资源简介

Book 3 Unit 4 Space Exploration
Period 2 Discovering Useful Structures
不定式作定语和状语
[合作探究]
1．(教材P40)Looking up at the stars, people have always wanted to learn more about space, and scientists work hard (find) answers.
2．(教材P40)They make vehicles (carry) brave people into space (find) out the secrets of the universe.
3．(教材P41)More recently, China has sent Chang'e 4 (explore) the surface of the far side of the moon (make) measurements and observations.
4．Thanks to your encouragement, I finally got the chance (face) the challenge.
5．My ambition is (work) for a firm that develops computer software when I grow up.
[合作探究]
1．(教材P40)Looking up at the stars, people have always wanted to learn more about space, and scientists work hard to find (find) answers.
2．(教材P40)They make vehicles to carry (carry) brave people into space to find (find) out the secrets of the universe.
3．(教材P41)More recently, China has sent Chang'e 4 to explore (explore) the surface of the far side of the moon to make (make) measurements and observations.
4．Thanks to your encouragement, I finally got the chance to face (face) the challenge.
5．My ambition is to work (work) for a firm that develops computer software when I grow up.
[自我感知]
1．句1、2、3为动词不定式作 。
2．句4为动词不定式作 。
3．句5为动词不定式作 。
[自我感知]
1．句1、2、3为动词不定式作 状语 。
2．句4为动词不定式作 定语 。
3．句5为动词不定式作 表语 。
一、动词不定式的特征与构成
动词不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志，无意义，有时可省略。其否定形式为“not＋动词不定式”。不定式既有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。动词不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
以do为例，动词不定式的时态和语态构成如下：
主动语态 被动语态 意义
一般时 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后
完成时 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前
进行时 to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行
完成 进行时 to have been doing 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前且一直持续到谓语动作发生时仍在进行
二、动词不定式作定语
1．动词不定式常常放在抽象名词attempt, ability, courage, chance, desire, determination, decision, effort, plan, way或不定代词something, nothing等后面作后置定语。
We must have the courage to face the challenge.我们必须有面对挑战的勇气。
Do you have anything to say
你有什么要说的吗？
2．动词不定式常用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词。
They are always the first to bear hardships, the last to enjoy comforts.
他们总是吃苦在前，享乐在后。
It is recognized that he is the best man to do the job.
人们公认他是做这项工作的最佳人选。
3．构成动词不定式的动词与被修饰词之间的关系
(1)主谓关系：被修饰词是动词不定式动作的发出者。此时的动词不定式在意义上相当于一个定语从句。
We need someone to help with the work.
＝We need someone that can help with the work.我们需要有人来帮忙做这项工作。
(2)动宾关系：被修饰词是动词不定式动作的承受者。
There are many interesting things to see there.那里有许多有趣的东西可以看。
【特别注意】
①不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词。如果不定式修饰time/place/way可以省略介词。
He found a good house to live in.
他找到了一个适宜居住的好房子。
The child has nothing to worry about.
这个孩子无忧无虑。
He has no place to live.他无处安身。
②如果不定式所修饰的名词是不定式动作的承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式，但含义有所不同。
Have you got anything to send
你要送什么东西吗？ (send的发出者是you)
Have you got anything to be sent 你有什么东西需要送吗？ (send的发出者是其他人)
③动词不定式和所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，并且句子中有名词或代词可以充当该动词不定式的逻辑主语时，要用动词不定式的主动形式表达被动含义；若句子中没有名词或代词可以充当该动词不定式的逻辑主语时，则用动词不定式的被动形式。
There are five pairs to choose from, but I'm at a loss which to buy.有五双可以选择，但是我不知道该买哪一个。(choose from 与pairs之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，to choose from的逻辑主语是I)
His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.他下个月将要出版的第一本书是根据真实故事改编的。(publish与book之间有逻辑上的动宾关系且句子中无动词不定式的逻辑主语)
(3)修饰关系：动词不定式对所修饰的词起到补充、说明的作用。这些被修饰词一般为wish, way, chance, ability, decision, attempt, reason等。
You should grasp the ability to solve the complex problems.
你应该掌握解决复杂问题的能力。
There are varieties of ways to make others laugh.有很多方法逗人们笑。
[名师指津] 动词不定式作定语有时也表示一种将来的动作。
We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.我们受邀参加下周五在我们俱乐部举办的派对。
三、动词不定式作状语
(1)不定式作原因状语，多用在某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”等的形容词后。
I'm very glad to be invited to attend the meeting.我很高兴被邀请参加这个会议。
(2)不定式作目的状语，可与so as to/in order to替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首。
To/In order to catch the early bus, I got up early this morning.
→I got up early this morning to/in order to/so as to catch the early bus.
为了赶早班车，我今天早上起得很早。
(3)动词不定式作结果状语，常表示“令人意想不到”的结果。动词不定式前有时可以加上only或but only，以加强语气。
I went to see him, only to learn that he had left the city the night before.我去看他，却得知他已经在前夜离开了这个城市。
[名师指津] 动词不定式作结果状语，常用于一些特定的结构中：
She is so proud as to look down upon others.
她如此骄傲以至于看不起别人。
We are not old enough to vote and to be voted.
我们太小还不能选举和被选举。
(4)在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous等。
例句：
1.His decision was easy to explain: mom wouldn’t have been happy if I’d left him behind.
他的决定很容易解释：如果我把他留下，妈妈会不高兴的。
2.As the old saying goes, “flowers are pleasant to look at but hard to grow.”
正如谚语所说：“看花容易栽花难。”
3.The long sentence is difficult for you to remember.
正常句子对你来说很难记。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I don't know what I should say ________ (make) you so excited!
2．The boy is old enough ________ (take) care of himself.
3．She returned only ________ (find) that they were holding a party at home.
4．After a while, I found there was nothing ________ (see) in the dark.
5．Do you have anything ________ (take) to your son
6．She told me that she had a lot of work ________ (do) that day.
7．No one could put forward a practical way ________ (solve) the problem.
8．He is the doctor ________ (do) the operation on your brother.
9．Everything is well prepared. And this is the right time ______ (start)．
10．This issue is of such importance not ________ (ignore) it.
11.The new technology could enable more people ________ (access) the cultural relics despite the distance.
12.Halfway through his talk，the speaker stopped and decided __________(create) a group activity.
13.I knew Dubya and his wife well, but I didn’t think we were close enough_______ (share) Thanksgiving dinner.
14.During the online classes period, parents need to keep an eye on their children ______(ensure) they stay focused.
15.Activities there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim _________(have) a low impact on the natural environment.
16.Mary’s sister, Frances Todd Wallace, often came over __________(plant) flowers in the front yard.
17.It is possible _________(walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
参考答案： to make　2.to take　3.to find　4.to be seen　5.to take/to be taken　6.to do　7.to solve　8.to do　9.to start　10.to ignore 11. to access 12. to create 13. to share 14. to ensure 15. to have 16. to plant 17. to walk
语法填空
Text 1
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Tianzhou 5 cargo spacecraft launched 1 November 12th docked(对接) with the Tiangong space station around noon, 2 (set) a world record for the fastest meet and docking operations between the two spacecraft, according to the China Manned Space Agency.
The Tianzhou 5 was placed into a low-Earth orbit by a Long March 7 rocket 3 took off at ‘10:03 a.m. at the Wenchang Space Launch Center in Hainan Province.
After cargo craft entered the orbit, it 4 (travel) two hours and seven minutes to meet with the Tiangong space station 5 then docked with the massive station at 12:10 p.m., the agency said.
The operation has become the 6 (fast) meet and docking process for spacecraft in the world, replacing the old record set by the Russian spacecraft Soyuz MS-17 on October 14th, 2020, when it used three hours and three minutes since 7 (it) liftoff to meet and connect with the International Space Station.
The manned space agency said the fast meet and docking are key to 8 (establish) the capability to transport supplies to the space station in an emergency.
The cargo ship is carrying about 5.3 metric tons of 9 (material), including living and mission necessities, scientific equipment as well as a mini 10 (experiment) satellite. The craft also carries nearly 1.4 tons of propellants for the Tiangong station, the designers said.
【答案】1．on 2．setting 3．that/which 4．traveled/travelled 5．and 6．fastest 7．its 8．establishing 9．materials 10．experimental
【导语】这是一篇新闻稿。文章讲述11月12日发射的天舟五号货运飞船于中午左右与天宫空间站对接，创造了两个飞船最快交会对接的世界纪录。
1．考查介词。句意：据中国载人航天局称，11月12日发射的天舟五号货运飞船于中午左右与天宫空间站对接，创造了两个飞船最快交会对接的世界纪录。分析句子可知，表示“具体某一天”作时间状语时，应用介词on。故填on。
2．考查非谓语。句意：据中国载人航天局称，11月12日发射的天舟五号货运飞船于中午左右与天宫空间站对接，创造了两个飞船最快交会对接的世界纪录。分析句子可知，此空应填非谓语，The Tianzhou 5 cargo spacecraft和set为主动关系，再由句意可知，这里应填现在分词作状语。故填setting。
3．考查定语从句。句意：天舟五号由长征七号运载火箭送入近地轨道，该火箭于上午10时03分在海南省文昌航天发射中心起飞。分析句子可知，这里考查定语从句，先行词为a Long March 7 rocket，为物，在从句中作主语。故填that/which。
4．考查时态。句意：该机构表示，货运飞船进入轨道后，飞行了2小时7分钟与天宫空间站会合，然后于下午12点10分与大型空间站对接。分析句子可知，这里应填谓语，it和travel为主动关系，且由at 12:10 p.m.可知，这里应用一般过去时。故填traveled/travelled。
5．考查并列连词。句意：该机构表示，货运飞船进入轨道后，飞行了2小时7分钟与天宫空间站会合，然后于下午12点10分与大型空间站对接。分析句子可知，前文travelled和后文 docked为两个连续动作，所以这里应用并列连词and连接。故填and。
6．考查形容词最高级。句意：此次操作已成为世界上航天器最快的交会对接过程，取代了俄罗斯联盟MS-17号飞船在2020年10月14日创下的旧纪录，当时该飞船自升空以来用了3小时3分钟与国际空间站交会对接。由上文“for the fastest meet ”以及文意可知，这里应用形容词最高级。故填fastest。
7．考查代词。句意：此次操作已成为世界上航天器最快的交会对接过程，取代了俄罗斯联盟MS-17号飞船在2020年10月14日创下的旧纪录，当时该飞船自升空以来用了3小时3分钟与国际空间站交会对接。根据句意可知，这里表示“它的起飞”，所以应用形容词性物主代词。故填its。
8．考查非谓语。句意：载人航天局表示，快速交会对接是建立紧急情况下向空间站运送物资能力的关键。这里考查the key to doing sth表“做某事的关键”，为固定搭配。故填establishing。
9．考查名词复数。句意：这艘货船载有约5.3公吨的物资，包括生活和任务必需品、科学设备以及一颗小型实验卫星。由后文living and mission necessities, scientific equipment as well as 可知，这里名词应用复数形式。故填materials。
10．考查形容词。句意：这艘货船载有约5.3公吨的物资，包括生活和任务必需品、科学设备以及一颗小型实验卫星。分析句子可知，此空应填形容词修饰后面名词。故填experimental。
Text 2
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
BEIJING — Taikonauts of the Shenzhou XIV crew will carry out 24 in-orbit medical experiments during their six-month stay in China’s space station, according to the China Manned Space Agency.
These space medical experiments are mainly designed to study how the 11 (weight) environment and spaceflights affect taikonauts, said Li Yinghui, deputy chief designer of China’s manned space program taikonaut system.
12 (compare) with previous crewed missions, the Shenzhou XIV will collect body fluid samples, 13 (include) taikonauts’ blood, urine, and saliva (唾液). The trio (三人组) will also use special methods to measure muscle 14 (lose) and analyze urine metabolites (代谢物).
Li also noted that the body data 15 (collect) by the previous Shenzhou XII and Shenzhou XIII taikonauts has laid 16 good foundation for the research by the Shenzhou XIV crew.
China on June 5th, 2022 launched the three-person Shenzhou XIV mission, 17 is the third crew for the country’s space station project. The taikonaut trio will cooperate 18 the ground team 19 (complete) the assembly and construction of the Tiangong space station. They will also work in its experiment capsules for scientific 20 (explore) of life, ecology, and biotechnology.
【答案】11．weightless 12．Compared 13．including 14．loss 15．collected 16．a 17．which 18．with 19．to complete 20．exploration
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍了神州十四号的宇航员将在中国空间站进行的在轨医学实验的情况。
11．考查形容词。句意：这些太空医学实验主要是为了研究失重环境和太空飞行如何影响中国宇航员，中国载人航天计划中国宇航员系统的副总设计师李英辉说。分析句子可知空处应为形容词做定语修饰environment，表示“失重的”，故填weightless。
12．考查过去分词。句意：与之前的载人任务相比，神舟十四号将收集体液样本，包括中国宇航员的血液、尿液和唾液。be compared with表示“与……相比”，此处省略be,用过去分词作状语，句首首字母大写，故填Compared。
13．考查介词。句意：与之前的载人任务相比，神舟十四号将收集体液样本，包括中国宇航员的血液、尿液和唾液。结合句意及空后的名词taikonauts’ blood, urine, and saliva可知空处应为介词including，意为“包含，包括”，故填including。
14．考查不可数名词。句意：三人组还将使用特殊方法来测量肌肉流失并分析尿液代谢物。结合句意此处表示测量肌肉流失，与后文的analyze urine metabolite并列，应用名词形式作宾语，表抽象意义，不可数，故填loss。
15．考查过去分词。句意：李还指出，之前神舟十二号和神舟十三号太舰收集的身体资料，为神舟十四号船员的研究奠定了良好的基础。分析句子可知，空处应为过去分词作后置定语修饰名词data，data与collect之间为被动关系，应用过去分词表示被动，故填collected。
16．考查不定冠词。句意：李还指出，历届神舟十二号和神舟十三号太舰收集的身体资料，为神舟十四号船员的研究奠定了良好的基础。固定短语lay a good foundation意为“为……奠定良好的基础”，故填a。
17．考查非限制性定语从句。句意：中国于2022年6月5日启动了三人神舟十四号任务，这是该国空间站项目的第三个机组人员。此处为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the three-person Shenzhou XIV mission，在从句中作主语，故填which。
18．考查介词。句意：中国宇航员三人组将与地面团队合作完成天宫空间站的组装和建造。cooperate with意为“与……合作”，故填with。
19．考查不定式。句意：中国宇航员三人组将与地面团队合作完成天宫空间站的组装和建造。结合句意可知空处表示目的，应用不定式作目的状语，故填to complete。
20．考查名词。句意：他们还将在实验舱中工作，对生命，生态和生物技术进行科学探索。根据句意及空前形容词scientific可知空处为不可数名词exploration，故填exploration。
Text 3
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
China 21 (launch) the Shenzhou-16 manned spaceship, sending three astronauts to 22 (it) space station combination for a five-month mission on May 30th.
According to the China Manned Space Agency, about 10 minutes after the launch, the Shenzhou-16 separated 23 the rocket and entered its designed orbit. The crew members are in good shape and the launch is a complete 24 (succeed).
The crew consists of Jing Haipeng, Zhu Yangzhu and Gui Haichao. They will witness the dockings (对接) of the Tianzhou-5 cargo craft 25 the Shenzhou-17 manned spaceship, as well as the departures of the Shenzhou-15 manned spaceship and Tianzhou-5.
26 an important moment in the history of China space station! 27 we can see, Shenzhou-16 crew are now entering the Tianhe core module, while Shenzhou-15 crew are now waiting 28 (welcome) them on the other side.
After the swift automated rendezvous, the Shenzhou-16 spaceship docked on the Tianhe core module from below. The whole space station consists of six spacecraft, 29 (include) two lab modules, two 30 (man) spaceships and the Tianhe core module and the Tianzhou-6 cargo ship.
【答案】21．launched 22．its 23．from 24．success 25．and 26．What 27．As 28．to welcome 29．including 30．manned
【导语】本文是说明文。讲述了5月30日, 中国发射了神舟十六号载人飞船, 将三名宇航员送入空间站, 执行为期五个月的任务。
21．考查时态。句意：5月30日，中国发射了神舟十六号载人飞船，将三名宇航员送入空间站，执行为期五个月的任务。根据下文“5月30日”，应用一般过去时，故填launched。
22．考查形容词性物主代词。句意：5月30日，中国发射了神舟十六号载人飞船，将三名宇航员送入空间站，执行为期五个月的任务。根据设空处后面的space station combination可知，设空处应用形容词性物主代词。故填its。
23．考查介词。 句意：据中国载人航天工程办公室称，发射大约10分钟后，神舟十六号载人飞船与火箭成功分离，进入预定轨道。separate from意为“从…分离”，故填from。
24．考查名词。句意：航天员乘组状态良好，发射取得圆满成功。分析句子结构可知，空格前complete作定语，修饰空后的名词，应用 success。故填 success。
25．考查连词。句意：神舟十六号航天员乘组由景海鹏、朱杨柱、桂海潮3名航天员组成。他们将见证天舟五号货运飞船的再对接和撤；神舟十七号载人飞船对接；神舟十五号载人飞船返回。根据设空处前后语境可知是属于并列结构，故填and。
26．考查what引导的感叹句。句意：这是中国空间站历史上多么重要的时刻啊！根据设空后an important moment可知，用what引导感叹句。故填What。
27．考查定语从句。句意：正如我们所看到的，神舟十六号乘组正在进入天和核心舱，而神舟十五号乘组现在正在另一边等待迎接他们。As在此句中引导非限定性定语从句，放在句首，同时在从句中作宾语。故填 As。
28．考查非谓语动词。句意：正如我们所看到的，神舟十六号乘组正在进入天和核心舱，而神舟十五号乘组现在正在另一边等待迎接他们。分析可知，此题中非谓语动词不定式在句中作目的状语。故填to welcome。
29．考查介词。句意：整个天宫空间站由六个航天器组成，包括问天实验舱、梦天实验舱、神舟十五号载人飞船、神舟十六号载人飞船、天和核心舱和天舟六号货运飞船。根据题干推断可知，空格处用介词including，包括。故填 including。
30．考查形容词。句意：整个天宫空间站由六个航天器组成，包括问天实验舱、梦天实验舱、神舟十五号载人飞船、神舟十六号载人飞船、天和核心舱和天舟六号货运飞船。设空处在句中作定语，修饰spaceships，应用形容词形式，故填 manned。
Text 4
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Fifty years ago, China successfully launched its first satellite, Dongfanghong 1, and started 31 new chapter in space exploration. 32 (mark) its 50th anniversary, the China National Space Administration announced the name for the country’s Mars planetary exploration program on April 24.
The mission, Tianwen got its name from a long poem Tianwen 33 (write) by Qu Yuan, a famous poet of the Warring States Period. In the poem, Qu raised a series of questions 34 (concern) the sky, stars, natural phenomena, myths and the real world, reflecting his doubts on traditional ideas 35 his pursuit of truth.
So far, China 36 (make) remarkable progress in space exploration. In 1970, China launched 37 (it) first man-made Earth satellite, becoming the fifth country in the world to launch man-made satellites 38 (independent). Over the past few years, China’s missions, including the Shenzhou and Change series were designed to explore outer space, expanded mankind’s understanding of Earth and the universe.
This time, the Tianwen series will carry out the first Mars exploration mission, 39 represents a milestone for China’s move toward deep space.
With the names deep roots in Chinese traditional culture, Tianwen shows the 40 (determine) and perseverance of Chinese people to move further into deep space.
【答案】31．a 32．To mark 33．written 34．concerning 35．and 36．has made 37．its 38．independently 39．which 40．determination
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国太空探索方面的历史发展以及成功发射“天问”系列的意义。
31．考查冠词。句意：50年前，中国成功发射了第一颗卫星“东方红1号”，开启了太空探索的新篇章。分析句子可知，句中chapter泛指一个新篇章，故空格处应用不定冠词，“new”单词音标的第一个音素为辅音音素，故应用不定冠词“a”。故填a。
32．考查非谓语动词。句意：为了纪念其50周年，中国国家航天局于4月24日宣布了该国火星行星探测计划的名称。根据句意可知，句中“为了纪念其50周年”是“宣布火星行星探测计划的名称”的目的，故应用不定式作目的状语，句首单词首字母大写。故填To mark。
33．考查非谓语动词。句意：“天问”的名字来源于战国时期著名诗人屈原的一首长诗《天问》。分析句子可知，句中有谓语动词“got”且句中无连词，故空格处应用非谓语动词，“Tianwen”与“write”之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用“write”的过去分词“written”，作后置定语。故填written。
34．考查介词。句意：在这首诗中，屈原提出了一系列关于天空、星星、自然现象、神话和现实世界的问题，反映了他对传统观念的怀疑和对真理的追求。根据句意可知，屈原提出的问题是“关于”天空、星星、自然现象、神话和现实世界的，故空格处应用“concerning”，意为“关于”，介词词性。故填concerning。
35．考查连词。句意：在这首诗中，屈原提出了一系列关于天空、星星、自然现象、神话和现实世界的问题，反映了他对传统观念的怀疑和对真理的追求。根据句意可知，句中“his doubts on traditional ideas”和“his pursuit (追求) of truth”之间为并列关系，故应用连词“and”，表示并列。故填and。
36．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：到目前为止，中国在太空探索方面取得了显著的进展。根据句意和句中“So far”可知，句中应用现在完成时表示动作开始于过去并持续到现在，句子主语“China”是第三人称单数，与“has”连用，“make”的过去分词为“made”。故填has made。
37．考查代词。句意：1970年，中国发射了第一颗人造地球卫星，成为世界上第五个独立发射人造卫星的国家。修饰后文名词satellite应用形容词性物主代词its。故填its。
38．考查副词。句意：1970年，中国发射了第一颗人造地球卫星，成为世界上第五个独立发射人造卫星的国家。句中“launch”意为“发射”，动词词性，应用副词independently修饰。故填independently。
39．考查定语从句。句意：这一次，“天问”系列将执行第一次火星探测任务，这是中国探索外太空的一个里程碑。根据句意和句子结构可知，句子为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“天问系列将执行第一次火星探测任务”这件事，从句中作主语，故应用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。故填which。
40．考查名词。句意：这个名字深深植根于中国传统文化，天问展现了中国人民走向更大空间的决心和毅力。此处与and后的perseverance是并列成分，应使用名词作宾语，determination“决心”是不可数名词。故填determination。
Text 5
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Since ancient times, human beings have tried to explore space and find other life forms. They even tended 41 (improve) the moon’s environment to support life. It was the first time that they had grown plants in the lunar soil. The scientists said they had no idea whether anything 42 (grow) in the moon dirt. They wanted to see if it could be used to grow food. The results surprised them.
Ferl is one of the 43 (professor) in the University of Florida’s institute, and he was 44 (amaze) at the results. “Plants 45 (actual) grow in the soil of the moon,” he said. Ferl and other researchers planted thale cress(拟南芥), a small flowering plant in lunar soil. The good news was that all the seeds grew. The bad news was that after 46 first week, the lunar soil put too much pressure on the plants, 47 (cause) then to grow slowly. The majority 48 the moon plants ended up stunted—meaning small or not fully developed.
The longer the soil was exposed to solar radiation and wind on the moon, the 49 (bad) the plants seemed to be. The soil, 50 was collected by the Apollo 11 mission, was the least helpful for growth because it had been exposed for a couple billion years.
【答案】41．to improve 42．would grow 43．professors 44．amazed 45．actually 46．the 47．causing 48．of 49．worse 50．which
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍关于在月球上种植植物的研究。
41．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们甚至倾向于改善月球的环境以支持生命。此处为短语tend to do sth.表示“倾向于……”。故填to improve。
42．考查时态。句意：科学家们说，他们不知道月球上的泥土中是否会有生物生长。空处为同位语从句的谓语动词，此处表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或呈现的状态，应用过去将来时，故填would grow。
43．考查名词的数。句意：Ferl是佛罗里达大学研究所的教授之一，他对结果感到惊讶。此处为one of+可数名词复数。故填professors。
44．考查形容词。句意：Ferl是佛罗里达大学研究所的教授之一，他对结果感到惊讶。作表语，修饰人应用形容词amazed，be amazed at“对……感到惊讶”是固短语。故填amazed。
45．考查副词。句意：“植物实际上生长在月球的土壤中，”他说。修饰动词grow应用副词，作状语。故填actually。
46．考查冠词。句意：坏消息是，在第一周之后，月球土壤给植物施加了太大的压力，导致它们生长缓慢。序数词first前用定冠词the，表示“第一”。故填the。
47．考查非谓语动词。句意：坏消息是，在第一周之后，月球土壤给植物施加了太大的压力，导致它们生长缓慢。此处cause与上文句子构成主动关系，故用现在分词作结果状语。故填causing。
48．考查介词。句意：大多数月球上的植物最终都发育不良，意思是很小或发育不完全。此处为短语the majority of表示“大多数”。故填of。
49．考查比较级。句意：土壤在月球上暴露在太阳辐射和风中的时间越长，植物的状况似乎就越差。此处为 “the+比较级，the+比较级”句型，应用比较级。故填worse。
50．考查定语从句。句意：这些土壤是由阿波罗11号任务收集的，对生长最没有帮助，因为它已经暴露在外面几十亿年了。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词soil，在从句中作主语，先行词指物，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
阅读理解
What do you do when nobody is around to take your picture You take a selfie(自拍照). But what about selfies in space Last year, NASA astronaut Buzz Aldrin who famously became the second man to walk on the moon in July 1969, said that he took the first selfie in space during the Gemini XI I mission in 1966.
“For me, it needs to be digital to be a selfie, ” argues Jennifer Levasseur, who is in charge of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. According to Levasseur, the idea of a selfie is directly linked to Internet culture and the human wish to interact(互动) on social platforms. “The thing that makes a self ie is sharing it, ” she says.
Still, astronauts have been carrying cameras aboard space vehicles since the 1960s, and they’ve taken plenty of pictures of themselves along the way. Astronaut s had to pull the film magazines(胶卷暗盒) out and leave their cameras behind when they returned to Earth, because early space missions had a weight limit on the return trip.
A big change in space camera technology came after the sad loss of the space shuttle Columbus, which broke apart on its return to Earth in 2003. “Fearing that they would never be able to bring the film back from space and lose all that hard work quickened the pace for digital, ” Levasseur says.
Today, astronauts can have access to the Internet and social platforms in space and post true space selfies taken by digital cameras. Taking selfies and sharing them on social media is a way that astronauts in space can participate in the same activities people on Earth do every day. The first astronaut selfie that went viral(网红的) on the Internet was one by Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide in 2012.
9．What does Levasseur think of Aldrin’s words
A．It needs to be further proved.
B．It develops the technology of space selfies.
C．It is different from public opinions.
D．It hardly makes any sense.
10．Why were cameras left in space on early space missions
A．To lighten the weight of the spaceship.
B．To test cameras in the special environment.
C．To prepare for the next space exploration.
D．To take more pictures in space.
11．What pushed space camera technology
A．The invention of new films.
B．The fear of falling behind in the space race.
C．The concern about the loss of valuable date.
D．The popularity of space selfies.
12．What does the underlined phrase “participate in” mean in the last paragraph
A．Take advantage of. B．Take part in.
C．Result in. D．Make fun of.
【答案】9．D 10．A 11．C 12．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航员在太空自拍时储存方式的变化，最初是用胶卷，现在开始使用数码相机拍摄并可以在社交媒体分享。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Last year, NASA astronaut Buzz Aldrin who famously became the second man to walk on the moon in July 1969, said that he took the first selfie in space during the Gemini XI I mission in 1966.( 1969年7月，美国宇航局宇航员巴兹·奥尔德林成为第二位在月球上行走的人。去年，他说自己在1966年双子座11号任务期间在太空中拍下了第一张自拍。)”和第二段“‘For me, it needs to be digital to be a selfie,’ argues Jennifer Levasseur, who is in charge of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. According to Levasseur, the idea of a selfie is directly linked to Internet culture and the human wish to interact(互动)on social platforms. (“对我来说,自拍必须是数码的,”史密森尼国家航空航天博物馆负责人Jennifer Levasseur说。Levasseur表示，自拍的想法与互联网文化和人类在社交平台上互动的愿望直接相关。)可推断，Jennifer Levasseur认为自拍必须是数码的，与互联网文化和人类在社交平台上互动的愿望直接相关，因此推断他认为Aldrin说在太空中拍下了自拍照是没什么意义，不能通过互联网互动。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Astronauts had to pull the film magazines(胶卷暗盒) out and leave their cameras behind when they returned to Earth, because early space missions had a weight limit on the return trip. (当宇航员返回地球时, 他们必须拿出胶卷暗盒，把相机留在那里，因为早期的太空任务在返回途中有重量限制。)可知，早期太空任务中照相机被遗留在太空是为了减轻飞船的重量。故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“A big change in space camera technology came after the sad loss of the space shuttle Colamhus, which broke apart on ts return to Earth in 2003. “Fearing that they would never be able to bring the film back from space and lose all that hard work quickened the pace for digital, ” Levasseur says. (2003年，哥伦布号航天飞机在返回地球时解体，这一令人悲伤的事件发生后，太空相机技术发生了重大变化。Levasseur说：“由于担心他们永远无法将胶卷从太空带回地球，从而失去所有的努力，他们加快了数字化的步伐。)可知，由于担心失去宝贵的数据，所以促进了太空相机技术的发展。故选C。
12．词义猜测题。根据最后一段第一句“Today, astronauts can have access to the Internet and social platforms in space and post true space selfies taken by digital cameras.(如今，宇航员可以在太空中访问互联网和社交平台，并发布用数码相机拍摄的真实太空自拍。)”可知，现在宇航员在太空可以登陆互联网和社交平台，发布自拍照，因此宇航员和地球上的人一样可以登陆互联网和社交平台参加地球上的人参加的活动，因此划线句“Taking selfies and sharing them on social media is a way that astronauts in space can participate in the same activities people on Earth do every day.”表示：自拍并在社交媒体上分享是宇航员在太空中可以参与与地球上的人每天做的相同的活动的一种方式。划线部分在这里意为“参加”。故选B。Book 3 Unit 4 Space Exploration
Period 2 Discovering Useful Structures
不定式作定语和状语
[合作探究]
1．(教材P40)Looking up at the stars, people have always wanted to learn more about space, and scientists work hard (find) answers.
2．(教材P40)They make vehicles (carry) brave people into space (find) out the secrets of the universe.
3．(教材P41)More recently, China has sent Chang'e 4 (explore) the surface of the far side of the moon (make) measurements and observations.
4．Thanks to your encouragement, I finally got the chance (face) the challenge.
5．My ambition is (work) for a firm that develops computer software when I grow up.
[自我感知]
1．句1、2、3为动词不定式作 。
2．句4为动词不定式作 。
3．句5为动词不定式作 。
一、动词不定式的特征与构成
动词不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志，无意义，有时可省略。其否定形式为“not＋动词不定式”。不定式既有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。动词不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
以do为例，动词不定式的时态和语态构成如下：
主动语态 被动语态 意义
一般时 to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后
完成时 to have done to have been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前
进行时 to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行
完成 进行时 to have been doing 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前且一直持续到谓语动作发生时仍在进行
二、动词不定式作定语
1．动词不定式常常放在抽象名词attempt, ability, courage, chance, desire, determination, decision, effort, plan, way或不定代词something, nothing等后面作后置定语。
We must have the courage to face the challenge.我们必须有面对挑战的勇气。
Do you have anything to say
你有什么要说的吗？
2．动词不定式常用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词。
They are always the first to bear hardships, the last to enjoy comforts.
他们总是吃苦在前，享乐在后。
It is recognized that he is the best man to do the job.
人们公认他是做这项工作的最佳人选。
3．构成动词不定式的动词与被修饰词之间的关系
(1)主谓关系：被修饰词是动词不定式动作的发出者。此时的动词不定式在意义上相当于一个定语从句。
We need someone to help with the work.
＝We need someone that can help with the work.我们需要有人来帮忙做这项工作。
(2)动宾关系：被修饰词是动词不定式动作的承受者。
There are many interesting things to see there.那里有许多有趣的东西可以看。
【特别注意】
①不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词。如果不定式修饰time/place/way可以省略介词。
He found a good house to live in.
他找到了一个适宜居住的好房子。
The child has nothing to worry about.
这个孩子无忧无虑。
He has no place to live.他无处安身。
②如果不定式所修饰的名词是不定式动作的承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式，但含义有所不同。
Have you got anything to send
你要送什么东西吗？ (send的发出者是you)
Have you got anything to be sent 你有什么东西需要送吗？ (send的发出者是其他人)
③动词不定式和所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，并且句子中有名词或代词可以充当该动词不定式的逻辑主语时，要用动词不定式的主动形式表达被动含义；若句子中没有名词或代词可以充当该动词不定式的逻辑主语时，则用动词不定式的被动形式。
There are five pairs to choose from, but I'm at a loss which to buy.有五双可以选择，但是我不知道该买哪一个。(choose from 与pairs之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，to choose from的逻辑主语是I)
His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.他下个月将要出版的第一本书是根据真实故事改编的。(publish与book之间有逻辑上的动宾关系且句子中无动词不定式的逻辑主语)
(3)修饰关系：动词不定式对所修饰的词起到补充、说明的作用。这些被修饰词一般为wish, way, chance, ability, decision, attempt, reason等。
You should grasp the ability to solve the complex problems.
你应该掌握解决复杂问题的能力。
There are varieties of ways to make others laugh.有很多方法逗人们笑。
[名师指津] 动词不定式作定语有时也表示一种将来的动作。
We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.我们受邀参加下周五在我们俱乐部举办的派对。
三、动词不定式作状语
(1)不定式作原因状语，多用在某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”等的形容词后。
I'm very glad to be invited to attend the meeting.我很高兴被邀请参加这个会议。
(2)不定式作目的状语，可与so as to/in order to替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首。
To/In order to catch the early bus, I got up early this morning.
→I got up early this morning to/in order to/so as to catch the early bus.
为了赶早班车，我今天早上起得很早。
(3)动词不定式作结果状语，常表示“令人意想不到”的结果。动词不定式前有时可以加上only或but only，以加强语气。
I went to see him, only to learn that he had left the city the night before.我去看他，却得知他已经在前夜离开了这个城市。
[名师指津] 动词不定式作结果状语，常用于一些特定的结构中：
She is so proud as to look down upon others.
她如此骄傲以至于看不起别人。
We are not old enough to vote and to be voted.
我们太小还不能选举和被选举。
(4)在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous等。
例句：
1.His decision was easy to explain: mom wouldn’t have been happy if I’d left him behind.
他的决定很容易解释：如果我把他留下，妈妈会不高兴的。
2.As the old saying goes, “flowers are pleasant to look at but hard to grow.”
正如谚语所说：“看花容易栽花难。”
3.The long sentence is difficult for you to remember.
正常句子对你来说很难记。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I don't know what I should say ________ (make) you so excited!
2．The boy is old enough ________ (take) care of himself.
3．She returned only ________ (find) that they were holding a party at home.
4．After a while, I found there was nothing ________ (see) in the dark.
5．Do you have anything ________ (take) to your son
6．She told me that she had a lot of work ________ (do) that day.
7．No one could put forward a practical way ________ (solve) the problem.
8．He is the doctor ________ (do) the operation on your brother.
9．Everything is well prepared. And this is the right time ______ (start)．
10．This issue is of such importance not ________ (ignore) it.
11.The new technology could enable more people ________ (access) the cultural relics despite the distance.
12.Halfway through his talk，the speaker stopped and decided __________(create) a group activity.
13.I knew Dubya and his wife well, but I didn’t think we were close enough_______ (share) Thanksgiving dinner.
14.During the online classes period, parents need to keep an eye on their children ______(ensure) they stay focused.
15.Activities there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim _________(have) a low impact on the natural environment.
16.Mary’s sister, Frances Todd Wallace, often came over __________(plant) flowers in the front yard.
17.It is possible _________(walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
语法填空
Text 1
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Tianzhou 5 cargo spacecraft launched 1 November 12th docked(对接) with the Tiangong space station around noon, 2 (set) a world record for the fastest meet and docking operations between the two spacecraft, according to the China Manned Space Agency.
The Tianzhou 5 was placed into a low-Earth orbit by a Long March 7 rocket 3 took off at ‘10:03 a.m. at the Wenchang Space Launch Center in Hainan Province.
After cargo craft entered the orbit, it 4 (travel) two hours and seven minutes to meet with the Tiangong space station 5 then docked with the massive station at 12:10 p.m., the agency said.
The operation has become the 6 (fast) meet and docking process for spacecraft in the world, replacing the old record set by the Russian spacecraft Soyuz MS-17 on October 14th, 2020, when it used three hours and three minutes since 7 (it) liftoff to meet and connect with the International Space Station.
The manned space agency said the fast meet and docking are key to 8 (establish) the capability to transport supplies to the space station in an emergency.
The cargo ship is carrying about 5.3 metric tons of 9 (material), including living and mission necessities, scientific equipment as well as a mini 10 (experiment) satellite. The craft also carries nearly 1.4 tons of propellants for the Tiangong station, the designers said.
Text 2
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
BEIJING — Taikonauts of the Shenzhou XIV crew will carry out 24 in-orbit medical experiments during their six-month stay in China’s space station, according to the China Manned Space Agency.
These space medical experiments are mainly designed to study how the 11 (weight) environment and spaceflights affect taikonauts, said Li Yinghui, deputy chief designer of China’s manned space program taikonaut system.
12 (compare) with previous crewed missions, the Shenzhou XIV will collect body fluid samples, 13 (include) taikonauts’ blood, urine, and saliva (唾液). The trio (三人组) will also use special methods to measure muscle 14 (lose) and analyze urine metabolites (代谢物).
Li also noted that the body data 15 (collect) by the previous Shenzhou XII and Shenzhou XIII taikonauts has laid 16 good foundation for the research by the Shenzhou XIV crew.
China on June 5th, 2022 launched the three-person Shenzhou XIV mission, 17 is the third crew for the country’s space station project. The taikonaut trio will cooperate 18 the ground team 19 (complete) the assembly and construction of the Tiangong space station. They will also work in its experiment capsules for scientific 20 (explore) of life, ecology, and biotechnology.
Text 3
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
China 21 (launch) the Shenzhou-16 manned spaceship, sending three astronauts to 22 (it) space station combination for a five-month mission on May 30th.
According to the China Manned Space Agency, about 10 minutes after the launch, the Shenzhou-16 separated 23 the rocket and entered its designed orbit. The crew members are in good shape and the launch is a complete 24 (succeed).
The crew consists of Jing Haipeng, Zhu Yangzhu and Gui Haichao. They will witness the dockings (对接) of the Tianzhou-5 cargo craft 25 the Shenzhou-17 manned spaceship, as well as the departures of the Shenzhou-15 manned spaceship and Tianzhou-5.
26 an important moment in the history of China space station! 27 we can see, Shenzhou-16 crew are now entering the Tianhe core module, while Shenzhou-15 crew are now waiting 28 (welcome) them on the other side.
After the swift automated rendezvous, the Shenzhou-16 spaceship docked on the Tianhe core module from below. The whole space station consists of six spacecraft, 29 (include) two lab modules, two 30 (man) spaceships and the Tianhe core module and the Tianzhou-6 cargo ship.
Text 4
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Fifty years ago, China successfully launched its first satellite, Dongfanghong 1, and started 31 new chapter in space exploration. 32 (mark) its 50th anniversary, the China National Space Administration announced the name for the country’s Mars planetary exploration program on April 24.
The mission, Tianwen got its name from a long poem Tianwen 33 (write) by Qu Yuan, a famous poet of the Warring States Period. In the poem, Qu raised a series of questions 34 (concern) the sky, stars, natural phenomena, myths and the real world, reflecting his doubts on traditional ideas 35 his pursuit of truth.
So far, China 36 (make) remarkable progress in space exploration. In 1970, China launched 37 (it) first man-made Earth satellite, becoming the fifth country in the world to launch man-made satellites 38 (independent). Over the past few years, China’s missions, including the Shenzhou and Change series were designed to explore outer space, expanded mankind’s understanding of Earth and the universe.
This time, the Tianwen series will carry out the first Mars exploration mission, 39 represents a milestone for China’s move toward deep space.
With the names deep roots in Chinese traditional culture, Tianwen shows the 40 (determine) and perseverance of Chinese people to move further into deep space.
Text 5
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Since ancient times, human beings have tried to explore space and find other life forms. They even tended 41 (improve) the moon’s environment to support life. It was the first time that they had grown plants in the lunar soil. The scientists said they had no idea whether anything 42 (grow) in the moon dirt. They wanted to see if it could be used to grow food. The results surprised them.
Ferl is one of the 43 (professor) in the University of Florida’s institute, and he was 44 (amaze) at the results. “Plants 45 (actual) grow in the soil of the moon,” he said. Ferl and other researchers planted thale cress(拟南芥), a small flowering plant in lunar soil. The good news was that all the seeds grew. The bad news was that after 46 first week, the lunar soil put too much pressure on the plants, 47 (cause) then to grow slowly. The majority 48 the moon plants ended up stunted—meaning small or not fully developed.
The longer the soil was exposed to solar radiation and wind on the moon, the 49 (bad) the plants seemed to be. The soil, 50 was collected by the Apollo 11 mission, was the least helpful for growth because it had been exposed for a couple billion years.
阅读理解
What do you do when nobody is around to take your picture You take a selfie(自拍照). But what about selfies in space Last year, NASA astronaut Buzz Aldrin who famously became the second man to walk on the moon in July 1969, said that he took the first selfie in space during the Gemini XI I mission in 1966.
“For me, it needs to be digital to be a selfie, ” argues Jennifer Levasseur, who is in charge of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. According to Levasseur, the idea of a selfie is directly linked to Internet culture and the human wish to interact(互动) on social platforms. “The thing that makes a self ie is sharing it, ” she says.
Still, astronauts have been carrying cameras aboard space vehicles since the 1960s, and they’ve taken plenty of pictures of themselves along the way. Astronaut s had to pull the film magazines(胶卷暗盒) out and leave their cameras behind when they returned to Earth, because early space missions had a weight limit on the return trip.
A big change in space camera technology came after the sad loss of the space shuttle Columbus, which broke apart on its return to Earth in 2003. “Fearing that they would never be able to bring the film back from space and lose all that hard work quickened the pace for digital, ” Levasseur says.
Today, astronauts can have access to the Internet and social platforms in space and post true space selfies taken by digital cameras. Taking selfies and sharing them on social media is a way that astronauts in space can participate in the same activities people on Earth do every day. The first astronaut selfie that went viral(网红的) on the Internet was one by Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide in 2012.
9．What does Levasseur think of Aldrin’s words
A．It needs to be further proved.
B．It develops the technology of space selfies.
C．It is different from public opinions.
D．It hardly makes any sense.
10．Why were cameras left in space on early space missions
A．To lighten the weight of the spaceship.
B．To test cameras in the special environment.
C．To prepare for the next space exploration.
D．To take more pictures in space.
11．What pushed space camera technology
A．The invention of new films.
B．The fear of falling behind in the space race.
C．The concern about the loss of valuable date.
D．The popularity of space selfies.
12．What does the underlined phrase “participate in” mean in the last paragraph
A．Take advantage of. B．Take part in.
C．Result in. D．Make fun of.

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