of the DNA they recovered “far exceeded” the minimum necessary to be included in America’s database of missing people. Dr Duffy and his colleagues did not try to identify individuals in their study, for moral reasons.(该论文的另一位作者David Duffy说，他们找到的DNA的数量和质量“远远超过”纳入美国失踪人口数据库的最低要求。出于道德原因，Dr Duffy和他的同事们并没有试图在他们的研究中识别个体。)”可知，eDNA在身份确认中的应用引起了人们的担忧。故选A。
【66题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“In a paper published on May 15th in Nature Ecology & Evolution, a group of researchers from America and Europe report that such eDNA surveys pick up large quantities of human DNA as well as the animal sort.(在5月15日发表在《自然生态与进化》杂志上的一篇论文中，来自美国和欧洲的一组研究人员报告说，这种eDNA调查收集了大量的人类和动物DNA。)”可知，本文主要讲的是人类DNA在环境样本中的普遍存在及其相关应用，因此本文最好的题目是C选项“Human DNA’s Prevalence in Environmental Samples(人类DNA在环境样本中的普遍存在)”。故选C。
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
What My Year Abroad Taught Me About Cultural Differences
Imagine going to study abroad. You walk into the local shop and bam!, Golliwogs (黑面木偶) everywhere. I’m talking salespeople dressed as Golliwogs. Surprised, you go to the junk food section as that’s the only thing that will give your body the sugar rush it needs to shock your body out of the state of bewilderment (困惑). And there they were: Golliwog cookies.
I’m using the word “Golliwogs” because to a British person abroad that’s what they are. But in the Netherlands and Belgium the image is known as Zwarte Piet (Black Pete). There has been much discussion about whether or not it’s racist. ______67______ Zwarte Piet is understood by most in the Netherlands to be Santa’s helper whose black face was due to his delivering presents through the chimney.
Working as a trainee with the European Commission, I met people from all over the world, not just Europe. Working alongside my German, Spanish and Italian colleagues, I learned some valuable lessons. ______68______ You shouldn’t wait to say “excuse me,” or wait for a gap in the conversation to give your opinion, because you’ll walk out at the end of the meeting wondering how three hours have passed without you managing to say anything. I learned how to stop my colleagues and interject (插话) my thoughts.
Another lesson was the value of the coffee break. Coffee breaks in Brussels were not just time to get coffee. It was a chance to develop new ideas with colleagues in a more informal setting. At first I declined the invitation to attend, but after a while I began to notice that almost everyone went on these trips to the coffee machine and decided to join them. ______69______
Graduates and students who have worked abroad gain an understanding of what it means to be truly European and how this can benefit you at work. Not only do you bring home experiences, skills and practices from other countries, but you also seek to take your work further afield (向远方).
______70______ Remember the Golliwog cookies All I really wanted were some Mr. Kipling’s cakes but they’re nearly impossible to find abroad. When I finished my trainee ship with the Commission, I came home and started a business called Packed Munches, a service sending boxes of British snacks to Britons all over the world. And to think, it all started with Zwarte Pict.
A. You might be amazed by the quantity of work and innovative concepts that can emerge during informal coffee breaks.
B. This marked my initial experience in comprehending diverse cultures.
C. As British people, we need to stay low-profile in what we do.
D. So, how did I apply these acquired abilities
E. As individuals from Britain, we must produce more influence in our pursuits.
F. This was my first lesson in understanding British cultures.
【答案】67. B 68. D 69. A 70. E
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了作者在国外的一年了解到了文化差异。
【67题详解】
根据上文“I’m using the word “Golliwogs” because to a British person abroad that’s what they are. But in the Netherlands and Belgium the image is known as Zwarte Piet (Black Pete). There has been much discussion about whether or not it’s racist. (我用“Goliwogs”这个词，因为对一个在国外的英国人来说，他们就是这样的人。但是在荷兰和比利时，这种形象被称为“黑皮持”。关于这是否是种族歧视已经有了很多讨论。) ”可知这里提到了多个国家，以及标题中提到的Cultural Diferences文化差异，可知是说多元文化，因此B项“这标志着我对多元文化的初步理解。”符合语境，this指代上文提到作者的经历。故选B。
【68题详解】
根据上文“Working alongside my German, Spanish and Italian colleagues, I learned some valuable lessons. (与我的德国，西班牙和意大利同事一起工作，我学到了一些宝贵的经验) ”结合下文“You shouldn’t wait to say “excuse me,” or wait for a gap in the conversation to give your opinion, because you’ll walk out at the end of the meeting wondering how three hours have passed without you managing to say anything. (你不应该等到说“对不起”，或者等到谈话间隙才发表你的意见，因为你会在会议结束时离开，想知道为什么三个小时过去了，你什么也没说。)”可知，前文说的了作者学到了一些宝贵经验，并具体说明了实际的运用，因此推断D项“那么，我是如何运用这些获得的能力的呢 ”符合语境，承上启下。故选D。
【69题详解】
根据前文“Another lesson was the value of the coffee break. Coffee breaks in Brussels were not just time to get coffee. It was a chance to develop new ideas with colleagues in a more informal setting. At first I declined the invitation to attend, but after a while I began to notice that almost everyone went on these trips to the coffee machine and decided to join them. (另一个教训是喝咖啡时间的价值。布鲁塞尔的咖啡休息时间不仅仅是喝咖啡的时间。这是一个与同事在非正式环境中发展新想法的机会。一开始我拒绝了邀请，但过了一段时间，我开始注意到几乎每个人都去喝咖啡机旁，并决定加入他们。) ”可知，本段讲述了作者学习到的喝咖啡时间在其他文化中的价值，因此推断A项“你可能会对在非正式的咖啡休息时间出现的工作量和创新概念感到惊讶。”符合语境，承接上文，总结喝咖啡时间里获得的好处，故选A。
【70题详解】
根据下文“When I finished my trainee ship with the Commission, I came home and started a business called Packed Munches, a service sending boxes of British snacks to Britons all over the world. And to think, it all started with Zwarte Pict.(当我结束了在该委员会的见习后，我回家开始了一项名为Packed Munches的业务，这是一项向世界各地的英国人发送盒装英国小吃的服务。想想看，这一切都是从兹特·皮埃特开始的。)” 可知，这是作者作为英国人发挥更大影响力的具体做法。因此推断E项“作为来自英国的个人，我们必须在我们的追求中产生更大的影响。”符合语境。故选E。
IV. Summary Writing
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Are we greening our cities, or just greenwashing them
Architecture and urban design is chasing a green fever dream. Everywhere you look, there are plans for “sustainable” buildings, futuristic eco-cities and aquaponic farms on the roof, each promising to add a green touch to the modern city.
All of these are surely good ideas at some level. They are trying to repair some of the damage our lifestyle has done to the planet. But, despite the rhetoric of reuniting the city with nature, today’s green urban dream is too often about bringing a technologically controlled version of nature into the city and declaring the problem solved, rather than looking at the deeper causes of our environmental and urban problems.
One of the most striking examples is Apple’s “spaceship” campus now under construction in Silicon Valley. Though it seems to be sustainable and energy efficient—80 percent of its 175-acre site is preserved for landscaping, it is by any measure a huge, expensive and massively resource-intensive project. As a suburban white-collar workplace, it must include vast garages for 13,000 Apple employees. Thus, it will leave no smaller environmental footprint than a traditional office park.
Designing a perfect green building or eco-city isn’t enough to save the world. Although our buildings, like our cars, have been inefficient environmentally, architecture isn’t directly responsible for humanity’s disastrous environmental impacts. An economic system based on the destruction of nature is the real problem. No green building can help us repair the ecological damage we have caused, nor can any number of aquaponic farms bring us back to the real nature.
Instead of adding “nature” to the urban lifestyle, architects may work to design better relationships between our cities and nature, and to promote just relationships between the people in them.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Architects are trying to make cities greener. Their common approach is using technology to bring in some nature elements. Apple’s “spaceship” campus is claimed to be eco-friendly but actually isn’t. Such projects can’t help because architecture isn’t the real cause of environmental problems. So efforts should be made to enable cities and their people to co-exist with nature harmoniously.
【解析】
【导语】本文是议论文。建筑师们正努力让城市变得更环保。他们常用的方法是利用技术引入一些自然元素。苹果公司的“宇宙飞船”园区声称是环保的，但实际上并非如此。这样的项目无济于事，因为建筑并不是环境问题的真正原因。因此，应该努力使城市及其居民与自然和谐共处。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①Architecture and urban design is chasing a green fever dream.
②But, despite the rhetoric of reuniting the city with nature, today’s green urban dream is too often about bringing a technologically controlled version of nature into the city and declaring the problem solved, rather than looking at the deeper causes of our environmental and urban problems.
③One of the most striking examples is Apple’s “spaceship” campus now under construction in Silicon Valley. Though it seems to be sustainable and energy efficient—80 percent of its 175-acre site is preserved for landscaping, it is by any measure a huge, expensive and massively resource-intensive project.
④Designing a perfect green building or eco-city isn’t enough to save the world.
⑤Instead of adding “nature” to the urban lifestyle, architects may work to design better relationships between our cities and nature, and to promote just relationships between the people in them.
2. 缜密构思
将1、 2、 3、 4、 5五个要点进行整合重组。
3. 遣词造句
Architects are trying to make cities greener.
Their common approach is using technology to bring in some nature elements.
Apple’s “spaceship” campus is claimed to be eco-friendly but actually isn’t.
Such projects can’t help because architecture isn’t the real cause of environmental problems.
So efforts should be made to enable cities and their people to co-exist with nature harmoniously.
【点睛】[高分句型1]Such projects can’t help because architecture isn’t the real cause of environmental problems.(because引导的原因状语从句)
[高分句型2]So efforts should be made to enable cities and their people to co-exist with nature harmoniously.(含情态动词的被动语态)
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72. 一台晚会的成功需要所有演职人员的辛勤付出。(underlie)(汉译英)
【答案】The diligent efforts of all the performers and crew members underlie the success of an evening party.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定短语和时态。表示“辛勤付出”短语为the diligent efforts，表示“所有演职人员”应用all the performers and crew members，与主语构成所属关系应用介词of；此处“需要”可理解为“……是基础”应用动词underlie；表示“一台晚会的成功”翻译为the success of an evening party。句子陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时。故翻译为The diligent efforts of all the performers and crew members underlie the success of an evening party.
73. 凡今天购买该榨汁机的顾客可享七折，仅限今日。(exclusive) (汉译英)
【答案】The 30% discount is exclusive to the customers who buy the juicer today.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定短语，定语从句，时态和主谓一致。本句也可理解为“七折的折扣专属于今天购买该榨汁机的顾客”，“七折的折扣”是the 30% discount，“专属于某人”是be exclusive to sb.，句子描述现在的事情，时态用一般现在时，主语the 30% discount是单数，因此be动词用is，“顾客”是customer，不止一个，要用复数，“今天购买该榨汁机的”用who引导定语从句，修饰先行词customers，“购买该榨汁机”是buy the juicer，“今天”是today，时态是一般现在时，先行词customers是复数，因此buy用原形，因此整句话翻译为“The 30% discount is exclusive to the customers who buy the juicer today”，故答案为The 30% discount is exclusive to the customers who buy the juicer today.
74. 小张克服了舞台恐惧症，成了一名著名的演说家，我们都想知道他是如何做到的。(take) (汉译英)
【答案】We all wonder what it took Xiao Zhang to conquer stage fright to become a famous speaker.
【解析】
【详解】考查时态，主谓一致和宾语从句。“我们都想知道他是如何做到的”描述现在的客观事实，时态用一般现在时，“都想知道”是all wonder，主语“我们”we是复数，因此wonder用原形，“小张克服了舞台恐惧症，成了一名著名的演说家，他是如何做到的”也就是小张克服了舞台恐惧症，成了一名著名的演说家，他付出了什么，用take，此部分描述过去的事情，时态用一般过去时，“某人做某事付出了什么”是what it took sb. to do sth.，“克服”是conquer，“舞台恐惧症”是stage fright，“成了一名著名的演说家”是become a famous speaker，用不定式表目的，因此整句话翻译为“We all wonder what it took Xiao Zhang to conquer stage fright to become a famous speaker”。故答案为We all wonder what it took Xiao Zhang to conquer stage fright to become a famous speaker.
75. 杭州亚运会开幕式以水为主题，融入科技元素，整场演出恢弘大气，让人印象深刻。(which) (汉译英)
【答案】Themed around water and integrated with technological elements, the opening ceremony of the Hangzhou Asian Games presented a grand performance, which left a deep impression on people.
【解析】
【详解】考查非谓语动词和定语从句。表示“以水为主题”应用过去分词短语themed around water；表示“融入科技元素”为integrated with technological elements，过去分词作状语；主语“杭州亚运会开幕式”为the opening ceremony of the Hangzhou Asian Games；表示“整场演出恢弘大气”可翻译为present a grand performance，后跟which引导非限制性定语从句；表示“让人印象深刻”短语为leave a deep impression on people，为一般过去时。故翻译为Themed around water and integrated with technological elements, the opening ceremony of the Hangzhou Asian Games presented a grand performance, which left a deep impression on people.
VI. Guided Writing
76. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，最近在学校英语报上看到一个主题为“Time Capsule”的征文，你对此很感兴趣。写一篇文章，内容需包括：
1. 你计划将什么物品放入“时间胶囊”；
2. 简单描述该物品；
3. 你的理由。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】范文
As a student at Mingqi High School, I was intrigued by the English newspaper’s “Time Capsule” essay prompt. My chosen item for the capsule is a small, worn-out notebook. This notebook is not just a writing tool; it’s a record of my journey. Filled with doodles, scribbled ideas, and even tear-stained pages from emotional outbursts, it captures the highs and lows of my adolescent life.
Choosing this notebook is personal. It represents the raw, unfiltered emotions and growth that occur during one’s teenage years. Future generations, upon discovering this notebook, will gain a glimpse into the life of a typical high school student in our era. Moreover, it's a reminder for me to cherish these moments, knowing that they are fleeting and irreplaceable. In a way, this notebook is a time machine, transporting me back to those memorable moments whenever I flip through its pages.
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生写一篇关于“Time Capsule”的征文。
【详解】1.词汇积累
代表：represent→stand for
充满：be filled with→be full of
难忘：memorable→unforgettable
此外：moreover→besides
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：Filled with doodles, scribbled ideas, and even tear-stained pages from emotional outbursts, it captures the highs and lows of my adolescent life.
拓展句：It captures the highs and lows of my adolescent life, which is filled with doodles, scribbled ideas, and even tear-stained pages from emotional outbursts.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Moreover, it’s a reminder for me to cherish these moments, knowing that they are fleeting and irreplaceable. (运用了that引导宾语从句)
[高分句型2] Choosing this notebook is personal. (运用了动名词作主语)

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